脑血栓与凝血因子Ⅸ基因多态性的相关性研究

目的探讨凝血因子Ⅸ基因在第六外显子23384-23387bp存在的单核苷酸多态性与脑血栓的相关性。方法应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)的方法,检测长春地区323例脑血栓患者及300例正常健康对照组凝血因子Ⅸ基因多态性分布。结果MnⅡ酶切后,其中脑血栓4例患者为G基因表达,319例患者为A基因表达。正常健康对照组中2例为G基因表达,298例患者为A基因表达。无统计学意义。结论在这一基因位点脑血栓患者和正常健康人群基因多态性主要为A型。对此可以认为凝血因子Ⅸ基因多态性不是血栓形成的危险因子。     

p47phox基因第6外显子多态性与长沙市汉族人群脑出血的关联研究

目的探讨p47phox基因第6外显子A566G(Asn166Asp)多态性与湖南省长沙市汉族人群脑出血的关系。方法采用PCR-单链构象多态技术和DNA直接测序法检测湖南省长沙市汉族人群110例脑出血患者、10个脑出血家系成员110例和100名健康对照者的p47phox基因第6外显子A566G多态性,同时检测血脂水平。结果脑出血组及脑出血家系组A566G(Asn166Asp)多态基因频率分布与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。脑出血家系组中患病组和未患病组及脑出血组的A566G多态分布与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。脑出血组中各基因型血脂水平与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论湖南省长沙市汉族人群p47phox基因A566G多态性可能与脑出血的易患性无关。     

Ⅲ型胶原基因COL3A1多态性与脑梗死的相关性

目的 探讨湖南人群中COL3A1基因多态性与脑梗死疾病有无相关性。方法 收集脑梗死患者血样标本110例（包括散发和脑梗死家系的患者）及健康对照血样标本70例。采用聚合酶链反应-简单序列长度多态性（PCR-SSLP）及产物测序分析检测COL3A1基因的多态性。结果 湖南地区汉族脑梗死患者COL3A1基因多态位点基因分布与对照组相比，等位基因片段分布的频率不同，COL3A1基因等位基因型COL3A1-3基因频率分布（0．93）显著高于健康对照组（0．43），差异有统计学意义（χ^2=20．487，P〈0．01）。散发组脑梗死患者和家系组患者各基因分布差异无统计学意义。结论 COL3A1多态分布无明显年龄性别差异，COL3A1基因25号内含子VNTR多态可能与脑梗死的发病有关。     

胞浆型磷脂酶A2基因多态性与精神分裂症的关系

目的：分析印度人群钙依赖性胞浆型磷脂酶A2（cPLA2)BanⅠ限制性内切酶基因多态性与精神分裂症的相互关系。方法：应用聚合酶链式反应（PCR）限制性片段长度多态性（RFLP）方法,在89例精神分裂症患者和78例健康人群中观察比较cPLA2等位基因和基因型频数分布。结果：PCR产物的BanⅠ限制性酶切片段于cPLA2基因第一非编码区显示多态性位点,命名为位点A;患者组和健康对照组cPLA2等位基因频数呈显著差异（P＜0．02）;精神分裂症患者显示A2／A2纯合基因型显著增加（P＜0．02）。结论：cPLA2基因多态性与印度人群精神分裂症相关联;cPLA2基因可能为精神分裂症候选基因之一,或与其他致病基因呈连锁不平衡。     

β-分泌酶2多态性位点rs2252576与散发性阿尔茨海默病的相关性分析

目的 研究β-分泌酶2（BACE2） rs2252576位点基因多态性与中国北方汉族人群散发性阿尔茨海默病（SAD）发病的相关性.方法 随机选取10例SAD患者和10名健康对照者进行BACE2外显子区测序.筛查出第5外显子上游10bp存在一多态性位点rs2252576C/T,随后对348例SAD患者和294名健康对照者进行多态性分型及统计学分析.结果 SAD患者和健康对照组的BACE2基因rs2252576多态性位点基因型和等位基因频率差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.根据是否携带ApoEε4等位基因进行进一步分层比较后,该位点差异仍无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.应用Logistic回归分析平衡了年龄、性别和ApoE分型的影响后,差异仍无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 中国北方汉族人群中BACE2基因rs2252576 C/T位点的基因多态性与SAD的发病可能无关.     

阿尔茨海默病与线粒体辅酶Ⅱ基因的关系

目的：探讨阿尔茨海默病（AD）与线粒体的细胞色素氧化酶亚基Ⅲ（COX3）和辅酶Ⅱ（ND2）基因突变的关联性。方法：采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性技术,检测符合国际疾病分类第10版（ICD-10）诊断标准的60例AD患者（患者组）,10个AD家系,和60名正常老人（对照组）的基因型和基因频率。结果：患者组线粒体ND2的nt5460基因位点基因变异为G→A,变异率13.3%,家系中同时有基因变异G→A,但变异无统计学意义。患者组中线粒体COX3的nt9861基因位点无基因变异。患者组和对照组均未发现基因有T→C的变异。结论：AD患者很有可能存在ND2的nt5460位点发生G→A的基因突变,与COX3的nt9861位点T→C突变无关。     

PPP1R3A基因多态性与中国维吾尔族人群精神分裂症关联性研究

目的探索蛋白磷酸酶1调节亚基3A(protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3A, PPP1R3A)基因外显子区域基因位点多态性与中国维吾尔族人群精神分裂症的关联性。方法利用多重PCR靶向捕获二代测序技术对528例维吾尔族精神分裂症患者及576名维吾尔族正常对照进行PPP1R3A基因外显子区域DNA扩增,Illumina HiSeq X Ten平台进行高通量测序,用阳性与阴性症状量表(positive and negative symptoms scale,PANSS)评估患者病情严重程度。结果患者组与对照组之间PPP1R3A基因rs1800000位点等位基因和基因型频率差异有统计学意义(P0.05);rs1799999位点基因型频率在女性患者组与对照组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05);rs8192686位点在男性患者组与对照组间等位基因频率差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论PPP1R3A基因rs1800000位点多态性可能与中国维吾尔族人群精神分裂症的发生发展存在关联性;rs1799999位点多态性可能与中国维吾尔族女性精神分裂症的发病有关联性;rs8192686位点C等位基因可能与中国维吾尔族男性精神分裂症发病有关联性。     

乙醇脱氢酶1C 基因多态性与中国北方汉族男性酒精依赖的关联

目的：分析中国北方汉族男性乙醇脱氢酶1C（ADH1C）基因多态性与酒精依赖的关联。方法选取60例符合DSM －Ⅳ诊断标准的中国北方汉族男性酒精依赖患者及60名与之匹配的健康志愿者,测定其ADH1C基因上rs698位点的多态性,对酒精依赖组及健康对照组间各基因型和等位基因频率分布的差异进行比较。结果酒精依赖组患者的基因型分别为AA型32例,AG型27例,GG型1例,健康对照组AA型27人,AG型30人,GG型3人,两组间基因型和等位基因频率分布的差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。结论中国北方汉族男性ADH1C基因rs698位点多态性与酒精依赖无关联。     

湖北地区炎症因子基因多态性与动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死的关系

目的探讨相关炎症因子基因多态性与中国湖北地区汉族人群动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死(atherosclerotic cerebral infarction,ACI)的关系。方法在湖北汉族人群中筛选260例脑梗死患者为脑梗死组;200例健康体检者为对照组,采用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态性(polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism,PCR-RFIP)方法测定炎症因子基因多态性。结果脑梗死组与对照组比较,BRAP基因外显子90A/G分布存在统计学差异(χ~2=11.2,P0.05),IL-15基因的C/A基因型分布不存在组间统计学差异(χ~2=3.220,P0.05),Logistic回归分析提示,BRAP基因外显子90GG等位基因携带者发生ACI的风险是CC等位基因的1.8倍(OR=1.476,95%CI 1.142~2.268),且该关联独立于性别、年龄、吸烟、高血压等风险因素。没有证据表明IL-15基因13687C/A位点单核苷酸多态性与动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死易感性相关。结论 BRAP 90A/G外显子基因多态性与动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死发病有关,可能是中国湖北地区汉族人群动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死发病的遗传易感基因。     

内皮源性一氧化氮合酶基因多态性与缺血性脑卒中相关性研究

目的通过病例对照研究,探讨内皮源性一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)基因多态性与缺血性脑卒中的关系。方法采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)和限制性片断长度多态性(RFLP)技术,对452例缺血性脑卒中患者和153例健康对照人群的eNOS基因rs3918181位点进行基因多态性检测。结果大动脉粥样硬化型脑梗死组的基因型与等位基因频率与正常对照组比较P>0.05,无统计学意义。腔隙性脑梗死组eNOS基因AA AG基因型频率明显高于对照组,相对于GG基因型,暴露于AA AG基因型人群的OR值为1.644(95%CI 1.124～2.405)。腔隙性脑梗死A等位基因频率也显著高于对照组,相对于G等位基因,A等位基因OR值为1.419(95%CI 1.061～1.898)。结论内皮源性一氧化氮合酶(e-NOS)基因rs3918181位点多态性与腔隙性脑梗死相关;A等位基因可能增加中国汉族人罹患腔隙性脑梗死的风险。     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

药物治疗与合并认知行为治疗对强迫症疗效的比较

目的探讨认知行为心理治疗(CBT)在强迫症(OCD)患者各亚型治疗中的有效性和规律性。方法本研究为临床对照研究。符合入组标准的强迫症患者按患者自愿原则分为两组,治疗观察3、6、12个月。疗效评定分别运用Yale-Brown强迫量表,自拟的自评好转程度量表和临床疗效评定。结果认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗组31例,临床有效率70.9%,其中治愈率1.8%。单纯药物治疗组24例,临床有效率33.3%。Yale-Brown强迫量表和自评量表得分在6个月和12个月两组有显著差异(P<0.05)。其中强迫症亚型(怕脏型、反复检查型和反复担心型)的疗效比较,怕脏型在治疗3个月末两组间自评量表评分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复担心型在治疗6个月末两组间Yale-Brown强迫量表总分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复检查型两组间无统计学差异。结论认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗强迫症的疗效明显优于单纯药物治疗。强迫症的亚型在治疗中的有效性次序为:反复担心型>怕脏型>反复检查型。     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

A contribution to the study of the architecture of the autonomic nervous system of the digestive tract of the rat

Summary The distribution of aminergic and non-aminergic nerve fibres to the different constituents of the wall of the digestive tract in various regions is described. Aminergic fibres synapse with all nervous perikarya. Densely interlacing networks of nerve fibres are found in both layers of the tunica muscularis and in the lamina muscularis mucosae. A finely meshed plexus is observed in relation to the wall of the blood vessels in the wall of the gut. There are many fibres connecting the muscular and the vascular plexus. No nerve fibres have been observed in direct relation to the epithelium.The functional implications of these findings are discussed.