成人股骨骨髓腔影像解剖学及临床意义

目的 :为研制新型股骨髓内固定器提供解剖学依据。方法 :将 60支成人股骨干燥标本 ,拍摄标准的X线正侧位片 ,观察髓腔的形态 ,测量皮质骨的厚度 ,髓腔的横状径 ,矢状径 ,髓腔的轴线在不同节段与皮质骨内侧缘的切线形成的夹角等。结果 :正位片示髓腔呈“哑铃状” ,自上而下 ,横状径由大 (2 0 .0±0 .3 )mm变小 (11.1± 2 .4)mm ,再由小 (11.1± 2 .4)mm变最大 (3 2 .6± 5 .2 )mm。狭窄段横状径的直方图呈正态分布 ,均数为 (10 .7± 2 .0 )mm。侧位片示髓腔中上段的轴线与中下段的轴线所形成夹角为 (172 .2±2 .2 )° ,其夹角顶端距小转子下缘的实际长度为 (12 .8± 3 .0 )cm。结论 :①髓内钉不适合股骨中下段骨折的髓内固定。②组合式分叉防旋转的髓内钉适合股骨中下段的解剖学特点和力学要求。③顺行击钉 10～ 15cm处时 ,忌用暴力 ,减慢进入速度。     

与人工髓核置换相关的国人腰椎间盘结构测量

背景：临床多根据影像资料中腰椎间盘径线尺寸来选择假体型号和预计置入数量。 目的：以X射线片和MRI测量分析正常人腰椎间隙高度、腰椎间盘及髓核径线,获取与人工髓核假体相关的椎间盘基础数据。 方法：随机抽取157名正常成年人标准腰椎侧位X射线片,测量腰椎间隙前缘、中点和后缘高度。随机抽取106名正常成年人腰椎MRI片,测量椎间盘及髓核的横径和矢状径。 结果与结论：①X射线片：椎间隙自上而下逐渐增宽,腰椎间隙后高较低,近50%的L2/3、L3/4、L4/5椎间隙后高和约39.5%的L5/S1椎间隙后高位于7~9 mm区间。②MRI片：腰椎间盘横径和矢状径从L2/3至L5/S1依次增大。约46.7%的椎间盘矢状径大于37 mm,仅49.0%的髓核矢状径大于24 mm;本组髓核平均横径33.5 mm,平均矢状径23.4 mm。髓核矢状径均大于12 mm。约22.9%的髓核矢状径大于24 mm。提示多数国内患者需行单枚PDN假体置入,7 mm为最适用的PDN假体高度,临床不宜将椎间盘矢状径大于37 mm作为国人PDN假体置入数量的术前预评价指标。     

股骨骨髓腔的应用解剖

<正> 本文选用了30块成人股骨,首先测量股骨的长度(从大转子尖至外侧髁下缘),再用钢锯把股骨横断为五等分。用游标卡尺测量各个部分骨髓腔的最大径和最小径。最后将股骨上、下端矢状锯开,分别测量从大转子至髓腔上端及外侧髁下缘至髓腔下端的距离,把股骨长度减去上述距离为骨髓腔长度,所测量数据均用统计学处理,股骨的长     

桡骨下段白皮质厚度的观测

桡骨下段因突然变宽，同时松质骨较多，形成薄弱点，导致其易于骨折。骨折多发生在距挠骨下端2～3cm范围内。本文在104个正常人左侧手腕部正位X线片上，观测了桡骨下段的骨横径和内、外侧骨皮质厚度。测量范围；以桡骨下段的最大横径作为其同身寸单位，以距桡骨下端一个“单位”距离处为基点，取此基点上方和下方各1cm的距离为测量范围。将测量范围均分为5个测量点（每2个点间距离0.5cm）进行测量。结果：烧骨下段最大骨横径，男性为3064mm，女性为2695mm；男性明显大于女性。5个测量点分别距桡骨下端的平均距离，从近侧至远侧，男性依次是：40．64、35．64、3064、25．64和20．64mm；女性是：3695、31．95、26.95、21．95和16．95mm。5个测量点处的骨横径平均值，从近侧至远侧、男性依次是17．98、19．37、21．60、24．92和27．62；女性是16．75、18．18、20．18、23.20和2.45mm。双侧（内、外侧）骨皮质厚度平均值，从近侧至远侧，男性依次是4．42、3．94、3．18、2．43和1．27mm；女性是4．00、3‘50、2．70、1．95和1．21mm。骨皮质指数C内、外侧皮质厚度之和与骨横径的百分比）平均值，从近侧至远侧，男性依次是2483、20．53、14．86、9．81、和4．61；女性是24．02、19．40、13．31、8．46和4．75     

股骨近段CT扫描与全髋关节置换的术前计划

背景：做好全髋关节置换前假体型号预测的前提是对股骨近段的充分了解和精确测量,但X射线片仅提供一个平面图像,不能了解股骨近段横断面的情况,而股骨上段CT扫描可以提供更多信息。 目的：观察股骨近段CT扫描在全髋关节置换前计划中的作用。 方法：对61例进行初次全髋关节置换的患者行股骨近端CT扫描,选取股骨小转子最突出处上方2 cm股骨颈平面(T20)、股骨小转子最突出点处的股骨转子区平面(T0)和股骨干髓腔最狭窄处平面(N)的横断面CT影像。测量股骨颈平面髓腔长径、宽径、内侧径;小转子平面髓腔长径、内侧径;股骨峡部平面髓腔长径、宽径、皮质厚度。 结果与结论：股骨颈T20长径40.8~63.3 mm,平均(49.6±5.1) mm;T20宽径13.3~29.1 mm,平均(22.4±3.4) mm;T20内侧径7.2~14.6 mm,平均(10.6±1.6) mm。股骨转子区T0长径20.5~40.2 mm,平均(28.7±4.4) mm;T0内侧径4.3~13.0 mm,平均(8.1±1.7) mm。股骨峡部N长径8.2~22.4 mm,平均(14.1±3.1) mm;N宽径6.1~17.9 mm,平均(10.2±2.9) mm;N皮质厚度2.7~12.7 mm,平均(7.5±1.8) mm。提示股骨近端CT扫描可以提供更多的影像信息和更精确的测量数据,对全髋关节置换前计划有所帮助。     

钢缆内固定锁骨近段和胸骨髓腔修复胸锁关节脱位:解剖与临床

背景:对于需要内固定治疗的胸锁关节脱位,因其毗邻纵膈等重要结构,风险相对较大,而内固定方法多样,仍存争议。目的:探讨通过锁骨近段髓腔和胸骨髓腔内固定治疗胸锁关节脱位的可行性与有效性。方法:在防腐固定的22侧成人上肢标本上,观测胸锁关节形态、相关韧带等解剖学特点,测量锁骨内侧端、胸骨柄之关节面大小,关节盘形态,肋锁韧带、胸锁韧带形态。2009年1月至2012年7月用钢缆或可吸收缝线"8"形内固定治疗胸锁关节脱位患者3例,均为男性,年龄9,45,62岁,平均年龄38.6岁,采用上肢功能DASH评分对内固定效果进行评估。结果与结论:解剖学结果显示,锁骨内侧端关节面的前后径、冠状径都要大于胸骨柄上关节面的前后径、冠状径,2者之间并不匹配;胸骨柄在关节面上缘处的厚度最小,胸骨角处的厚度最大;胸骨柄的宽度在关节面上缘水平最小,关节面下缘最宽。关节盘的外观近,似椭圆形,冠状径大于前后径,与胸骨柄侧关节面较匹配,中央厚度大于边缘厚度。肋锁韧带厚度要明显大于胸锁前韧带和胸锁后韧带,外观更为致密;胸锁前韧带和胸锁后韧带的长、宽、厚较接近。临床试验结果显示,3例患者随访时间14-36个月,DASH评分10-16分,平均13.3分,内固定效果满意。提示通过钢缆或可吸收缝线近段锁骨髓腔和胸骨髓腔内固定修复胸锁关节脱位安全有效。     

38例寰椎侧块滋养孔解剖测量与临床意义

目的　观察并测量寰椎侧块滋养孔的临床解剖学参数,为降低寰椎侧块螺钉固定术中血管损伤风险提供参考。 方法　随机选取38例正常干燥成人寰椎骨标本,观察寰椎侧块滋养孔（以直径≥1.0 mm为判定界限）的形态、数目、位置;测量滋养孔最大横径、纵径、深度,滋养孔外缘到横突孔内缘之间的距离等。 结果　38例寰椎标本中,95%存在滋养孔,42%呈圆形、8%呈横椭圆形、45%呈纵椭圆形;5%无滋养孔;79%左右两侧滋养孔对称,16%不对称。滋养孔最大横径为（2.16±0.86）mm,最大纵径为（2.82±1.03）mm,最大深度为（1.75±0.71）mm,滋养孔外缘到横突孔内缘之间的距离（8.61±1.46）mm,各测量指标左右两侧无显著差异。 结论　95%的寰椎左右两侧存在滋养孔,且均位于寰椎侧块的中间区域,椎弓根螺钉通道处;临床寰椎侧块螺钉固定时,螺钉的直径可参考（8.61±1.46）mm;螺钉通道距离寰椎侧块内缘（1.73±0.7）mm。     

鼻咽部葡萄状肉瘤一例

患者男，3岁半。因鼻阻ZO天伴吞咽困难4天，于1995年1月28日入院。体检：双鼻腔后方及咽腔内见有息肉状、灰白色新生物堵塞鼻腔。行鼻息肉摘除术。病理检查：淡黄色息肉状软组织总体积约为7cm：＜6scrnX2．scrn。切面呈粘液水肿状。镜下：肿瘤被覆完整的假复层纤毛柱状上皮。上皮下疏讼水肿呈息肉状。靠近上皮处可见几层排列较密集的瘤细胞，即“形成层”。瘤细胞较小，具有一定的异型性，呈短梭形、椭圆形或圆形。胞浆嗜伊红性，多少不等，个别细胞可见横纹。核嗜碱性，呈圆形、椭圆形或不规则形。核分裂多见。病理诊断：鼻咽部葡萄状肉…     

成人股骨髓腔的解剖学测量及弹力内锁钉的设计应用

目的 通过对成人股骨髓腔进行解剖学测量,设计一种弹力内锁髓内钉,以达到对成人股骨干骨折进行坚强内固定.方法 24根成人股骨标本,自冠、矢状面剖开并每间隔1.5 cm进行横断,测量其髓腔弧度及冠、矢状径. 弹力内锁髓内钉以开口三叶草形髓内钉为基础,在髓内钉凸出的两侧翼开矩形孔,安装弹簧卡.临床固定股骨骨折35例.结果 股骨髓腔中轴凸向前,非松质骨区弧度半径约(90.2±15.6)cm,髓腔两端松质骨区呈矢状径短、冠状径长的漏斗形.狭窄区位于中上部,狭窄处的矢、冠状径分别为(13.9±1.6)mm和(1 1.4±1.3)mm.应用35例均取得良好效果.结论 弹力内锁髓内钉具有与人体股骨中轴相适应的弧度,两端弹簧卡具有加强固定、防止旋转和轴向加压作用.     

蝶腭孔、翼管前口的应用解剖及临床意义

目的 为鼻内窥镜翼管神经切断术等临床应用提供解剖学依据。方法 用15个30侧经防腐处理的成人头颅标本，经正中矢状面剖开，解剖观察测量蝶腭孔、翼管前口及穿过的血管、神经。结果 19例(63．33％)蝶腭孔位于中鼻甲后端前方平均8．09mm；11例(36．67％)位于在中鼻甲后端前上方平均7．24min。蝶腭孔呈圆形24例，直径平均3．25mm；呈卵圆形6例，最大径平均4．92mm穿过蝶腭孔的动脉有蝶腭动脉，或其分支鼻后外侧动脉和鼻中隔后动脉。翼管前口位于蝶腭孔后方约7mm，呈圆形漏斗状，横径约3mm，略向外下方开口，距离鼻小柱平均71．72mm，有翼管神经和翼管动脉穿过。结论 经鼻腔暴露翼管前口及翼管神经，以及进入翼腭窝处理上颌动脉末端的分支时，蝶腭孔及其周围骨质菲薄的部位是理想的手术入路部位。     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Characteristics of the topographic interrelation of the head of the pancreas and the duodenum and pathology of the organs of the pancreatoduodenal area

Seventy pancreatoduodenal complexes of 55 patients with chronic pancreatitis and tumours of this zone and 15 patients died from other diseases are studies histotopographically . The pieces of the pancreatic head tissue in the medial wall of the duodenum were found in 12 cases of the first group and in 4 control cases. The pancreatic tissue consisted either of all elements of this organ or cystically dilated ducts and seemed to infiltrate different layers of the duodenum wall. Three variants of the pancreatic head structure are suggested on the basis of anatomo-topographical interrelationships of the pancreatic head and duodenum. In 12 out of 14 cases chronic pancreatitis and carcinoma of organs of this zone were combined with the variants of the pancreatic head structure, in 2 cases there was a true heterotopy . Pathogenetic significance of these variants for the development of chronic pancreatitis is discussed.     

Influence of the level of the transmembrane potential on the dynamics of the extinction of the amplitude of the synaptic reactions of the snail under voltage clamping conditions

The influence of the level of the transmembrane potential on the dynamics of the extinction of the amplitudes of summary excitatory postsynaptic currents arising in identified giant parietal neurons in response to rhythmic stimulation of the intestinal nerve was investigated in a preparation of the isolated CNS of the common snail in order to identify the possibility of the participation of the postsynaptic element in synaptic plasticity. It was demonstrated that, at a greater value of the transmembrane potential, the decrease in the amplitudes of the postsynaptic currents which have been induced by rhythmic stimulation takes place more rapidly. It was also demonstrated that at a higher frequency of stimulation of the nerve, the effect of the influence of the membrane potential level on the dynamics of the synaptic reactions is more prominent. The data obtained may be regarded as an argument in favor of the possibility of the participation of the post-synapse in plasticity. This study was partially supported by the Russian Basic Research Fund (project No. 94-04-12209). Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow. Translated from Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatel'nosti imeni I. P. Pavlova, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 171–179, January–February, 1995.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.