外伤性颅内迟发性血肿22例临床分析

<正>外伤性颅内迟发性血肿(DTICH)是指头部外伤后首次CT检查未发现颅内血肿,经一段时间后再次检查发现血肿,或手术清除血肿一段时间后,在颅内不同部位又发现血肿。我科1999年11月～2004年12月收治DTICH 22例报告如下:     

急性外伤性颅内血肿清除术后继发血肿再手术的原因分析

目的探讨急性外伤性颅内血肿清除术后再次手术的原因、预防及处理措施。方法2001年11月至2006年11月我科共对561例颅脑损伤病人急诊行开颅血肿清除术，术后31例发生迟发性血肿行再次手术治疗。结果本组31例再次手术后恢复良好7例，中残7例，重残8例，植物生存3例，死亡6例。结论急性外伤性颅内血肿清除术后继发血肿包括：①原血肿手术部位再出血；②多发性血肿的非手术部位血肿形成。临床应采取相应的有效预防措施，并强调严密观察病情变化、及时复查CT，以便及时发现并再次手术清除继发性血肿、缓解颅内压。     

高血压脑出血穿刺治疗中再出血原因分析

我院自2001年11月-2003年12月应用YL-1型一次性颅内血肿粉碎穿刺针治疗高血压脑出血患118例，其中9例发生再出血。     

外伤性迟发性颅内血肿：附8例报告

外伤性迟发性颅内血肿（附８例报告）孙树雯，张吉斌外伤性迟发性颅内血肿是指头部外伤后首次头颅ＣＴ检查未发现血肿，经过一段时间后再次检查方出现的血肿；或清除血肿一段时间后在不同部位又发现血肿者，均称为外伤性迟发性颅内血肿。本病在颅脑损伤中并不多见。我院在...     

重型颅脑损伤进展性颅内血肿的相关因素及其预后分析

进展性外伤颅内血肿是指入院一段时间后颅内血肿较刚入院时血肿进展扩大，引起昏迷程度加深，临床症状加重的颅内血肿。我科从2003年1月至2006年6月收治颅脑外伤后GCS〈8分的幕上重型外伤性颅内血肿89例，其中进展性颅内血肿41例，现报道如下。     

颅内血肿开颅清除与穿刺吸除结果分析

目的：分析总结颅内血肿手术治疗经验及手术指征。方法：统计本科1年来开颅清除颅内血胪及穿刺吸除颅内血肿的总数、治疗效果并加以分析。结果：1年来共手术治疗颅内血肿45例。开颅治疗27例，治愈18例，好转6例，死亡3例。穿刺治疗18例，治愈9例，好转7例，死亡2例。结论：颅内血肿开颅清除与穿刺吸除各有其优缺点，应掌握指征根据具体病情采取适宜的手术方法。     

甘露醇对外伤性颅内血肿增大的影响探讨

外伤性颅内血肿导致急性期增大的原因较多，为探讨应用甘露醇对血肿的影响，我们自1996年4月至2002年8月收治的外伤性颅内血肿病人110例经过治疗对比观察，现将结果报告如下。     

急性颅内血肿清除术后继发对侧颅内血肿9例

目的：分析急性颅内血肿清除术后继发对侧颅内血肿的发生时间，形成原因及预防治疗。方法：我们自1989年9月－2001年8月收集共9例，行颅内血肿清除术。结果：9例第一次手术回病房后，昏迷4例，手术对侧瞳孔逐渐增大24h内再次CT复查，发现对侧颅内血肿。另5例在第一次手术后48h复查CT，均提示手术对侧颅内血肿，血肿量在30－80ml，其中5例为脑挫裂伤伴硬脑膜下血肿，中线结构移位明显，2例为颞枕部硬膜外血肿，2例为颞叶脑内血肿。硬膜外血肿2例和颞叶脑内血肿2例手术治疗，预后良好。5例脑挫裂伤伴硬膜下血肿立即行手术治疗，清除血肿，4例血肿清除后脑搏动较弱，5例均行硬膜减张缝合并去骨瓣。手术后死亡3例，2例手术后有偏瘫。结论：一侧外伤性颅内血肿在手术后继发血肿的发生率为0．8％－2．2％，多发生在48－72h之内。其形成原因是多方面的：急性颅内压增高引起的血管自主调节丧失，血管床扩张淤血，脑血管内外压力差增大可能也是重要因素。并且常在脑挫裂伤的基础上继发出血，亦可因过度换气，使用脱水降压剂及去骨瓣减压不当使颅内压聚降有关。     

外伤性颅内血肿非手术治疗适应证探讨

外伤性颅内血肿非手术治疗适应证探讨张荣勋，白宝忠，焦保华，冯斌，梁健外伤性颅内血肿的非手术治疗，有时因适应证选择不当，给患者带来严重后果［１～４］。因此，有必要行进一步研究。１９８５年１月至１９９４年３月，我院共收治外伤性颅内血肿１７２９例，其中非手...     

微创颅内血肿碎吸术治疗颅内血肿125例临床分析

目的：评估微创颅内血肿抽吸术治疗颅内血肿的临床疗效。方法：CT定位后局麻下将颅内血肿穿刺针经头皮置入血肿腔，留置引流。结果：115例临床治愈，10例死亡（含1例家属放弃治疗），手术死亡率8％。结论：本方法操作简便，创伤小，病人恢复快，不失为目前治疗颅内血肿较为理想的有效方法。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。