后腹腔镜肾癌根治术中保留肾上腺处置策略的研究

目的:复习后腹腔镜下肾及肾上腺关系的应用解剖,探讨后腹腔镜肾癌根治术中保留肾上腺的处置策略。方法:2009年6月至2012年4月收治105例局限性肾癌患者,其中左侧48例,右侧57例;肿瘤最大径1.5～7.5 cm,平均4.3 cm。均根据以下策略保留肾上腺:(1)经后腹腔途径处理肾蒂血管后,于肾门区域内侧、肾上腺下方游离至肾前筋膜内侧,抬高肾上极,使其具有一定张力,于肾脏后上方游离肾上腺底部,至肾上极内上方,使两者分离;(2)进一步向肾脏上极内侧游离至肾前筋膜内侧,使肾上腺与肾周脂肪完全脱离。结果:105例手术均获成功,无一例中转开放手术。手术时间31～80 min,平均43 min;出血量10～150 ml,平均30 ml;术后3～7 d出院。术中3例发生肾上腺外侧支稍撕裂。结论:根据后腹腔镜下肾及肾上腺的解剖特点,此处置策略使手术操作更加直接,暴露良好,受肾上极弧度及肾周脂肪干扰小;分离肾上腺后稍加推进,即可使肾上腺与肾周脂肪完全脱离,使肾上极的游离更加简便、省时,撕裂肾上腺的几率降低。     

肾癌根治术是否应常规切除同侧肾上腺?

研究肾癌根治术是否应常规切除同侧肾上腺。对本院１６年收治的肾癌进行分析，８２例在肾癌根治同时切除同侧肾上腺，其中７５例有肾上腺标本病理结果；９６例肾癌根治时保留同侧肾上腺。两组按ＴＮＭ分期分组计算生存率。结果：７５例切下肾上腺经病理学检查者中５例（６．７％）发现同侧肾上腺受累；保留肾上腺组中２例分别于术后６个月，４７个月出现同侧肾上腺肿瘤复发。肾上腺切除组与保留组按肿瘤分期比较生存率无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论：肾癌手术时若肾上腺外观正常且肿瘤较小可考虑保留同侧肾上腺，但应密切随诊；若肾上腺外观异常或肾肿瘤较大特别是占据全肾时，应切除同侧肾上腺；若肾癌合并局部淋巴结转移或静脉瘤栓时也应考虑切除同侧肾上腺。     

根治性肾切除术治疗肾癌是否需要常规切除同侧肾上腺

目的 探讨根治性肾切除时是否需要常规切除同侧肾上腺.方法 分析263例肾癌患者的临床资料.比较同侧肾上腺切除组与保留组手术时间、出血量、手术并发症以及生存率有无差异(t检验);分析肾上腺受侵患者的临床特点.生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier法,组间差异采用longrank检验.结果 临床分期T_(1～2)N_0M_0 214例,T_(3～4)N_(0～2)M_0 26例,T_(1～4)N_(0～2)M_1 23例.根治性肾切除术时切除同侧肾上腺146例,保留同侧肾上腺117例.同侧肾上腺切除组与保留组手术时间、出血量、手术并发症比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).术后病理证实肾肿瘤侵及同侧肾上腺8例,其肾原发肿瘤最大径平均为9.7 cm,肿瘤最大径≥8 cm 5例,肿瘤位于肾上极6例,累及全肾2例.临床分期为Ⅰ期或Ⅱ期者切除同侧肾上腺129例,病理结果证实同侧肾上腺受侵仅4例(3.1%);Ⅲ期或Ⅳ期患者切除同侧肾上腺17例,病理证实同侧肾上腺受侵4例(23.5%).随访3～102个月,平均28个月.同侧肾上腺切除组与保留组按各病理分期比较生存率差异均无统计学意义.结论 肿瘤直径≥8 cm、位于肾上极或累及全肾、临床分期≥Ⅲ期均是肾癌侵及肾上腺的危险因素,此类患者行根治性肾切除术时应切除同侧肾上腺,其余早期肾癌患者实施手术治疗时可以保留同侧肾上腺.     

肾上腺转移癌(附16例报告)

目的 提高肾上腺转移癌的诊断与治疗水平。方法 报告１９８７～１９９８年收治的１６例肾上腺转移癌诊治经验。其中单侧１０例,双侧６例。结果 ７例肾上腺转移癌经肾上腺切除术治疗后生存６个月～６年,平均３９个月。９例未手术者采用化疗、中药等综合治疗,５例失访,余４例中３例生存〈１年,１例生存１．５年。结论 恰当选择肾上腺转移癌手术适应证,通过手术治疗可改善、延长患者生存期。     

邻近受侵器官一并切除的肾癌根治术

目的探讨肾癌根治术邻近受侵器官一并切除的可行性及临床意义。方法对24例肿物直接侵犯至周围器官的肾癌患者施行邻近受侵器官一并切除的手术，其中左肾连同结肠脾曲、部分降结肠切除7例，部分胰体、胰尾、脾脏切除者5例，单纯连同脾脏切除者3例；右肾连同结肠肝曲切除4例，肝右后叶部分切除者4例，十二指肠降部部分切除1例。24例中部分腰大肌切除5例，合并结肠系膜部分切除者7例。术后9例行免疫治疗。结果本组24例无手术死亡，住院期间无严重并发症出现。术后21例获随访，随访时间3～240个月，1、3、5、8年生存率分别为90．5％（19／21）、42．9％（9／21），33．3％（7／21）及19．0％（4／21）。结论对丁局限于周围器官受侵的肾癌，外科手术切除仍然是首选。患者条件允许时，将邻近受侵器官一并扩大切除，能达到肾癌根治切除的要求，在有一定普通外科经验的条件下，手术较为安全。有可能延长生存时间，并为后续的系统性治疗创造有利条件。     

肾癌双侧肾上腺转移5例报告

目的总结分析肾癌对侧和双侧肾上腺转移的临床特点,探讨其诊断、治疗和预后。方法回顾性分析仁济医院2004年12月至2013年6月间5例双侧肾癌肾上腺转移患者的临床资料,5例患者中,男3例,女2例,平均69.2岁。肾癌根治术后迟发转移1例,为术后随访时影像学发现,再次行手术切除同侧肾上腺,术后病理证实为透明细胞癌转移;原发灶手术前发现肾上腺异常4例,术后均予免疫或分子靶向药物保守治疗。结果 5例患者发现转移后平均随访时间29.6个月,予IFN-α免疫治疗3例,2例死亡,1例病情稳定(SD);索拉非尼靶向治疗2例,目前均为SD。结论肾癌双侧肾上腺转移较为罕见,根据患者既往病史,结合影像学检查多数可明确诊断,考虑到对转移灶积极手术可能导致肾上腺皮质功能不全,多数患者应予免疫或靶向药物保守治疗。     

腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除

作者１９９３年２月以来应用腹腔镜切除肾上腺肿瘤８例。其中６例是原发性醛固酮增多症，２例是皮质醇症。肿瘤位于右侧５例，左侧３例。８例中７例手术获得成功。文中对腹腔镜切除肾上腺肿瘤的解剖特点、技术要点及手术合并症进行了初步探讨。     

腹腔镜下肾癌根治术

目的 探讨经腹入路腹腔镜下肾癌根治术的手术方法。方法 38例肾癌患者施行了手术，患者采用全侧卧位，用3—4个套管针，镜下切开侧腹膜显露肾周筋膜前面，在肾动静脉根部分别用线结扎及钛夹钳夹后切断，低位切断输尿管，沿肾筋膜外完整切除肾脏及肿瘤，清扫肾门旁、腹主动脉及下腔静脉旁淋巴结，小切口取出肾脏。结果 手术时间75～250min，平均110min；出血50～300ml。均未输血。术后恢复良好，疼痛较轻，无明显并发症。结论 经腹入路腹腔镜下肾癌根治术，术中暴露良好，便于肾动静脉处理及淋巴结清扫，肾筋膜外切除肾脏完整取出符合肿瘤治疗原则，可减少种植转移。     

肾上腺转移癌37例临床分析

目的 :探讨肾上腺转移癌的临床特征 ,以祈得到及时诊治。方法 :回顾性分析 37例肾上腺转移癌的临床资料 ,2 6例于诊断原发肿瘤之后发现 ,4例于诊断原发肿瘤的同时发现 ,7例于诊断原发肿瘤之前发现。 5例有局部压迫或疼痛症状。 11例为双侧肾上腺转移癌 (2 9.7% )。 4例肾上腺转移癌经手术切除 ,31例采用化疗、放疗或免疫治疗 ;2例未作处理。结果 :16例 (4 3.2 % )为肺癌肾上腺转移 ,7例 (18.9% )为肾癌 ,5例 (13.5 % )为乳癌 ,3例 (8.1% )为胃癌 ,2例 (5 .4 % )为结肠癌 ,肝癌、胆管癌、甲状腺癌、绒毛膜上皮癌各 1例 (均为 2 .7% )。经手术切除者平均生存期为 (17.5± 2 .9)个月 ,比非手术者的平均生存期稍长 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :对肾上腺转移癌应争取早诊断 ;对未发现其他器官或淋巴结转移的孤立性肾上腺转移癌 ,应尽可能行积极的外科手术 ;对于原发肿瘤已无法完全切除或已多处转移者 ,应争取行放、化疗或免疫治疗。     

中央型肾癌与外周型小肾癌的保留肾单位手术比较分析

目的 总结中央型肾癌保留肾单位手术特点及临床经验. 方法行保留肾单位手术的.肾癌患者155例.分2组:①中央型38例,其中孤立肾3例,双侧.肾癌5例;38例术前均行磁共振三维血管成像明确患.肾动静脉的解剖结构.②外周型小肾癌117例,其中孤立肾4例,双侧肾癌7例.肿瘤最大径2.0～5.5 cm,临床分期均为Ⅰ期.比较2组患者手术时间、阻断方式及时间、术中出血和术后并发症发生情况.结果 ①38例中央型肾癌患者手术顺利.术后病理诊断为肾透明细胞癌35例、肾嗜色细胞癌2例、肾腺瘤1例.平均手术时间(118±47)min.术中均采用冰屑降温及肾蒂完全阻断,阻断时间(34±16)min.平均出血量150 ml.术后发生尿瘘1例,无继发性出血者.②117例外周型肾癌患者手术顺利.术后病理诊断为肾透明细胞癌106例、肾嗜色细胞癌5例、嫌色细胞癌3例、肾腺瘤3例.平均手术时间(95±39)min.采用单纯肾动脉阻断31例,阻断时间平均(21±9)min.出血量平均250 ml.采用冰屑降温及肾蒂完全阻断86例,阻断时间平均(17±8)min.平均出血量100 ml.术后发生继发性出血4例,无尿瘘发生.中央型组手术时间和肾蒂阻断时间均长于外周型组(P＜0.05);肾蒂完全阻断者手术出血量少于单纯动脉阻断者(P＜0.05),但与肿瘤位置无关P＞0.05).结论 通过细致的术前准备和规范的手术操作,中央型肾癌的保留肾单位手术可以安全完成;除阻断时间稍长外,其他重要的手术指标与外周型小肾癌无明显差异.     

Solitary psoas muscle metastasis after radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma

Skeletal muscle is a very rare location for the metastasis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and only one case of solitary metastasis to the psoas muscle has been reported. We present a 63-year-old male patient with late recurrence (14 years) after left side radical nephrectomy for RCC. He first visited Chikushi Hospital, Fukuoka University, Japan in January 2000 for a postoperative follow-up because he had shifted residence to the area. Follow-up was by abdominal computed tomography (CT) and chest X-ray. In December 2001, a CT scan showed a 1.5 cm enhanced mass in the right psoas muscle without any other metastasis. The mass was resected that month and histological study showed RCC metastasis.     

后腹腔镜根治性肾切除术治疗局限性肾癌

目的总结后腹腔镜根治性肾切除术治疗局限性肾癌的经验。方法2003年10月至2007年10月共对67例局限性肾癌患者施行后腹腔镜下根治性肾切除术，区域性淋巴结清扫，其中男44例，女23例；年龄25～78岁，平均年龄50．3岁。术后定期行血生化及影像学随访。结果本组手术平均时间176min，术中平均出血量70ml，术后平均住院时间8．5d。术中腹膜损伤2例，胸膜损伤1例，下腔静脉属支损伤2例，无一例中转开放手术。随访3～51个月。3年癌症相关生存率为96．4％。结论掌握术中常见并发症预防和处理方法、减少术中周围组织损伤是后腹腔镜肾癌根治术达到“微创”目标的关键。     

Metastatic renal cell carcinoma to the bladder 12 years after radical nephrectomy

We report, herein, a case of metastatic renal cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. A 76-year-old man presented to our hospital. He had undergone right radical nephrectomy at 64 years of age. Cystoscopy revealed a solitary, spherical tumor 1.5 cm in size protruding into the urinary bladder. Transurethral resection was performed and the pathological diagnosis of the lesion was clear cell carcinoma. The patient is alive 12 months after recurrence to the bladder, under the administration of interleukin-2.     

Nephron-sparing surgery versus radical nephrectomy in the treatment of intracapsular renal cell carcinoma up to 7cm

OBJECTIVE: To compare the oncologic outcomes of nephron-sparing surgery versus radical nephrectomy in intracapsular renal cell carcinoma (RCC) up to 7 cm by reviewing surgical experience retrospectively. METHODS: Data from 1290 consecutive patients who had surgery for RCC have been stored in a dedicated database since 1983. We selected and reviewed those related to disease-free patients who had been treated for unilateral pT1a/pT1b pN0/Nx M0 carcinomas up to 7 cm and later followed for a minimum of 12 mo. RESULTS: A total of 642 patients with mean follow-up of 72.9 mo were selected; 313 had been treated for tumours <4 cm in diameter (176 nephron-sparing surgery, 137 nephrectomy), whereas 329 had been treated for tumours measuring > or =4 cm (52 nephron-sparing surgery, 277 nephrectomy). The comparison between tumours <4 cm or > or =4 cm in diameter showed worse progression and disease-free survival rates for the latter, but the type of surgery (nephron-sparing or radical) seemed to have no significant impact. CONCLUSIONS: Conservative management can be cautiously suggested for RCC up to 7 cm because the worsening of prognosis as diameter increases shows no statistical differences for either nephron-sparing or radical surgery. The agreement of our results with those of similar studies available in the literature may suggest designing a prospective study to compare conservative and more radical surgery in the management of RCC up to 7 cm.     

后腹腔镜肾肿瘤根治切除术围手术期细胞免疫的变化

目的探讨后腹腔镜肾癌根治术围手术期细胞免疫的变化,并同传统的开放手术相比较。方法本组53例,后腹腔镜组（LN）27例,开放手术组f0N）26例年龄在25—82岁,平均（51．45±15．39）岁。分别行后腹腔镜肾肿瘤根治切除术（IN）,开放手术肾肿瘤根治切除术（ON）。采用流式细胞学技术,分别对两组手术前、术后1d、术后3d、术后5d T淋巴细胞亚群（CD3、CD4、CD8、CD28、CD4^＋／CD25^＋、CD8^＋／CD28^＋）和NK细胞进行检测,并采用重复测量方差分析进行比较。结果两组手术均获成功,后腹腔镜组平均手术时间为（66．66±10．37）min,而开放手术组为（69．08±11．22）min,两组差异无显著性（P=0．6922）;后腹腔镜组术后住院天数（6．92±0．96）d,明显少于开放手术组（11．42±1．57）d（P=0．018）;后腹腔镜组术中失血（72．03±10．37）ml,明显少于开放手术组（154．42±20．42）ml（P=0．00）。后腹腔镜组术后2人次用止痛剂,开放手术组术后20人次应用度冷丁止痛,两组差异有显著性（χ^2=21．4,P〈0．01）。两组患者的细胞亚群术前与参考值相比,ON组CD3的四个水平间68．8±11．73、62．63±11．62、64．10±13．38、68．92±10．28差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。ON组CD4的四个水平间42．15±7．81、36．39±7．97、38．10±7．58、42．61±8．81差异有显著性（P=0．0061）。ON组术后1、5dCD8（24．80±10．97、23．54±9．86）高于LN组术后1、5dCD8（23．01±6．73、21．42±5．92）,差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。ON组CD4^＋／CD25^＋的四个水平间8．58±3．62、8．71±4．91、10．7±4．56、9．16±4．26无统计学差异,（P〉0．05）。LN组CD4^＋/CD25^＋的四个水平间8．45±3．76、7．34±4．50、8．43±4．61、9．14±4．76无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。ON组术后3dCD4^＋/CD25^＋（10．7±4．56）高于IN组术后3dCD4^＋／CD25^?     

von Hippel-Lindau disease with bilateral multiple renal cell carcinoma managed by right radical nephrectomy and left repeat partial nephrectomy

von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by cysts and cystadenoma in the kidney, pancreas and epididymis and angiomas of the central nervous system and retina as well as renal cell carcinoma (RCC), phaeochromocytoma, islet tumors of the pancreas, and endolympatic sac tumors. VHL for its multicentric-characteristic and bilateralism often puts the surgeon in challenging situation. We present a case of VHL with bilateral RCC and retinal angiomas managed with right radical nephrectomy and left repeat partial nephrectomy.     

A multidisciplinary approach for the management of earlier stage renal cell carcinoma

Transitioning agents that are effective in advanced disease to earlier disease settings is a common pathway for drug development and a concept that has been applied to multiple agents across several tumor types. This approach is relevant in high risk renal cell carcinoma (RCC) where the relapse rate is high. Unfortunately, between 20% and 40% relapse after nephrectomy and approximately one third of patients have evidence of metastasis at initial diagnosis. These patients will proceed with focal or systemic therapy during the course of disease.     

Solitary metastasis of renal cell carcinoma to the parotid gland 10 years after radical nephrectomy

Abstract Renal cell carcinoma metastasis to the parotid gland after tumor nephrectomy is extremely rare. We report a case of solitary parotid metastasis from clear cell renal cell carcinoma in a 59‐year‐old woman, who presented 10 years after primary treatment. To our knowledge this is the first case in the published literature presenting with solitary parotid metastasis after such a long time. Superficial parotidectomy with preservation of the facial nerve was performed. One year after, the patient developed contralateral multiple kidney tumors and underwent left radical nephrectomy. She is currently on a dialysis program and no additional metastasis has been observed for 18 months.     

The role of open radical nephrectomy in contemporary management of renal cell carcinoma

Radical nephrectomy (RN) remains a cornerstone of the management of localised renal cell carcinoma (RCC). RN involves the en bloc removal of the kidney along with perinephric fat enclosed within Gerota’s fascia. Key principles of open RN include appropriate incision for adequate exposure, dissection and visualisation of the renal hilum, and early ligation of the renal artery and subsequently renal vein. Regional lymph node dissection (LND) facilitates local staging but its therapeutic role remains controversial. LND is recommended in patients with high risk clinically localised disease, but its benefit in low risk node-negative and clinically node-positive patients is unclear. Concomitant adrenalectomy should be reserved for patients with large tumours with radiographic evidence of adrenal involvement. Despite a recent downtrend in utilisation of open RN due to nephron-sparing and minimally invasive alternatives, there remains a vital role for open RN in the management of RCC in three domains. Firstly, open RN is important to the management of large, complex tumours which would be at high risk of complications if treated with partial nephrectomy (PN). Secondly, open RN plays a crucial role in cytoreductive nephrectomy (CN) for metastatic RCC, in which the laparoscopic approach achieves similar results but is associated with a high reoperation rate. Finally, open RN is the current standard of care in the management of inferior vena caval (IVC) tumour thrombus. Management of tumour thrombus requires a multidisciplinary approach and varies with cranial extent of thrombus. Higher level thrombus may require hepatic mobilisation and circulatory support, whilst the presence of bland thrombus may warrant post-operative filter insertion or ligation of the IVC.     

Contralateral ureteral metastasis 4 years after radical nephrectomy

IntroductionMetastasis of renal cell carcinoma to the contralateral ureter is extremely rare. To date, only 50 cases of metastatic RCC to the ureter have been reported, among whom 6 cases occur at the contralateral site. We herein report a rare case of metastatic RCC in the contralateral ureter 4 years after radical nephrectomy.Presentation of caseA 74-year-old man presented with gross, painless hematuria for one month. Computed tomography scan confirmed that a 1.5 cm × 0.5 cm tumor occurred in the contralateral distal ureter. A 3.5 cm segment of ureter was resected and a uretero-vesical anastomosis with psoas hitch was accomplished.DiscussionThe reappearance of hematuria after radical nephrectomy is the most common manifestation of the metastasis to the bladder or ureter. The mechanism of metastasis is not clear. In pathology, vimentin and cytokeratins might help to differentiate between metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma and clear cell transitional cell carcinoma.ConclusionMetastasis of renal cell carcinoma to the contralateral ureter is rare. Early recognition is extremely important in protecting the remaining renal function and prolonging life-expectancy for post-nephrectomy patients. Complete metastectomy suitable anastomosis have been shown to improve survival.