社区医院实施药品零差率的体会与思考

通过对药品零差率与社区卫生服务关系的探讨,分析药品零差率可持续发展的可行性和必要性。得出针对"看病难、看病贵"问题的解决方案:需要完善药品零差率制度,提供财政保障,提高医疗服务效率;药品零差率制度与社区卫生机构收支两条线政策配合实施,充分发挥医务人员社区服务的积极性;完善社区卫技人员队伍,稳定和培养卫生人才,发挥资源纵向整合优势;认真落实社区卫生服务措施。完善社区卫生服务既需要政府的进一步支持,也需要社区卫生机构自身的努力。社区医院发展任重道远,切实保障和提高社区医疗服务质量是充分发挥药品零差率作用的关键。     

药品零差率与免费部分基本药物试点的实践

实施基本药品零差率是社区卫生服务综合改革的重要组成部分,这项措施的实施可以促进社区卫生服务改革的健康发展,有效地吸引患者下沉社区,降低社区卫生服务机构门诊次均医疗费用,减轻居民就医负担.并且,在实行基本药品零差率的基础上,针对慢性病管理的需求,选择部分基本药物,依托农村合作医疗制度支持,试行对参加合作医疗的高血压患者提供免费服药,可以取得较好的社会效益和经济效益.下面就嘉定区实施基本药品零差率和免费提供基本药物防治高血压的试点实践进行分析与探讨. 一、实施药品零差率的基本情况     

上海市药品零差率政策实施效果的初步分析

目的:对上海市社区卫生服务中心实施药品零差率政策一年来的效果进行初步分析。方法:采用上海市药品采购数据库中的数据,对药品金额、数量和价格等进行分析。结果:零差率药品在社区卫生服务中心的使用金额构成比为17.54%,该政策实施后这一比例并无提高;而所有药品的总金额增长了15.79%,金额前20位药品的价格水平提高了11.25%。讨论:零差率药品目录的科学性是该政策得以有效实施的基础,促进合理使用的措施和补偿到位是保证该政策效果的必要条件;分析发现,该政策实施1年来,降低居民就医负担,引导常见病、多发病和诊断明确慢性病在社区诊治等主要政策目标可能并未达到;零差率这一做法是否还要在基本药物制度中继续沿用值得进一步探讨。     

上海市闸北区社区卫生服务患者满意度调查分析

目的:了解就诊患者对闸北区社区卫生服务的满意度,以便更好地开展服务。方法:应用自行设计的调查问卷随机调查934名普通门诊患者,并用SPSS软件进行分析。结果:门诊患者平均就医时间为14.8分钟;患者对多数满意度影响因素评价较高。但是,对医疗水平和设备情况的满意度较低,多数患者认为社区药品种类少。结论:总体满意度较好;但社区卫生服务质量仍需提高,社区药品种类有待进一步商榷。     

药品零差率对社区卫生服务中心药品费用的影响

采用处方抽样的方法比较药品零差率政策实施前后,某社区卫生服务中心药品费用的变化.结果显示:零差率政策实施后的2009-2010年,零差率药品销售金额、占全部药品总销售金额的比重均较之前下降,抽样处方中的零差率药品均次处方金额也较之前下降;但零差率药品金额占药品总金额的份额太小,对总体的影响不大.可见,零差率政策并未真正切断药商和医生之间的利益链.应切实将基本药物价格稳定在合理范围内,并充分利用市场经济的手段,促使医疗机构处方自由外配.     

南京市社区卫生机构门诊患者对基本药物制度满意度的评价研究

目的:以南京市社区卫生机构门诊患者为对象,研究其对基本药物制度的认知和评价,以及患者满意度评价的影响因素.方法:采用分层随机抽样的方法,调查社区门诊患者对基本药物制度认知和实施效果的评价情况等.共完成有效问卷587份.对分析结果采用Pearson卡方检验及Logistic回归分析.结果:患者制度知晓率41.91％;25.13％的患者认为药费负担较重;基本药物制度实施效果满意度40.88％,医保形式与药品费用负担是影响患者对基本药物制度满意度评价的统计显著性因素.建议:有针对性地开展宣传,提高患者知晓率;合理制定增补目录和用药指南,适应当前基本用药需求;进一步减轻患者药费负担,提高患者满意度;加强社区医生培训,调整医生用药习惯.     

某市社区卫生机构实行基本药物零差率的现状分析

目的:了解某市社区卫生机构实行基本药物零差率的具体做法,取得的成效,并对其完善该制度提出建议.方法:采用描述性分析方法对该市的现有统计数据进行分析,采用排列图法对基本药物目录进行统计,采用文献研究法对现有相关文献归纳等.结果:存在财政时零差率药品补助没有及时到位、零差率药品收入占药品总收入比例低、药品收入占总收入比重仍然较大等问题.结论:政府的财政补偿应及时足额到位以保证零差率基本药物的正常运行;社区卫生机构应加强收支两条线预算管理,规范医生用药行为;通过加强绩效考核引导医生使用零差率药品;逐步加大零差率药品品种,最终实现全部使用;相关部门应进一步加强宣传,营造社区卫生机构发展基本药物零差率的良好氛围等.     

社区药品零差率，财政托底是关键

当前社区卫生服务改革的方向是“全额预算管理、收支两条线、药品零差率”。对社区常用的基本药品实行“政府集中采购、统一配送、零羞率销售”是整个社区卫生服务改革的主要政策。所谓“药品零差率销售”是指社区卫生服务机构所经销的部分，或全部基本药品按医药公司，包括流通商进价销售，即药品加价为零，让利给患者；居民在社区购买《基本医疗用药目录》范围内的药品，药品进价多少钱，就卖给病人多少钱。政府再将这部分差价损失补贴给社区卫生服务机构。     

北京市社区卫生服务机构实施药品"零差率"政策的效果评价与思考

对北京市社区卫生服务机构的药品“零差率”政策的实施效果的相关指标进行调研和评价．结论是药品“零差率”政策实施半年多以来，降低了社区卫生服务机构的药品价格，减轻了开大处方的情况，次均处方药品个数和次均药品费用有所下降，而门诊人次与往年同期相比平稳上升，机构药品收入在政策实施前后没有显著性变化。为了使该政策更好地实施，必须同步提高社区卫生服务机构医生的水平和完善配套设施，加大政府投入的力度，并扩大受惠人群的范围。     

北京市药品“零差率”政策对农村慢性病病人的影响研究

目的:了解北京市药品"零差率"政策对农村慢性病病人的影响。方法采用典型抽样方法,对274名"零差率"政策实施前后均在社区卫生服务机构就诊的慢性非传染性疾病患者进行问卷调查,同时对农村地区全科医生进行了定性访谈。结果药品"零差率"政策实施后,农村慢性病病人遵照医生要求按时到社区卫生服务中心就诊和规律服药情况均有改善,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),58.4%的患者认为每月药费支出降低,87.4%的农村慢性病病人认为"零差率"药品满足了治疗要求。结论北京市药品"零差率"政策降低了农村慢性病病人的医药费用负担,为农村慢性病病人的长期照顾管理提供了保障,但需进一步增加某些慢性病"零差率"药物品种、提高"零差率"药品质量、保证"零差率"药品供应及时。     

Alternatives to U.S. drug policy

The current United States drug policy is not succeeding; it neither significantly reduces the supply nor the demand for illicit drugs. This paper and its accompanying table explores alternatives to the current national policy. None of the options discussed offers a panacea to our problems; each has various flaws and advantages. The analysis uses a harm reduction approach, and examines certain variables in order to assess relative costs and benefits of each option. The debate can be reduced to one fundamental question: which policy proposal is politically feasible and can minimize harm while maximizing benefits? Health and public health professional are urged to become more proactive on behalf of a more effective policy.     

药品经济学基本理论指导药房托管之浅见

作为南京市属医院药房托管试点单位,在两年多药房托管工作的实践中,始终坚持＂反腐、惠民、增效＂的宗旨,针对降低药品费用问题,将药品经济学的基本理论作为指导,从药品市场、药品费用、药品价格、药品需求等方面分析,尤其是在药品的采购、流通、使用的环节上不断探索和实践,在控制药品费用的增长、降低老百姓的药品费用方面取得了较好的成效。随着医院药房托管这项工作的不断深入,从经济学的角度对药品市场、药品费用、药品价格、药品需求等方面,研究药品领域的经济现象和经济活动,还有许多问题需要探讨。     

我国农村药品“两网”建设效果研究

目的:探讨我国农村"两网"建设的效果及存在的问题,提出相关建议。方法:文献综述现场调查。结果:我国"两网"建设取得的效果显著,但仍存在供应保障水平较低,运行机制和保障机制不健全等问题。结论:应建立长效机制,增加资金投入,进一步完善药品供应网建设,强化监督网的管理,统筹多部门工作,加强信息化建设。     

The Evolution of Supply and Demand in Markets for Generic Drugs

Policy Points

• Much concern about generic drug markets has emerged in recent policy debates.
• Important changes in regulations, the structure of purchasing, and the length of the drug supply chain have affected generic drug markets.
• Effective price competition remains the rule in generic markets for large‐selling drugs. Smaller markets and those for injectable products often have less price competition and are more susceptible to supply disruptions.

ContextThe image of generic drugs as a commodity sold in competitive markets is an oversimplification, as evidenced by increasing accounts of price spikes, sustained high price‐cost margins, and market disruptions. The mismatch between the canonical economic model of generic drug markets and reality motivated our empirical project.MethodsTo explore recent changes in those factors impacting the supply and demand for generic drugs, we studied, from a variety of sources, the data on price, competition, supply disruptions and recalls, changes to the supply chain, and buy‐side concentration. We examined quarterly data through 2018 for a cohort of 77 molecules that lost patent protection during the so‐called patent cliff between 2010 and 2013.FindingsOn the supply side, we found that for large‐market oral solids, generic entry and price declines were consistent with past studies showing a significant number of market entrants and substantial reductions in the average price of a molecule. In smaller markets for oral solids and injectable products, we observed fewer entrants, higher rates of exit, smaller price reductions, and, in some cases, considerable price instability. The number of reported shortages increased across all generic market types over time, with the rate of shortage increases especially pronounced in markets for injectable products. The number of product recalls also rose over our study period. Although we did not estimate causal effects, we did find several changes in the market environment for generic drugs that may contribute to these phenomena. The demand side for generics has become more concentrated. Supply chains rely more on producers outside the United States (particularly from China and India). Contracting practices have undergone changes that may inhibit competition in product supply. FDA regulatory scruitiny has increased.ConclusionsCompetition in generic drug markets varies widely by market size and product form. Recent changes in demand‐side market structure imply more downward pressure on prices stemming from buy‐side concentration. The FDA''s greater regulatory oversight puts upward pressure on costs, and the lengthening of the supply chain increases production uncertainty for producers. Demand and supply‐side changes point to further market instabilities across all generic markets due to producers’ changing economic position.     

我国药品安全管制的现状分析及对策研究

在分析了我国药品安全管制现状及存在不足的基础上,提出了探索性建议：一是加强药品安全立法,提高管制执行效率;二是完善药品标准体系,加强复查力度;三是建立药品安全信息系统;四是加强部门间、地区间的机构合作。     

1000例老年患者用药合理性分析

目的了解老年患者的用药情况,评判药物使用的合理性。方法应用回顾性病历调查方法对1000例老年住院患者用药进行了分析,共查阅5600余条医嘱。结果1000名患者住院期间使用药物平均为4~15种,最多可达26种;35·2%患者存在不合理用药现象;有8种常见的不合理用药表现,药物相互作用及药物不良反应随用药品种增多而增加。结论老年住院患者存在不合理用药,应加强临床用药的监测,尽量减少用药品种,避免不合理的联合用药,进一步提高老年住院患者的用药水平。     

浅析我国台湾地区药害救济法及制度借鉴

目的 借鉴我国台湾地区的药害救济制度,探索我国大陆的药害救济制度.方法 详细解析我国台湾地区的药害救济法的立法背景、目的以及药害救济法的具体内容.结果与结论 这种制度对于我国大陆医药制度的改革和发展具有一定的借鉴和参照的价值.     

2012-2018年甘肃省药品集中采购情况分析

目的:评价甘肃省药品集中采购政策实施的效果,总结药品集中采购取得的成绩和不足,为甘肃省进一步完善药品集中采购政策提供参考。方法:从甘肃省药品集中招标采购平台上导出2012-2018年药品采购相关统计数据,使用Ex-cel软件进行描述性统计分析。使用指标主要有均数、百分比、集中度等。结果:2012-2018年甘肃省药品集中采购的药物金额总体上逐年增加、药品价格以中低价格为主、市场集中度较低,各级医院基本药物的采购金额大体上呈增加趋势。结论:甘肃省药品集中采购政策总体上实施效果良好,但还应有针对性地规范完善。     

Impact of paracetamol pack size restrictions on poisoning from paracetamol in England and Wales: an observational study

BACKGROUND: About 500 drug poisoning deaths involving paracetamol (acetaminophen) occur every year in England and Wales. To reduce the number of deaths, regulations were introduced in 1998 to restrict the sale of paracetamol. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of these regulations. METHODS: Mortality data for England and Wales were provided by the Office for National Statistics. Deaths were defined as due to compound paracetamol (paracetamol in combination with another analgesic, a low dose opioid or other ingredients) or paracetamol only, with or without alcohol or other drugs. The Department of Health provided data on all hospital admissions with a primary diagnosis of paracetamol poisoning. RESULTS: Mortality rates for paracetamol only were similar for males and females, and decreased from about 4.5 to 2.8 per million between 1997 and 1999 and again from about 3.1 to 2.2 per million between 2001 and 2002. These falls may be attributable to random variation in the rates. Deaths involving compound paracetamol, which were not subject to the 1998 regulations, remained relatively constant over the study period. There was evidence of a decreasing trend in paracetamol only mortality rates and this followed overall trends for other drug poisoning excluding opioids and drugs of misuse. Hospital admissions due to paracetamol poisoning increased from about 27 000 to 33 000 between 1995/1996 and 1997/1998 and then decreased to 25 000 in 2001/2002. There were almost 50 per cent more admissions for females than males, with the highest admission rates amongst females aged 15-24 years old. CONCLUSIONS: Between 1993 and 2002, mortality rates and hospital admissions due to paracetamol poisoning declined. However, the contribution of the 1998 regulations to this decline is not clear. Paracetamol poisoning continues to be an important public health issue in England and Wales and represents significant workload for the NHS in England.     

某高校医院门诊口服抗高血压药物用药分析

目的评价门诊抗高血压药物的使用情况及趋势,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法采用回顾性分析方法,应用限定日剂量、用药频度和日治疗费用等客观指标,对云南大学校医院门诊2010年2012年抗高血压药物使用情况进行统计分析。结果3年内各类抗高血压药物中用药金额最大的是钙拮抗剂（CCB）,其次为血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻断药（ARB）,2个品种使用金额占总额的80％以上。血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂（ACEI）用药频度有逐年上升趋势。结论该校医院门诊抗高血压药物使用基本合理,符合目前高血压治疗原则。