广州大学生人际信任与父母教养方式关系分析

目的 探讨人际信任与父母教养方式的关系。方法 用父母教养方式评价量表（EMBU）与人际信任量表（ITS），对广州6所大学550名大学生进行了问卷调查，并采用SPSS11．0进行了相关统计和分析。结果两变量相关性分析显示，人际信任与父母教养方式各因子间不存在相关关系，（P〉0．05）提示，父母教养方式对大学生个性和人际信任度的影响正逐渐减弱，而周围环境对大学生人际信任态度的影响可能在一定程度有所增大结论社会和家长应该适应大学生心理特点的变化，作相关调整，进行有效干预。     

大学生安全感、人际信任及其关系研究

[目的]了解大学生安全感、人际信任状况及其影响因素,为维护大学生的心理健康提供参考.[方法]采用丛中、安莉娟编制的安全感量表和Rotter·J·B编制的人际信任量表对353名大学生进行调查分析.安全感量表由人际安全、确定控制感两个因子构成.人际信任量表由特殊信任和普遍信任两个因子构成.[结果]①在安全感方面,大学生处于中等偏上水平;男生显著高于女生;低年级大学生显著高于高年级大学生;来自城市大学生显著高于来自农村大学生的得分.②在人际信任方面,与以往研究相比,大学生人际信任水平有所降低;人际信任在各人口学变量上差异均无统计学意义.⑦大学生安全感与人际信任呈中等水平相关.[结论]①在安全感方面,大学生处于中等偏上水平;大学生安全感水平受到性别、年级、生源地等因素的影响.②在人际信任方面,大学生人际信任水平有所降低.③大学生安全感与人际信任呈中等水平相关.     

低年级大学生人际信任与社会支持关系研究

[目的]探讨低年级大学生群体人际信任与社会支持的关系。[方法]用人际信任量表(ITS)与社会支持量表,对广州550名低年级大学生进行了问卷调查,采用SPSS 11.0进行相关统计和分析。[结果]低年级大学生人际信任与社会支持不存在显著相关。[结论]大学初期是个体人际信任态度的形成阶段,相关部门要把握时机,对大学生的人际交往进行社会干预,提高他们的人际信任度;完善人际信任与社会支持的本土测量和相关性研究。     

贫困大学生社会支持及入际信任对孤独感影响

目的探讨师范院校贫困大学生社会支持、人际信任对孤独感的影响，为师范院校心理健康教育提供依据。方法采用社会支持评定量表（SSRS）、人际信任量表（ITS）、UCLA孤独量表对204名贫困生和196名非贫困生进行测查。结果（1）师范院校贫困生的客观支持显著高于非贫困生（P〈0．05），主观支持、支持利用度、支持总分、人际信任、孤独感的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。（2）师范院校贫困生社会支持、人际信任、孤独感不存在性别差异（P〉0．05）；支持利用度、人际信任、孤独感的年级差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。大一学生的支持利用度显著高于大二和大三学生，大一学生的人际信任显著高于大三学生，大一学生的孤独感显著低于大二、大三学生。（3）社会支持与人际信任对孤独感的影响不存在交互作用；不同社会支持水平、人际信任水平的师范院校贫困生孤独感差异有统计学意义。（4）回归分析表明，人际信任、主观支持、支持利用均能负向预测孤独感（P〈0．05）。结论社会支持、人际信任对师范院校贫困生的孤独感有显著影响。     

医学院学生人际信任和人格特征调查

目的探讨医学院校大学生人际信任和人格的特征及两者之间的关系。方法采用人际信任量表(ITS)和艾森克人格问卷(EPO-RSC)对某医学院340名医学生进行随机调查。结果医学生人际信任的性别和城乡差异没有统计学意义。人格特征中内外倾向性因子分男生高于女生,城镇生源学生高于农村生源学生。人际信任高分组内外倾向性得分较高。医学生人际信任得分与内外倾向性呈显著正相关,与神经质得分呈显著负相关。结论医学院校大学生的人际信任和人格特征有着较为密切的关系。     

省域居民自我和谐与人际信任关系的心理研究

目的 探讨不同区域居民自我和谐与人际信任的关系及影响因素.方法 采用自我和谐量表和人际信任量表对来自甘肃和内蒙古的265名被试进行测评分析.结果 人际信任各因子与总分在自我和谐量表的自我灵活性上具有非常显著的正相关(P<0.01);自我灵活性对人际信任各因子和人际信任总分均具有显著性的回归作用(P<0.01);内蒙古人自我灵活性显著高于甘肃人(P<0.01),甘肃人的人际信任水平显著高于内蒙古人(P<0.01);城市人的自我灵活性、自我刻板性、自我和谐总分均显著高于农村人(P<0.01).结论 省区间居民自我和谐与人际信任有显著相关,区域、城乡、年龄、文化水平、性别是影响人际信任与自我和谐的因素.     

西部汉区少数民族大学生疏离感状况研究

目的对西部汉族地区少数民族大学生进行调查研究，以期得出西部汉区少数民族大学生疏离感状况。方法采用《大学生疏离感量表》随机对西部汉族地区520名少数民族大学生进行调查研究。结果少数民族大学生存在一定程度的疏离感，其中社会疏离感和人际疏离感较高；少数民族大学生疏离感在以年级划分的分组上差异较显著，表现出从低到高，再从高到低的年级发展变化趋势；对以现居住地和在汉区居住年限划分的分组上在大多数因素方面差异不显著。结论居住西部汉区的少数民族大学生存在着一定的疏离感，在社会人际因素以及年级区分上表现明显。     

大学生师源性焦虑与人际信任自我效能感和应对方式的关系

探讨大学生师源性焦虑现状及其与人际信任、自我效能感和应对方式的关系,为加强大学生心理健康教育提供参考.方法 使用大学生师源性焦虑问卷、人际信任量表、应付方式问卷和自我效能感量表,对分层随机抽取的安徽省5所高校1394名大学生进行测试.结果 86.95%的大学生处于无焦虑或者轻微焦虑状态,13.05%的大学生处于轻度至中度焦虑状态.大学生师源性焦虑得分在性别、生源地、是否独生子女之间差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05),人际信任、自我效能感、应对方式与师源性焦虑呈负相关(P值均<0.05).应对方式在人际信任对师源性焦虑的影响中起部分作用,中介效应占总效应的比例为21.80%;在自我效能感对师源性焦虑的影响中,应对方式起完全中介作用.结论 部分大学生存在不同方面的师源性焦虑问题.自我效能感、人际信任、应对方式与大学生师源性焦虑关系密切.     

贫困大学生社会支持及人际信任对孤独感影响

目的 探讨师范院校贫困大学生社会支持、人际信任对孤独感的影响,为师范院校心理健康教育提供依据.方法 采用社会支持评定量表(SSRS)、人际信任量表(ITS)、UCLA孤独量表对204名贫困生和196名非贫困生进行测查.结果 (1)师范院校贫困生的客观支持显著高于非贫困生(P＜0.05),主观支持、支持利用度、支持总分、人际信任、孤独感的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).(2)师范院校贫困生社会支持、人际信任、孤独感不存在性别差异(P＞0.05);支持利用度、人际信任、孤独感的年级差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).大一学生的支持利用度显著高于大二和大三学生,大一学生的人际信任显著高于大三学生,大一学生的孤独感显著低于大二、大三学生.(3)社会支持与人际信任对孤独感的影响不存在交互作用;不同社会支持水平、人际信任水平的师范院校贫困生孤独感差异有统计学意义.(4)回归分析表明,人际信任、主观支持、支持利用均能负向预测孤独感(P＜0.05).结果 社会支持、人际信任对师范院校贫困生的孤独感有显著影响.     

医学大学生一般自我效能感与人际信任、人格的关系

目的 探讨医学专业大学生一般自我效能感与人际信任、人格的关系.方法 采用一般自我效能感量表(GSES)、人际信任量表(ITS)和艾森克人格问卷(EPQ-RSC)对某医学院253名医学生进行随机调查,并抽取225名非医学专业学生进行对照研究.结果 医学大学生一般自我效能感和P分、N分均高于非医学类大学生;高、低自我效能感的医学大学生在人际信任和P分等方面存在显著性差异.医学大学生一般自我效能感得分与N分、人际信任呈显著的正相关,与E分呈显著的负相关.以一般自我效能感总分为因变量作多元逐步回归,N分、人际信任进入回归方程.结论 人际信任的提高和健康人格的塑造有助于促进医学专业大学生保持适度的自我敬能感.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.