早期帕金森病患者快速眼动睡眠期行为障碍研究

目的探讨早期帕金森病患者快速眼动睡眠期行为障碍发生情况,以及帕金森病运动症状、非运动症状和快速眼动睡眠期行为障碍特点。方法共60例原发性帕金森病患者,采用统一帕金森病评价量表第二和第三部分(UPDRSⅡ和UPDRSⅢ)以及Hoehn-Yahr分期评价帕金森病非运动症状和运动症状,蒙特利尔认知评价量表评价认知功能,汉密尔顿焦虑量表和汉密尔顿抑郁量表评价焦虑和抑郁症状;中文版快速眼动睡眠期行为障碍筛查量表判断是否伴快速眼动睡眠期行为障碍,Epworth嗜睡量表(ESS)评价白天过度嗜睡程度;多导睡眠图监测睡眠障碍特征,包括下颌位相性肌电活动密度和快速眼动睡眠期肌肉失弛缓。结果 60例帕金森病患者中42例(70%)伴快速眼动睡眠期行为障碍(PD+RBD组),多导睡眠图监测其异常行为主要表现为上肢伸展抓握、肢体震颤抽搐、发笑、喊叫和怒骂等非暴力动作,仅2例出现暴力击打、蹬踢等异常行为。PD+RBD组患者年龄(P=0.024)、病程8年比例(P=0.000)、UPDRSⅡ(P=0.005)和UPDRSⅢ(P=0.001)评分、Hoehn-Yahr分期2级比例(P=0.007)、焦虑障碍(P=0.044)和抑郁障碍(P=0.001)比例,以及下颌位相性肌电活动密度(P=0.000)和快速眼动睡眠期肌肉失弛缓比例(P=0.000)均高于对照组,其中,PD+RBD组有16例(38.10%)快速眼动睡眠期行为障碍症状早于帕金森样症状5.20(3.91,6.51)年。结论年龄大、病程长、运动症状和非运动症状严重的帕金森病患者易伴发快速眼动睡眠期行为障碍,快速眼动睡眠期行为障碍可能是帕金森病的早期表现。多导睡眠图监测对早期帕金森病伴快速眼动睡眠期行为障碍的诊断有重要参考价值。     

特发性快速眼动睡眠期行为障碍经颅脑实质超声研究

目的探讨快速眼动睡眠期行为障碍患者经颅脑实质超声改变。方法符合睡眠障碍国际分类第2版快速眼动睡眠期行为障碍诊断标准的15例患者(RBD组)和15例正常对照受试者,于多导睡眠图监测后通过经颅脑实质超声检查并测量中脑黑质高回声、基底节高回声、第三脑室宽度;简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)和蒙特利尔认知评价量表(MoCA)评价认知功能。结果快速眼动睡眠期行为障碍患者具有典型的临床表现和电生理学改变。RBD组黑质高回声(6/15)、基底节高回声(7/15)阳性检出率,与正常对照组(1/15和2/15)之间差异无统计学意义(P=0.080,0.109)。RBD组伴与不伴黑质高回声患者MoCA评分差异无统计学意义(P=0.075);但RBD组伴基底节高回声患者MMSE评分高于不伴基底节高回声患者(P=0.021)。结论快速眼动睡眠期行为障碍作为突触共核蛋白病前驱期,经颅脑实质超声可表现为黑质和基底节高回声,且伴不同结局。经颅脑实质超声可以检测出脑亚临床改变,评价突触共核蛋白病风险。     

快速眼动睡眠期行为障碍伴脑桥出血一例

<正>快速眼动睡眠期行为障碍(REM sleep behavior disorder, RBD)是一种在快速眼动睡眠期间出现含有暴力情节的梦境,同时伴有梦境演绎行为的异态睡眠,其暴力行为可造成同床者或自身受到伤害,如发生骨折等严重后果,并影响睡眠质量。RBD与脑桥的蓝斑核部位病变有关,常见于神经退行性疾病,如帕金森病、路易体痴呆、多系统萎缩等。本文报道1例RBD患者发生脑桥出血后RBD的梦境演绎行为消失,支持脑桥在RBD发病机制中的作用。     

帕金森病合并快速眼球运动睡眠行为障碍患者的客观睡眠结构及认知功能

目的 评价帕金森病合并快速眼球运动睡眠行为障碍(RBD)患者的睡眠结构及认知功能,并探讨其睡眠结构与认知功能之间的相关性.方法 本研究为横断面研究,以在我院睡眠中心进行睡眠监测的39例帕金森病合并RBD患者作为病例组,并以年龄、性别相匹配的21例原发性快速眼球运动睡眠行为障碍(iRBD)患者及37例不合并RBD的帕金森病患者作为对照组.所有患者均行整夜睡眠监测以定量睡眠相关参数,并且于监测当天使用蒙特利尔(MoCA)评估量表评估其认知功能.采用多重线性回归分析量表得分与睡眠结构之间的相关性.结果 (1)帕金森病合并RBD患者的睡眠效率(60.9％±16.9％)、总睡眠时间[(329.7±96.5)min]、非快速眼动睡眠2期时间[(127.6±67.6) min]及快速眼动睡眠期时间[(45.3 ±33.2) min]较iRBD组的相应值[77.8％±16.9％以及(397.1 ±88.9)、(188.0±94.7)、(70.6 ±25.9) min]比较明显减少(均P＜0.05),较不合并RBD的PD组的相应值[61.3％±21.7％以及(324.9 ±134.6)、(132.6 ±65.6)、(47.1±31.9)min]减少,但差异均无统计学意义.3组的睡眠潜伏期、快速眼球运动睡眠潜伏期、非快速眼球运动睡眠1期,慢波睡眠比例、氧减指数、呼吸暂停低通气指数及周期性肢体运动指数比较差异均无统计学意义.(2)帕金森病合并RBD患者认知功能最差,其中视空间与执行功能得分[(3.8±1.1)分]较iRBD组[(4.4±0.7)分]比较差异有统计学意义(F=3.426,P＜0.05).(3)多重线性回归显示帕金森病合并RBD患者的RBD病程、睡眠效率和非快速眼动睡眠2期与视空间与执行功能得分有相关性.结论 帕金森病合并RBD患者的睡眠效率、总睡眠、非快速眼动睡眠2期及快速眼动睡眠期时间和认知功能均明显下降,认知功能的改变与睡眠结构的变化可能存在相关性.     

快速眼动睡眠期行为障碍与神经变性病发病机制研究进展

快速眼动睡眠期行为障碍系指快速眼动睡眠期肌肉失弛缓,并出现梦境(通常是暴力梦境)相关肢体运动(梦境演绎行为)。其人群发病率为0.38%~2.01%,在神经变性病尤其是α-突触核蛋白病患者中的发病率明显增加。快速眼动睡眠期行为障碍可早于α-突触核蛋白病数十年出现,因此可以作为预测神经变性病的早期标记。本文拟就近年来关于快速眼动睡眠期行为障碍发病机制及其与神经变性病之间的关系进行简要综述。     

特发性快速眼动睡眠期行为障碍纹状体微结构磁共振成像研究

目的探讨帕金森病(PD)和特发性快速眼动睡眠期行为障碍(iRBD)患者纹状体结构和白质纤维束完整性。方法联合应用基于体素的形态学分析和扩散张量成像对12例特发性快速眼动睡眠期行为障碍患者、12例帕金森病患者及10例性别、年龄和受教育程度相匹配的正常对照者进行头部MRI检查,观察纹状体结构(灰质体积)和白质纤维束完整性[部分各向异性(FA)值]变化。结果与对照组相比,iRBD组左侧尾状核灰质体积缩小(P0.005),以及左侧(P0.005)和右侧(P0.001)尾状核、右侧壳核(P0.05)FA值降低;PD组仅右侧壳核FA值降低(P0.05)。与PD组相比,iRBD组左侧尾状核灰质体积缩小(P0.001),以及左侧(P0.01)和右侧(P0.005)尾状核FA值降低。结论特发性快速眼动睡眠期行为障碍患者存在纹状体灰质体积缩小和白质纤维束完整性损害,其白质纤维束完整性损害与帕金森病具有一致性,为特发性快速眼动睡眠期行为障碍是帕金森病的临床前期提供解剖学依据。     

快速眼动期睡眠行为障碍与突触核蛋白病的关系

目的 研究快速眼动(REM)期睡眠行为障碍(RBD)在突触核蛋白病中的出现率、出现时间、电生理特点,探讨RBD与突触核蛋白病之间的关系以及电生理诊断指标.方法 通过对患者的睡眠状况调查以及夜间多导睡眠监测(NPSG),研究本组疾病的睡眠障碍特征:(1)主观睡眠调查:帕金森病(PD)患者66例,多系统萎缩(MSA)患者30例,性别、年龄匹配的健康对照组65名,询问睡眠史,了解RBD出现的比例及出现时间.(2)NPSG:PD组8例、MSA组13例,健康对照组15名,所有受试者行连续两夜NPSG监测.分析伴发RBD的突触核蛋白病患者的NPSG特点.结果 PD和MSA合并RBD比例分别是59.1%(39/66)和86.6%(26/30),明显高于对照组(4.6%,3/65),其中RBD早于两种变性病临床发病的患者比例分别是46.2%(18/39)和84.6%(22/26).PD和MSA合并RBD最主要的NPSG特点是:REM期肌肉弛缓现象消失(RWA)和运动增多.RWA比例和位相性肌电活动密度可能成为神经变性病合并RBD的NPSG诊断指标.结论 RBD在PD和MSA患者中出现率明显增高,部分RBD发生先于变性病,提示RBD与突触核蛋白病关系密切,RBD有可能是突触核蛋白病的早期表现.NPSG特征应作为RBD的主要诊断标准,RWA比例和位相性肌电活动密度可能成为神经变性病合并RBD的NPSG诊断指标.     

快速眼动睡眠期行为障碍患者运动和认知功能障碍及脑功能连接研究

目的探讨快速眼动睡眠期行为障碍(RBD)患者运动和认知功能障碍以及黑质与各脑区的功能连接。方法共14例快速眼动睡眠期行为障碍患者和8例性别、年龄、受教育程度相匹配的正常对照者,采用统一帕金森病评价量表第三部分(UPDRSⅢ)和Hoehn-Yahr分期评价运动功能,数字排序测验之注意力部分、符号数字模式测验(SDMT)、Stroop色词测验、连线测验(TMT)、Rey-Osterrieth复杂图形测验(ROCFT)、画钟测验、Boston命名测验和听觉词语学习测验(AVLT)评价认知功能,静息态f MRI观察左侧和右侧黑质与各脑区的功能连接。结果两组受试者UPDRSⅢ评分和Hoehn-Yahr分期差异无统计学意义(均P0.05);RBD组患者SDMT评分(P=0.001)、ROCFT量表之临摹部分评分(P=0.013)和AVLT量表之第2次瞬时回忆部分评分(P=0.032)低于正常对照组,TMT-B测试部分评分高于正常对照组(P=0.005)。与正常对照组相比,RBD组患者右侧黑质与左侧中央前回(P0.005)和右侧角回(P0.005)的功能连接下降。结论快速眼动睡眠期行为障碍患者认知功能障碍早于运动障碍,且黑质与运动功能区和认知功能区均存在异常功能连接,为快速眼动睡眠期行为障碍患者的行为学改变提供脑功能连接异常的客观证据。     

帕金森病两种常见睡眠障碍关联性研究

研究背景阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)和快速眼动睡眠期行为障碍(RBD)是帕金森病(PD)两种常见睡眠障碍,本研究探讨帕金森病合并两种睡眠障碍的临床特点和睡眠参数变化,以及二者之间相互作用机制。方法采用统一帕金森病评价量表(UPDRS)、简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)和蒙特利尔认知评价量表(MoCA)中文版、Epworth嗜睡量表(ESS)和匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)、非运动症状问卷(NMSQuest)、帕金森病预后量表-自主神经功能部分(SCOPA-AUT)、39项帕金森病调查表(PDQ-39)和Hoehn-Yahr分期评价190例帕金森病患者运动症状、非运动症状(认知功能、睡眠质量、自主神经功能等)和病情严重程度,并行多导睡眠图监测记录睡眠参数。结果共73例合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者,其中22例同时发生快速眼动睡眠期行为障碍(PD+OSAHS+RBD组),51例不发生快速眼动睡眠期行为障碍(PD+OSAHS-RBD组)。PD+OSAHS+RBD组患者UPDRSⅠ评分(P=0.015)、UPDRSⅡ评分(P=0.023)、ESS评分(P=0.002)、PSQI评分(P=0.048)、NMSQuest评分(P=0.001)和SCOPA-AUT评分(P=0.026),以及平均动脉血氧饱和度(P=0.029)、最低动脉血氧饱和度(P=0.001)、快速眼动睡眠期最低动脉血氧饱和度(P=0.000)、快速眼动睡眠期紧张性(P=0.000)和时相性(P=0.000)下颏肌电活动均高于PD+OSAHS-RBD组,而MoCA评分低于PD+OSAHS-RBD组(P=0.013)。相关分析显示,呼吸暂停低通气指数和氧减指数与NMSQuest(r_s=0.252,P=0.032;r_s=0.229,P=0.010)、SCOPA-AUT(r_s=0.322,P=0.005;r_s=0.247,P=0.037)和PDQ-39(r_s=0.340,P=0.004;r_s=0.269,P=0.023)评分呈正相关关系。结论帕金森病同时合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征和快速眼动睡眠期行为障碍的患者认知功能障碍、日间嗜睡程度、自主神经功能障碍等非运动症状更加严重。尽管发生快速眼动睡眠期行为障碍的患者夜间动脉血氧饱和度较高,但并不能显著改善帕金森病合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者总体缺氧症状。     

阿尔茨海默病的睡眠神经生理研究

目的　探讨阿尔茨海默病 (Alzheimer’sdisease ,AD)患者清醒和睡眠状态电生理活动的变化。方法　对 16例临床诊断的AD患者及 16名年龄匹配的健康人进行对照研究。所有受试者均进行连续两次的全夜多导睡眠生理录像监测。共用 2 1个导联分别记录脑电图、眼动图、下颌肌电图、心电图以及经鼻气流。结果　 (1)AD组睡眠结构紊乱 ,其中总睡眠时间 (F =6 30 ,P =0 0 179)、Ⅱ期睡眠时间 (F =16 0 3,P =0 0 0 0 4 )、快速眼动 (rapideyemovement,REM)睡眠时间 (F =9 84 ,P =0 0 0 2 1)均明显减少 ,而慢波睡眠成分增多 (F =11 5 0 ,P =0 0 0 4 )。 (2 )Ⅱ期睡眠中睡眠纺锤的时限、密度、相对功率、绝对功率以及K综合密度 (F =13 6 4～ 79 11,P <0 0 0 0 1) ,REM睡眠 8～ 13Hz快活动 (F =5 80～ 2 0 73,P <0 0 5 )较对照组明显减少。 (3)多因素回归分析显示 ,睡眠纺锤密度、波幅以及K综合密度的改变与精神行为异常关系最密切。结论　AD组睡眠结构明显紊乱 ,并伴有多项睡眠脑电成分的异常。与清醒和REM睡眠相比 ,睡眠纺锤的改变与患者精神行为异常的关系更加密切 ,可能具有更高的诊断敏感性。     

Perspectives on the rapid eye movement sleep switch in rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in mammals is associated with wakelike cortical and hippocampal activation and concurrent postural muscle atonia. Research during the past 5 decades has revealed the details of the neural circuitry regulating REM sleep and muscle atonia during this state. REM-active glutamatergic neurons in the sublaterodorsal nucleus (SLD) of the dorsal pons are critical for generation for REM sleep atonia. Descending projections from SLD glutamatergic neurons activate inhibitory premotor neurons in the ventromedial medulla (VMM) and in the spinal cord to antagonize the glutamatergic supraspinal inputs on the motor neurons during REM sleep. REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) consists of simple behaviors (i.e., twitching, jerking) and complex behaviors (i.e., defensive behavior, talking). Animal research has lead to the hypothesis that complex behaviors in RBD are due to SLD pathology, while simple behaviors of RBD may be due to less severe SLD pathology or dysfunction of the VMM, ventral pons, or spinal cord.     

A community-based study of risk factors for probable rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder

ObjectivesTo cross-sectionally explore the potential risk factors for rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) in a community cohort in Shanghai.MethodsBased on the validated RBD screening questionnaire (RBDSQ), we identified individuals with probable RBD (pRBD) in 3635 community-dwelling residents (≥50 years old) from an urban community of Shanghai. Potential risk factors of pRBD, including age, sex, smoking, socioeconomic status, obesity, consumption of tea (surrogate for caffeine intake) and alcohol, medications and chronic disease status, were assessed via questionnaire. We used logistic regression to investigate the associations between these studied factors and pRBD after adjusting for age, sex and other studied factors.ResultsBased on the RBDSQ score ≥5, 2.70% (3.28% in men and 2.41% in women) participants were considered as pRBD. We found that lower education, presence of head injury, atrial fibrillation, hyperlipidemia, constipation, olfactory disturbance, and imbalance, use of alcoholic beverage, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and benzodiazepine were associated with higher likelihood of having pRBD (P < 0.05 for all). In contrast, male sex, use of coffee or tea, smoking and other factors were not significantly association with altered risk of having pRBD. We did not find significant interaction between sex, age and these factors, in relation to pRBD risk.ConclusionsIn this community-based study of older adults, we identified several potential risk factors for concurrent pRBD, including environmental factors and vascular risk factors.     

Morbidities in rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder

Idiopathic rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (iRBD, RBD without any obvious comorbid major neurological disease), is strongly associated with numerous comorbid conditions. The most prominent is that with neurodegenerative disorders, especially synuclein-mediated disorders, above all Parkinson disease (PD). Idiopathic RBD is an important risk factor for the development of synucleinopathies. Comorbidity studies suggest that iRBD is associated with a number of other potential pre-motor manifestations of synucleinopathies such as, cognitive and olfactory impairment, reduced autonomic function, neuropsychiatric manifestations and sleep complaints. Furthermore, patients with PD and RBD may have worse prognosis in terms of impaired cognitive function and overall morbidity/mortality; in dementia, the presence of RBD is strongly associated with clinical hallmarks and pathological findings of dementia with Lewy bodies. These findings underline the progressive disease process, suggesting involvement of more brain regions in patients with a more advanced disease stage. RBD is also associated with narcolepsy, and it is likely that RBD associated with narcolepsy is a distinct subtype associated with different comorbidities. RBD is also associated with antidepressant medications, autoimmune conditions, and, in rare cases, brainstem lesions.     

Investigating rapid eye movement sleep without atonia in Parkinson's disease using the rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder screening questionnaire

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is frequently observed in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Accurate diagnosis is essential for managing this condition. Furthermore, the emergence of idiopathic RBD in later life can represent a premotor feature, heralding the development of PD. Reliable, accurate methods for identifying RBD may offer a window for early intervention. This study sought to identify whether the RBD screening questionnaire (RBDSQ) and three questionnaires focused on dream enactment were able to correctly identify patients with REM without atonia (RWA), the neurophysiological hallmark of RBD. Forty‐six patients with PD underwent neurological and sleep assessment in addition to completing the RBDSQ, the RBD single question (RBD1Q), and the Mayo Sleep Questionnaire (MSQ). The REM atonia index was derived for all participants as an objective measure of RWA. Patients identified to be RBD positive on the RBDSQ did not show increased RWA on polysomnography (80% sensitivity and 55% specificity). However, patients positive for RBD on questionnaires specific to dream enactment correctly identified higher degrees of RWA and improved the diagnostic accuracy of these questionnaires. This study suggests that the RBDSQ does not accurately identify RWA, essential for diagnosing RBD in PD. Furthermore, the results suggest that self‐report measures of RBD need to focus questions on dream enactment behavior to better identify RWA and RBD. Further studies are needed to develop accurate determination and quantification of RWA in RBD to improve management of patients with PD in the future. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society     

Impulse control disorder and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease

IntroductionThe relationship between ICD and RBD is still not yet understood and the results from the current literature are contradictory in PD. We aimed to explore the association between rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) and impulse control disorder in Parkinson's disease.MethodsNinety-eight non-demented patients with Parkinson's disease underwent one night of video-polysomnography recording. The diagnosis of RBD was established according to clinical and polysomnographic criteria. Impulse control disorders were determined by a gold standard, semi-structured diagnostic interview.ResultsHalf of the patients (n = 49) reported clinical history of RBD while polysomnographic diagnosis of RBD was confirmed in 31.6% of the patients (n = 31). At least one impulse control disorder was identified in 21.4% of patients, 22.6% with RBD and 20.9% without. Logistic regression controlling for potential confounders indicated that both clinical RBD (OR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.07–1.48, P = 0.15) and polysomnographic confirmed RBD diagnoses (OR = 0.1.28, 95% CI = 0.31–5.33, P = 0.34) were not associated with impulse control disorder.ConclusionIn Parkinson's disease, REM Sleep Behavior Disorder is not associated with impulse control disorder. The results of our study do not support the notion that PSG-confirmed RBD and ICD share a common pathophysiology.