大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后早期生长反应基因-1 mRNA的表达

目的探讨早期生长反应基因-1( early growth response gene-1,Egr-1)mRNA在大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后的表达情况。方法取10只健康雄性SD大鼠,体重200 ～250 g,应用原位杂交和RT-PCR方法检测大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后Egr-1 mRNA的表达情况。结果 (1)原位杂交结果:假手术组神经元及胶质细胞为轻度阳性表达。缺血2 h再灌注2 h后,缺血侧Egr-1 mRNA细胞阳性表达明显增强。再灌注4 h时Egr-1 mRNA细胞阳性表达最高,再灌注22 h Egr-1 mRNA细胞阳性表达下降,至166 h时下降更加明显,但仍显著高于假手术组。(2)RT-PCR结果:大鼠脑缺血再灌注后缺血侧Egr-1 mRNA的表达明显高于假手术组,P<0.01。动态观察发现,脑缺血2h再灌注2 h后,Egr-1 mRNA即高表达,缺血2 h再灌注4 h达高峰,再灌注46 h已明显下降,但仍高于假手术组,P<0.01,随缺血再灌注时间延长,Egr-1 mRNA表达又逐渐增多,至再灌注166 h其表达亦明显高于假手术组,P<0.01。结论缺血再灌注后Egr-1 mRNA有规律性表达。     

大鼠局灶性缺血再灌注后大脑皮质ADM及其mRNA的表达

目的探讨肾上腺髓质素（ADM）与脑缺血再灌注损伤的关系。方法采用线栓法制成大鼠大脑中动脉缺血再灌注模型，阻断血流2h进行再灌注。应用免疫组织化学法和RT—PCR法检测不同时间段大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后大脑皮质ADM及其mRNA的表达，并进行动态观察。结果正常大鼠大脑皮质有ADM及其mR—NA的表达，假手术组ADM及其mRNA表达略高于正常组，P〉0．05；大鼠脑缺血再灌注后大脑皮质ADM及其mRNA过表达，与正常对照组及假手术组相比差异显著，P〈0．05。动态观察发现，脑缺血2h再灌注2h，大脑皮质ADM及其mRNA即表达，再灌注22h达高峰，至1w仍明显多于正常对照组，P〈0．05。结论脑缺血再灌注后ADM及其mRNA呈现规律性过表达。     

胰岛素对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后Bcl-2表达及细胞凋亡的影响

目的 探讨胰岛素对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后Bcl-2表达及细胞凋亡的影响.方法 将动物随机分为假手术组、缺血组及干预组,参照Zea Longa线栓法建立大鼠左侧大脑中动脉闭塞(middle cerebral artery occlusion,MCAO)再灌注模型,干预组大鼠在脑缺血即刻给予胰岛素及葡萄糖腹腔注射,分别在左侧MCAO2h再灌注不同时间点断头取脑,脑皮质神经元Bcl-2的表达通过免疫组化法来测定,并采用TUNEL法原住标记DNA片段,检测TUNEL阳性细胞的变化.结果 缺血组大鼠脑皮质Bcl-2的表达较假手术组显著增强(P＜0.01),TUNEL阳性细胞数较假手术组显著增多(P＜0.01);给予胰岛素处理后,Bcl-2的表达较缺血组显著增强(P＜0.01),TUNEL阳性细胞数较缺血组明显减少(P＜0.01),但两者均显著高于假手术组(P＜0.01).结论 短暂的脑缺血再灌注可导致脑皮质神经元中Bcl-2的表达增加,抗细胞凋亡;胰岛素可上调脑皮质神经元中Bcl-2的表达,发挥神经保护作用.     

胰岛素对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后Caspase-3表达及细胞凋亡的影响

目的探讨胰岛素对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后Caspase-3表达及细胞凋亡的影响。方法将动物随机分为假手术组、缺血组及干预组,参照zea longa线栓法建立大鼠左侧大脑中动脉闭塞（mid-dle cerebral artery occlusion,MCAO）再灌注模型,干预组大鼠在脑缺血即刻给予胰岛素及葡萄糖腹腔注射,分别在左侧MCAO2h再灌注不同时间点断头取脑,脑皮质神经元Caspase-3的表达通过免疫组化法来测定,并采用TUNEL法原位标记DNA片段,检测TUNEL阳性细胞的变化。结果缺血组大鼠脑皮质Caspase-3的表达较假手术组显著增强（P〈0.01）,TUNEL阳性细胞数较假手术组显著增多（P〈0.01）;给予胰岛素处理后,Caspase-3的表达较缺血组明显减弱（P〈0.01）,TUNEL阳性细胞数较缺血组明显减少（P〈0.01）,但两者均显著高于假手术组（P〈0.01）。结论短暂的脑缺血再灌注可导致脑皮质神经元Caspase-3的表达增加,促进细胞凋亡,胰岛素可下调脑皮质神经元Caspase-3的表达,发挥神经保护作用。     

丁苯酞预处理对缺血再灌注损伤后大鼠海马神经元的保护作用

目的探讨丁苯酞(NBP)预处理对脑缺血再灌注损伤后大鼠海马神经元的保护作用。方法将120只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、缺血再灌注组、NBP低剂量预处理组(低剂量组)、NBP中剂量预处理组(中剂量组)和NBP高剂量预处理组(高剂量组),每组24只大鼠。低、中、高剂量组大鼠分别给予20 mg/kg、40 mg/kg、80 mg/kg NBP预处理。采用改良Zea Longa线栓法制备脑缺血再灌注模型。2%氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)染色测量梗死体积,免疫组织化学法观察5-羟色胺(5-HT)阳性细胞数,免疫印迹法检测5-HT蛋白水平。结果 NBP低剂量组、中剂量组、高剂量组脑梗死体积显著小于缺血再灌注组(均P0.05)。中剂量组与高剂量组脑梗死体积显著小于低剂量组(均P0.05)。与假手术组比较,缺血再灌注组大鼠海马中5-HT阳性细胞数及蛋白表达明显降低(均P0.01)。与缺血再灌注组比较,NBP低、中、高剂量组的5-HT阳性细胞数及蛋白表达显著增加(均P0.05)。中剂量组与高剂量组5-HT阳性细胞数及蛋白表达显著高于低剂量组(均P0.05),高剂量组与中剂量组差异无统计学意义。结论丁苯酞预处理具有脑保护作用,其机制可能为上调缺血海马半暗带区5-HT表达。     

银杏叶制剂对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体表达的影响及脑保护作用

目的研究局部脑缺血再灌注后N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(NMDA)受体I型亚单位(NR1)mRNA表达与细胞凋亡的关系及银杏叶制剂(Egb)对其影响。方法140只SD大鼠被随机分成假手术组、缺血再灌组,即MCAO组和Egb治疗组。每组大鼠再随机分成4组:分别在再灌注后6,24,48,96 h处死。进行TUNEL染色检测缺血区细胞凋亡情况,并用原位杂交方法检测NR1 mRNA。结果MCAO组大鼠大脑皮质梗死灶的凋亡细胞和NR1mRNA表达与假手术组比较明显增强(P<0.01),而Egb治疗组这两项指标的表达明显低于MCAO组(P<0.01)。结论再灌注后脑组织中NR1mRNA表达增强,与细胞凋亡密切相关。银杏叶制剂可以明显抑制NR1mRNA的表达,减轻细胞凋亡。     

大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注中1-磷酸鞘氨醇受体1的表达变化

目的 观察大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型1-磷酸鞘氨醇受体1(S1P1)的变化,探索S1P1在脑缺血再灌注损伤中的作用.方法 雄性Wistar大鼠,随机分成假手术组、缺血2h再灌注3h组、6h组、12h组、24h组、24h+安慰剂组和24h+FTY720组.应用"线栓法"实现大鼠右侧大脑中动脉闭塞,2h后拔出线栓进行再灌注,并在相应时间点处死大鼠.再灌注24h+安慰剂组和再灌注24h+FTY720组大鼠于再灌注前10min经尾静脉注入安慰剂或S1P受体激动剂FTY720[1mg/(kg·体重)].利用免疫组化方法观察S1P1蛋白表达水平的变化,对再灌注24h+安慰剂组和再灌注24h+FTY720组大鼠进行神经功能评分、梗死体积测定和TUNEL阳性细胞计数.结果 与假手术组相比,缺血再灌注组大鼠梗死灶周围区皮质S1P1的蛋白表达水平明显升高(P<0.05),开始于再灌注后3h,12h达到高峰,24h开始下降.FTY720显著缩小梗死体积,改善神经功能评分,减少TUNEL阳性细胞数量.结论 S1P1在脑缺血再灌注过程中激活,减轻缺血再灌注损伤,发挥脑保护作用.     

疏血通对局灶性脑缺血大鼠神经保护和hsp70表达水平的影响

目的 探讨疏血通对脑缺血-再灌注后神经保护作用的机制,拟为临床应用提供理论依据.方法 90只健康雄性SD大鼠,随机分为假手术组、缺血-再灌注组和疏血通治疗组,建立大脑中动脉闭塞模型.采用神经功能缺损评分对人鼠神经功能缺损程度进行评价,HE染色、TUNEL染色和免疫组织化学染色检测大鼠脑组织梗死灶体积、细胞凋亡及hsp70表达水平.结果 经疏血通治疗后,大鼠神经功能缺损程度明显改善,除再灌注后6h,其余各时间点疏血通治疗组评分均优于缺血-再灌注组(P<0.05).疏血通治疗组大鼠梗死灶体积明显缩小(P<0.01).再灌注后6 h,缺血半暗带区和海马区即可见凋亡细胞,分别于再灌注后48 h和72 h达峰值水平,疏血通治疗组表达高峰时间延迟,且各时间点凋亡细胞数目均少于缺血-再灌注组(P<0.05).再灌注后6 h,缺血半暗带区和大脑皮质即可见少量hsp70表达阳性细胞,两组均于再灌注后24 h达峰值水平,但疏血通治疗组各时间点hsp表达水平均高于缺血-再灌注组(P<0.05).结论 疏血通通过上调脑组织hsp70表达水平,减轻脑缺血-再灌注损伤,从而使梗死灶体积缩小、神经功能改善.     

雪莲提取物对脑缺血再灌注损伤小鼠海马区星形胶质细胞胶质纤维酸性蛋白和小胶质细胞离子钙接头蛋白的影响

目的探讨雪莲提取物对缺血再灌注损伤小鼠海马区星形胶质细胞胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)和小胶质细胞离子钙接头蛋白(Iba1)表达的影响。方法 40只昆明小鼠随机分为假手术组、缺血再灌注组和雪莲提取物低、中、高剂量组。采用线栓法制作大脑中动脉闭塞模型。雪莲提取物低、中、高剂量组小鼠术前7 d分别连续腹腔注射0.2 g/(kg·d)、0.4 g/(kg·d)、0.8 g/(kg·d)雪莲注射液。假手术组不闭塞大脑中动脉,给予等体积中剂量雪莲注射液。缺血再灌注组再灌时腹腔注射等体积生理盐水。再灌注24 h后采用免疫组化染色法检测GFAP和Iba1的表达。结果与假手术组比较,缺血再灌注组及雪莲提取物低、中剂量组GFAP阳性细胞数明显增加,缺血再灌注组及雪莲提取物低、中、高剂量组IBA1阳性细胞数明显增加(均P0.01);与缺血再灌注组比较,雪莲提取物低、中、高剂量组GFAP及IBA1阳性细胞数明显减少(均P0.01);与雪莲提取物低剂量组比较,雪莲提取物高剂量组GFAP阳性细胞数明显减少,雪莲提取物中、高剂量组IBA1阳性细胞数明显减少(P0.05~0.01)。结论雪莲提取物可抑制缺血再灌注损伤小鼠海马区星形胶质细胞GFAP和小胶质细胞Iba1的过度表达,有神经保护作用。     

粒细胞集落刺激因子对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤脑Caspase-3与细胞色素C表达的影响

目的探讨粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)在大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤中的神经保护作用机制。方法将36只健康成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、缺血再灌注组、G-CSF治疗组,每组12只。采用线栓法制作大鼠大脑中动脉缺血再灌注模型,于脑缺血2 h再灌注0 h及24 h给予G-CSF治疗组G-CSF(按体质量50μg/kg)腹部皮下注射,给予假手术组和缺血再灌注组等量生理盐水。采用Longa评分法进行神经功能评分,采用免疫组化法检测各组大鼠脑组织细胞色素C、半胱氨酸蛋白酶-3(Caspase-3)表达水平,应用原位末端转移酶标记(TUNEL)检测神经细胞凋亡情况,TTC染色检测脑梗死体积。结果假手术组大鼠未发现脑梗死病灶,细胞色素C和Caspase-3阳性细胞数及凋亡细胞亦少见。G-CSF治疗组细胞色素C、Caspase-3阳性细胞数及凋亡细胞数均较缺血再灌注组明显减少(P<0.01);缺血再灌注组和G-CSF治疗组均可见大脑中动脉供血区梗死灶,但G-CSF治疗组梗死灶较缺血再灌注组明显缩小(P<0.01),神经功能明显改善。结论 G-CSF对脑缺血再灌注损伤有神经保护作用,其作用机制可能通过阻断线粒体/细胞色素C途径抑制细胞凋亡。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。