急诊内镜下注射治疗重症出血性消化性溃疡临床探讨

消化性溃疡出血临床常见，多为自限性，约５％为持续性出血，２０％～２５％可再出血，且大多数发生在起病４８小时内［１］。尽管抑酸药对该症大多有效，但仍有约 ５％～１０％用非手术治疗不能止血，需用手术治疗［２］。现急诊内镜治疗已成为首选止血方法。本文探讨内镜下紧急注射治疗对重症出血性消化性溃疡的止血疗效。１材料与方法１．１病历选择和研究设计我们１９９５年１月～１９９８年１２月对上消化道出血的胃镜检查中，溃疡病出血７５３例，其中十二指肠球部溃疡５６２例、胃溃疡１１８例、复合溃疡比例、吻合口溃疡４７例、食…     

消化性溃疡裸露血管再出血的临床研究

该文报告了自１９９０年１月～１９９５年１２月收治的３２例消化性溃疡底部裸露血管（ｖｉｓｉｂｌｅｖｅｓｓｅ１，ＶＶ）持续出血及再出血情况。治疗前均有出血不止或复发性出血，２４例行内镜下局部注射治疗及内科常规止血，２４例无１例再出血。同期同类８例患者仅输血、输液注射止血药物，２４ｈ再出血率３７．５％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示后者再出血率高，内镜下局部止血为ＶＶ最佳选择。     

GM1治疗老年性急性脑卒中的疗效观察

目的 观察单睡液酸神经甘脂（ＧＭ１）治疗老年急性脑卒中的疗效。方法 ＧＭ１治疗组２８例，用ＧＭ１ １００ｍｇ加入５％葡萄糖（ＧＳ）或生理盐水中静滴，每日１次，连用１０～２１ｄ，后改为２０～４０ｍｇ肌注，每日１次，维持４～６周；对照组３０例，用活脑灵或脑活素２０～３０ｍｌ加入５％ＧＳ或生理盐水中静滴每日１次，连用１０～１４ｄ为１个疗程。评价出院时两组物疗效。结果 治疗组与对照组显效率分别为６４．３％     

小剂量善宁联合奥美拉唑治疗消化性溃疡大出血的临床研究

目的探讨小剂量善宁联合奥美拉唑治疗消化性溃疡大出血的疗效及安全性。方法64例患者随机分为两组，治疗组34例（小剂量善宁联合奥美拉唑组）：首先给予善宁0．1mg静脉推注，然后0．1mg＋生理盐水100ml静脉滴注1次／8h，奥美拉唑40mg＋生理盐水100ml静脉滴注1次／12h；对照组30例：首先给予善宁0．1mg静脉推注，然后0．1mg＋生理盐水100ml静脉滴注1次／4h，奥美拉唑40mg＋生理盐水100ml静脉滴注1次／12h。分别观察24、48、72h止血率、再出血率、输血量、输血率，并记录不良反应。结果治疗组24、48、72h时止血率分别为70．59％（24）、82．35％（28）、94．11％（32），对照组24h、48h、72h时止血率分别为71．99％（22）、86．67％（26）、96．67％（29），两组再出血率分别为5．89％和3．33％，两组均未出现明显不良反应，两组在止血率、再出血率方面疗效相当，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论小剂量善宁联合奥美拉唑方案以其高效、经济、安全可作为消化性溃疡大出血的首选治疗措施。     

微波加局部注射治疗消化性溃疡出血38例临床研究

目的 探讨微波加局部注射对消化性溃疡出血的治疗效果。方法 对消化性溃疡出血采用先周围注射1：10000肾上腺素盐水，再在溃疡出血部位进行微波凝固汽化治疗。结果 38例溃疡出血除1例再次出血而转外科手术治疗外，其余37例均一次治疗止血成功，即时止血率100％，总止血率97．4％。结论 微波加局部注射治疗消化性溃疡出血不仅方法简便、直接，而且安全、有效。     

改进锡类散与雷尼替丁对照治疗消化性溃疡283例疗效观察

目的：探讨改进锡类散治疗消化性溃疡的疗效。方法：选择消化性溃疡２８３例随机分为雷尼替丁组（ｎ＝１４３）与改进锡类散治疗组（ｎ＝１４０）,观察疗铲。结果：改进锡类散治疗消化性溃疡愈合率７７．１％。总有效率９０．０％《雷尼替丁治疗消化性溃疡愈合率８１．１％。总有效率９２．３％。两组愈合率和总有效率比较差异无显著意义（Ｐ〉０．０５）。溃疡复发率６个月和１２个月改进锡类散组明显低于雷尼替丁组（Ｐ〈０．０１     

内镜下消化性溃疡并出血治疗的临床分析

目的探讨内镜下治疗消化性溃疡并出血的治疗效果及价值。方法对46例消化性溃疡并出血急诊内镜检查Forrest分级为Ⅰ级及Ⅱ级患者，初次均行内镜下局部注射1：10000肾上腺素盐水止血治疗，24h内再出血患者予再次注射治疗并联合电凝或止血夹治疗。结果46例患者初次内镜下治疗均立即止血，24h内再出血6例，再次内镜下治疗3例失败转外科手术治疗。初次止血率为86．9％，总止血率为93．5％。结论内镜下止血治疗对消化性溃疡并出血疗效肯定，安全，提高了内科治疗效果，减少了外科手术率。     

消化性溃疡合并血管裸露出血的内镜征象及内镜治疗的研究

目的研究消化性溃疡合并血管裸露出血患者的内镜征象与内镜治疗和常规药物治疗的预后之间的关系。方法参考ForreSt分级将136例患者分为4级：Ⅱa、Ⅱa Ⅰa级、Ⅱa Ⅰb级、Ⅱa Ⅱb级。每级患者随机接受内镜下注射治疗与常规药物治疗，反复大出血者外科手术。结果内镜治疗组的即刻止血率均为100．0％，内镜治疗组、药物治疗组的24h止血率分别为100％、39．7％；平均输血量分别为2μ、8μ；再出血率分别为7．4％、45．6％，手术率分别为2．9％、17．6％。结论消化性溃疡合并血管裸露出血的临床表现较重，内镜下治疗的止血效果优于药物治疗，且再出血的发生率和手术率较低。     

消化性溃疡出血的内窥镜下注射止血法

消化性溃疡出血的内窥镜下注射止血法（｜｜ＬｉｎＨＪ，ｅｔａｌ．ＧａｓｔｒｏｉｎｔｅｓｔＥｎｄｏｓｃ，１９９３；３９：１５）为比较内窥镜注射正常生理盐水、３％氯化钠溶液、５０％葡萄糖水溶液和纯酒精对消化性溃疡出血的止血效果，作者们进行了一项为期２年的前...     

自体骨髓移植治疗白血病59例临床分析

用自体骨髓移植（ＡＢＭＴ）治疗５９例急性非淋巴细胞白血病（ＡＮＬＬ）和急性淋巴细胞白血病（ＡＬＬ），单次移植４５例，双次移植１４例。结果单次ＡＢＭＴ者缓解时间１￣＋～６０￣＋月，中位数１１月，复发者１５例，占３３．３％。１年、３年和５年预期缓解率分别为６７．６±７．７％，５４．２±１０．８％和３８．７＋１５．２％，预期生存率分别为８８．９±５．１％，６６．７±８．１％和３３．５±１５．１％。１４例双次移植者缓解时间１１￣＋～６１￣＋月，中位数２８月，明显高于单次移植者（Ｐ＜０．０５）。其中１年、３年和５年预期缓解率分别为１００％，７３．３±１６．２％和７３．３±１６．２％，生存率分别为１００％，８９．５±１０．０％和７５．７±１５．２％。分析影响移植后缓解时间的因素，发现年龄，缓解至移植时间等对缓解期均无明显影响。单用化疗作为预处理方案者，效果明显优于化疗及放疗合用者。     

肝硬化失代偿期病人静脉留置针封管液的探讨

目的探讨肝硬化失代偿期患者在静脉留置针期间使用不同封管液封管后的再通效果,以选出适合的封管液。方法将96例研究对象随机分成A、B、C三组,分别使用生理盐水及15U/ml、50U/ml浓度的肝素液封管,观察再通效果,进行对比分析。结果采用生理盐水及15U/ml、50U/ml浓度的肝素液封管,堵塞率均较低,分别是7.81%、6.25%、3.13%,三组相互比较无显著性差异,而50U/ml浓度的肝素液封管,部分患者有牙龈出血,穿刺处明显的皮肤紫癜,渗血,鼻衄情况出现,其他两组患者无类似情况。结论肝硬化失代偿期患者使用静脉留置针期间,采用生理盐水及15U/ml、50U/ml浓度肝素液封管再通效果均较好,但50U/ml浓度的肝素液封管,有影响凝血功能的危险。     

内镜下注射治疗消化性溃疡出血的临床研究

目的分析比较内镜下注射1％乙氧硬化醇和内镜下注射1：100000肾上腺素治疗消化性溃疡出血的疗效及安全性。方法选自2009年7月至2010年7月因呕血和（或）黑便人院,经急诊内镜检查确诊为消化性溃疡出血患者120例,随机分成治疗组和对照组各60例。治疗组采用注射1％乙氧硬化醇止血治疗,对照组采用注射1：100000肾上腺素止血治疗,两组患者均由同一位医师操作完成。结果治疗组止血成功率96．67％（58／60）,对照组止血成功率为92．98％（53／57）,两组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;治疗组与对照组止血成功后3h内再出血率分别为1．72％（1／58）,3．77％（2／53）,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,两组3～24h内再出血率分别为3．45％（2／58）,16．98％（9／53）,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。两组患者随访2个月再出血率分别为1．72％（1／58）,1．89％（1／53）,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;随访6个月均未发现再出血。均未发现与治疗相关的并发症。两组患者的外科手术率、住院天数和死亡率差别没有统计学意义。结论内镜下注射硬化剂与肾上腺素均是治疗消化性溃疡出血的安全有效方法,并且内镜下注射乙氧硬化醇治疗。     

The effect of introducing endoscopic therapy on surgery and mortality rates for peptic ulcer hemorrhage. A single center analysis of 1,125 cases

The introduction of early endoscopic diagnosis has not been associated with a reduction in either surgical intervention or overall mortality for peptic ulcer hemorrhage. Recent studies have suggested that endoscopic therapy can reduce rebleeding rates from peptic ulceration. We report a 2-year experience of the influence of endoscopic heater probe (HP) (Olympus CD 10Z) therapy on the outcome of patients admitted with peptic ulcer hemorrhage. Eight hundred and sixty-two patients admitted with peptic ulcer hemorrhage over a 5-year period (1978/9 and 1983/5) before endoscopic therapy (PRE-HP), and 263 patients admitted with peptic ulcer hemorrhage after introduction of endoscopic therapy (POST-HP: 1986-1988) were assessed. All 1,125 patients were managed by a joint physician/surgeon team. The introduction of HP therapy was associated with a reduction in surgical intervention and overall mortality rates for gastric ulceration from 16% and 8.9% PRE-HP to 7% and 2.6% POST-HP respectively (p less than 0.05). A similar but non-significant trend was noted for duodenal ulceration. The beneficial effects of HP therapy appear to be due to a reduction in the need for surgical hemostasis in patients with an ulcer base visible vessel. Our results suggest that a more widespread use of endoscopic therapy may result in an improved outcome from peptic ulcer hemorrhage.     

内镜下注射硬化剂治疗非静脉曲张消化道出血的临床研究

目的探讨内镜下注射硬化剂治疗非静脉曲张消化道出血的疗效。方法按照随机抽样原则,从因呕血和／或黑便在我院消化内科住院并行内镜下止血治疗的患者中,随机抽取160例患者,预先设计随机数字表,根据随机数字表将病例随机分为治疗组（A组,80例）和对照组（B组,80例）,治疗组采用内镜下注射硬化剂（常用1％乙氧硬化醇）止血治疗,对照组采用内镜下注射1：100000肾上腺素治疗,观察两组患者的首次止血成功率、再出血率、外科手术率、住院天数、死亡率,两组患者均由同一位医师操作完成。结果内镜下注射硬化剂组首次止血成功率为97％,内镜下注射肾上腺素组首次止血成功率为94％,P〉0．05。内镜下注射硬化剂组再出血发生率11％,内镜下注射肾上腺素组再出血发生率27％,P〈0．05。两组患者的外科手术率、住院天数和死亡率,差别没有统计学意义。结论内镜下注射硬化剂治疗非静脉曲张消化道出血的疗效优于内镜下注射肾上腺素。     

Site and size of bleeding peptic ulcer. Is there any relation to the efficacy of hemostatic sclerotherapy?

In 78 patients with high-risk bleeding peptic ulcers (either with active bleeding or non-bleeding visible vessel) endoscopic hemostasis by injection of adrenaline and polidocanol was attempted. Sclerotherapy was performed in 70 (90%) patients. Initial hemostasis was achieved in 35 (94.5%) patients with active bleeding, and permanent hemostasis in 61 (87%). Efficacy of injection therapy was significantly lower in ulcers larger than 2 cm (p = 0.001), and in those located on the posteroinferior duodenal wall (p = 0.03). It was not possible to perform endoscopic injection in 8 (10%) patients due to difficulty of access, lesions located mainly high on the lesser gastric curvature and on the posteroinferior duodenal wall. From these results we conclude that endoscopic injection is a very useful technique for the initial treatment of high-risk bleeding peptic ulcer, although the size and anatomical location of the lesions may be a limitation of its use.     

Randomized trial of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate compared with injection of hypertonic saline-epinephrine in the endoscopic treatment of bleeding peptic ulcers

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Theoretically, the injection of cyanoacrylate may be effective for peptic ulcer bleeding, but randomized clinical trials are rare. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (Histoacryl) and hypertonic saline-epinephrine (HSE) in the endoscopic treatment of major peptic ulcer hemorrhage. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 126 patients with major peptic ulcer hemorrhage and active bleeding or a nonbleeding visible vessel were randomly allocated to endoscopic injection with HSE (63 patients; group 1) or to injection with Histoacryl (63 patients; group 2). The two groups were well matched for age, sex, initial hemoglobin values, ulcer size and location, and bleeding stigmata. RESULTS: Initial hemostasis was achieved in 58 cases (92.1%) in group 1 and in 60 cases (95.2%) in group 2 (P=0.717). Rebleeding rates were 16 of 58 in group 1 and seven of 60 in group 2 (P=0.051). There were no significant differences regarding the rates of permanent hemostasis (51 of 63 in group 1 vs. 57 of 63 in group 2, P=0.203), emergency surgery (seven of 58 in group 1 vs. three of 60 in group 2, P=0.200), or hospital mortality due to bleeding (0 in group 1 and 0 in group 2). With regard to the rebleeding rate, there was a significant difference between group 1 and group 2 in the subgroup with active arterial bleeding (11 of 26 in group 1 and four of 29 in group 2, P=0.039) but not in the subgroup with a nonbleeding visible vessel (five of 32 in group 1 and three of 31 in group 2, P=0.708). There were no statistically significant differences in hemostatic results between the two treatment groups in the subgroups with gastric ulcers or duodenal ulcers. Although no complications followed HSE therapy, arterial embolization with infarction occurred in two patients in the Histoacryl group, of whom one died. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with HSE injection, Histoacryl injection showed no statistically significant differences in hemostatic results, except for decreasing the rebleeding rate in the patients with active arterial bleeding. However, the use of Histoacryl to control peptic ulcer bleeding should be reserved as a last resort before surgery, because of possible embolic complication.     

OTSC吻合夹与传统TTSC内镜夹治疗消化性溃疡出血的对比研究*

目的比较OTSC吻合夹止血术与TTSC内镜夹止血术治疗消化性溃疡出血(PUB)的差异,探讨OTSC吻合夹治疗PUB的临床疗效。方法采用回顾性研究方法,选择22例完成OTSC吻合夹止血术和应用OTSC吻合夹止血术前近期完成TTSC内镜夹止血术的24例PUB患者为研究对象,通过对比两种术式的即时止血成功率、夹子总数、首次止血成功率、术后复发率、止血成功率、再出血率、二次内镜治疗率、永久止血率、并发症率、术后住院时间和死亡率来评价OTSC吻合夹止血术的安全性和有效性。结果 OTSC吻合夹止血术治疗PUB的即时止血成功率为90.9%(20/22),夹子总数为22枚,首次止血成功率为90.9%(20/22),术后复发率为5.0%(1/20),止血成功率为86.4%(19/22),再出血率为5.0%(1/20),二次内镜治疗率为13.6%(3/22),永久止血率为81.8%(18/22),并发症率为0.0%(0/22),术后住院时间为(8.95±0.96)d,死亡率为0.0%(0/22);TTSC内镜夹止血术治疗PUB的即时止血成功率为54.2%(13/24),夹子总数为56枚,首次止血成功率为54.2%(13/24),术后复发率为0.0%(0/13),止血成功率为54.2%(13/24),再出血率为0.0%(0/13),二次内镜治疗率为45.8%(11/24),永久止血率为54.2%(13/24),并发症率为0.0%(0/24),术后住院时间为(8.54±0.53)d,死亡率为4.2%(1/24)。OTSC组即时止血成功率、首次止血成功率、止血成功率、永久止血率均高于TTSC组,二次内镜治疗率低于TTSC组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 OTSC吻合夹止血术治疗PUB安全有效,对较大管径血管破裂出血或其他原因引起的复杂性难治性PUB可作为首选治疗。     

微孔多聚糖止血材料在消化性溃疡出血内镜治疗中的疗效及安全性观察

目的 探讨微孔多聚糖止血材料在消化性溃疡出血内镜治疗中的疗效及安全性。方法 收集内镜下诊断为消化性溃疡伴出血患者25例（观察组）,内镜下止血治疗方法为常规止血方法（机械止血、电凝止血）联合微孔多聚糖止血材料进行电动正压喷洒止血治疗,对比同期采用常规止血方法治疗的消化性溃疡伴出血患者25例（对照组）,比较2组患者5min...     

STUDIES IN EDEMA : VI. THE INFLUENCE OF ADRENALIN ON ABSORPTION FROM THE PERITONEAL CAVITY,WITH SOME REMARKS ON THE INFLUENCE OF CALCIUM CHLORIDE ON ABSORPTION.

1. Adrenalin injected intraperitoneally increases the rapidity of absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity, independently of whether the solution to be absorbed is hypotonic or hypertonic or is approximately isotonic with the blood serum. The intravenous injection of adrenalin also increases the absorption of fluid, but not so markedly as does the intraperitoneal injection. 2. Adrenalin injected either intraperitoneally or intravenously increases the quantity of sodium chloride absorbed. The relative absorption of sodium chloride—the movement from the peritoneal cavity of sodium chloride, as compared with the movement of water—is slightly increased when 0.85 per cent. of sodium chloride solution and adrenalin are injected intraperitoneally; but it is diminished when adrenalin is injected intravenously, or when 1.5 per cent. sodium chloride solution and adrenalin are injected. When distilled water has been injected intraperitoneally, adrenalin decreases the relative amount of sodium chloride in the peritoneal fluid—a fact that is evidently related to the increased elimination of sodium chloride through the kidneys under the influence of adrenalin. 3. When 0.85 per cent. sodium chloride solution is injected into the peritoneal cavity, the blood becomes diluted after two hours and a half. When adrenalin is also injected, the dilution of the blood is less marked, in spite of the increased absorption under the influence of adrenalin. When distilled water is injected into the peritoneal cavity, the blood is diluted equally in control and adrenalin experiments. When 1.5 per cent. sodium chloride solution is injected, the dilution of the blood is very slight, and in adrenalin experiments it is the same as in control experiments or very slightly greater than in control experiments. 4. The increase of absorption from the peritoneal cavity caused by the injection of adrenalin is not due to the increased diuresis caused by the injection of this substance. 5. The injection of adrenalin causes a temporary increase in the osmotic pressure of the blood, which gradually returns to normal. Under certain conditions, after the injection of adrenalin, there is a tendency toward maintaining the higher osmotic pressure of the blood serum, even up to the end of the experiment. We have reason to believe that this increase in the osmotic pressure of the blood is the main factor in increasing the absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity. 6. In experiments in which 0.85 per cent. sodium chloride solution has been injected intraperitoneally, either with or without adrenalin, there exists a tendency of the peritoneal fluid to attain a greater osmotic pressure than the blood serum, in spite of the fact that the injected fluid is slightly hypotonic as compared with the blood serum. We note a similar condition in cases of general edema in man, in which the osmotic pressure of the ascitic fluid is greater than that of the other edematous fluids, or even that of the blood serum. There exists, therefore, a mechanism that causes the passage of osmotically active substances from the blood or from the tissues into the peritoneal cavity, and that causes the osmotic pressure of the peritoneal fluid to become higher than that of the blood. It follows from our experiments that this mechanism, which causes the ascites in edematous persons to have such a high osmotic pressure, is not dependent upon certain pathological changes in the lining membranes or upon other pathological conditions, but exists already in normal animals. 7. The addition of 1.22 per cent. calcium chloride solution to 0.83 per cent. sodium chloride solution, in such proportions as we used in our infusion experiments, in which we determined the transudation into the peritoneal cavity, delays the absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity but very slightly. Therefore, calcium chloride increases directly the transudation into the peritoneal cavity and does not cause an increase in the amount of fluid in the peritoneal cavity merely by inhibiting the absorption. 8. It follows that adrenalin does not increase the amount of peritoneal transudate found after the intravenous infusion of large quantities of sodium chloride solution, to which adrenalin has been added, by delaying the absorption from the peritoneal cavity. The increased amounts of peritoneal fluid must be due to increased transudation into the peritoneal cavity; and the adrenalin, in view of its marked effect on absorption from the peritoneal cavity, must increase the movement of fluid into the peritoneal cavity much more strongly than could be assumed from the figures obtained in the infusion experiments.     

内镜套扎术联合组织胶注射治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血疗效观察

目的观察内镜套扎术联合组织胶注射治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的疗效。方法选择73例食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的患者,药物+内镜(生长抑素+内镜套扎术联合组织胶注射)治疗组34例,内科保守治疗(生长抑素+普洛奈尔)组39例,观察两组止血有效率和再出血率。结果药物+内镜治疗组止血有效率94.12%,再出血率5.88%;内科保守治疗止血有效率74.36%,再出血率27.27%。两组止血有效率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),药物+内镜治疗组再出血率发生率明显低于内科保守治疗组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论内镜下套扎术联合组织胶注射治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血安全有效。