妊娠糖代谢异常孕妇葡萄糖耐量试验结果评价

目的　分析妊娠期糖代谢异常孕妇口服葡萄糖耐量试验 (oralglucosetolerancetest ,OGTT)的特点 ,探讨OGTT 3h血糖检测 ,在妊娠糖尿病 (gestationaldiabetesmellitus ,GDM)和妊娠糖耐量受损 (gestationalimpairedglucosetest ,GIGT)诊断中的价值。　 方法　回顾性收集、分析我院1989年 1月至 2 0 0 2年 12月 6 4 7例GDM和 2 0 0 0年 1月至 2 0 0 2年 12月 2 33例GIGT孕妇的OGTT血糖特点 ,以及各点血糖在糖代谢异常孕妇中的诊断价值。　结果　 (1) 6 4 7例GDM孕妇中 ,112例因空腹血糖明显异常被确诊为GDM ;5 35例进行了OGTT ,4 9.2 % (2 6 3/5 35 )的孕妇空腹血糖异常 ;90 .1% (482 /5 35 )的孕妇 1h血糖异常 ;6 4 .7% (35 9/ 5 35 )的孕妇 2h血糖异常 ;仅 2 1.3% (114 / 5 35 )的孕妇 3h血糖达到异常 ,其中 ,4 9.1% (5 6 / 114 )伴有OGTT其它三项血糖异常 ,34.2 % (39/114 )伴有OGTT另外两项异常 ,19例伴有另外一项异常 ,即省略OGTT 3h血糖检测 ,2 .9% (19/6 4 7)的GDM被漏诊为GIGT。 (2 ) 2 33例GIGT中 ,只有 1.72 % (4/2 33)依靠OGTT 3h血糖异常得出诊断。(3)GDM孕妇空腹血糖达异常 (≥ 5 .8mmol/L)时 ,5 9.7%需要胰岛素治疗 ,高于空腹血糖 <5 .8mmol/L需要胰岛素治疗者 (41.6 % ) ,P <0 .0 1;5 0g葡萄     

IADPSG诊断标准用于北京市妊娠期糖尿病诊断的探讨

目的探讨国际妊娠期糖尿病专家组（IADPSG）妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）的诊断标准是否适宜。方法对2667例孕妇进行血糖筛查试验,阳性者进行葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTT）。按照教科书和IADPSG两种诊断标准对孕妇进行诊断并分组,非糖尿病孕妇2325例作为对照组,对各组母儿妊娠结局进行比较。结果血糖筛查试验阳性780例,OGTT试验达到教科书标准和IADPSG标准者分别为270例和276例,检出率分别为10.50%和10.72%（P〉0.05）;两种诊断标准各GDM组间比较,产母子痫前期、羊水过多、低出生体重儿、巨大儿的发生率和剖宫产率差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,而与对照组相比,剖宫产率、巨大儿及低出生体重儿发生率差异存在统计学意义（P〈0.05）,IADPSG组产母子痫前期发生率也显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论用IADPSG标准诊断GDM可使治疗更有针对性,需要进一步的临床研究来证明降低GDM的诊断标准能够带来益处。     

妊娠期糖尿病不同诊断标准与妊娠结局

目的　通过对 85 0例糖筛查异常孕妇口服 75 g葡萄糖耐量试验 (OGTT)结果和妊娠结局的分析 ,了解妊娠期糖代谢异常不同诊断标准与妊娠结局的关系。　方法　对 2 0 0 1年 1月 1日至 2 0 0 3年12月 3 1日在我院分娩、5 0 g糖筛查异常、OGTT结果不符合我院使用的Fernando标准、未诊断妊娠期糖尿病 (GDM )和糖耐量受损 (GIGT)的 85 0例孕妇进行回顾性研究。将 85 0例孕妇分成两组 :符合董志光等人妊娠期糖尿病 (GDM )和糖耐量受损标准组 (第一组 )及不符合组 (第二组 )。　结果　妊娠期糖代谢异常发生率为 2 3 .76% (2 0 2例 ) ,以董志光诊断标准 ,其中GDM 3 7例 ,占 4.3 5 % ,IGT 165例 ,占 19.41%。新生儿平均出生体重为 (3 461.4± 475 .9)g ,高于不符合组 [(3 40 7.8± 43 8.4) g ,P <0 .0 1]。巨大儿发生率虽高一些 ,但无统计学差异。剖宫产率两组间也无差异。妊娠期合并症如妊娠高血压综合征、胎膜早破和早产的发生率 ,以及新生儿低血糖、黄疸和低出生体重儿的发生率两组间均无差异。　结论　按Fernando标准 ,糖筛查异常人群中将有 2 3 .76%的糖代谢异常者被漏诊 ,但发生妊娠高血压综合征、胎膜早破、早产、剖宫产、新生儿低血糖、黄疸和低出生体重儿的危险性并无明显增加。如按董志光等人的标准 ,将     

妊娠期糖尿病筛查与诊断的进展

妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)是常见的产科并发症,其发生率为1%～13.9%,不良的妊娠结局与血糖水平相关,GDM的筛查时间应在妊娠18周前,筛查对象为普查或选择性筛查,以空腹血糖(FBG)代替糖负荷试验(GCT),以FBG≥5.6mmol/L为阈值,进行口服糖耐量试验(OGTT)检查,能够取得理想的敏感度和特异度,诊断方法分为一步法和两步法,测血浆血糖优于测全血血糖,Carpenter标准更适用于GDM的临床诊断.     

口服葡萄糖耐量试验中空腹血糖水平在妊娠期糖尿病诊断中的作用

目的 探讨妊娠24～28周间口服葡萄糖耐量试验(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT)中空腹血糖值在诊断妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)中的作用. 方法 对2010年1月1日至12月31日间,于首都医科大学附属北京妇产医院产前检查,妊娠早期空腹血糖正常(＜7.0 mmol/L),妊娠24～28周50 g葡萄糖负荷试验≥7.8 mmol/L并行75 g OGTT的6516例孕妇的OGTT结果进行分组分析.采用卡方检验,了解按OGTT空腹血糖水平分组后GDM的诊断情况. 结果 按国际糖尿病与妊娠研究组(International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups,IADPSG)的GDM诊断标准,单纯依据OGTT空腹血糖升高(≥5.1 mmol/L)可诊断15.0％(980/6516)的GDM患者,剔除这部分患者后,余OGTT空腹血糖＜5.1 mmol/L的5536例孕妇纳入分组分析.以OGTT中空腹血糖值每升高0.1 mmol/L为1个分界进行第1次分组,结果显示,随着空腹血糖水平的升高,GDM的诊断率逐渐增加(X2=282.175,P=0.000).按照空腹血糖在4.0～4.8 mmol/L间每升高0.2 mmol/L为1个分界进行第2次分组分析,显示随着空腹血糖水平的升高,各组GDM诊断率仍呈现升高趋势(X2=274.364,P=0.000).两种分组结果均显示,当OGTT中空腹血糖水平＜4.2 mmol/L(1226/5536,占22.1％)时,GDM诊断率为3.6％(44/1226),可以考虑对该部分患者暂时不行OGTT检测;当OGTT中空腹血糖水平≥4.8 mmol/L时,GDM诊断率明显增加,为26.2％(298/1138),故应提高警惕. 结论 妊娠24～28周行OGTT前建议先行空腹血糖筛查,空腹血糖≤4.2 mmol/L的低危孕妇可免于OGTT检测.     

妊娠期糖尿病筛查与诊断的进展

妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)是常见的产科并发症，其发生率为1％～13．9％。不良的妊娠结局与血糖水平相关，GDM的筛查时间应在妊娠18周前，筛查对象为普查或选择性筛查，以空腹血糖(FBG)代替糖负荷试验(GCT)，以FBG≥5．6mmol／L为阈值，进行口服糖耐量试验(OGTT)检查，能够取得理想的敏感度和特异度，诊断方法分为一步法和两步法，测血浆血糖优于测全血血糖，Carpenter标准更适用于GDM的临床诊断。     

妊娠期葡萄糖耐量试验血糖值与新生儿出生体重的关系

妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)是妊娠期特有疾病,指妊娠期发生或首次发现的不同程度的糖耐量异常,包含了一部分妊娠前已经患有糖尿病但妊娠期首次被诊断的患者.由于GDM的发病率逐年上升,且与巨大儿、剖宫产率增加、子痫前期等一系列不良妊娠结局的发生及母儿远期不良预后密切相关[1 2],故目前周内已广泛开展GDM的筛查工作.本研究对孕妇进行50 g葡萄糖负荷试验(glucose challenge test,GCT),对筛查异常的孕妇进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT),随访其妊娠结局,探讨OGTT各时点血糖值及OGTT结果的曲线下面积(area under the curve of the results of the oral glucose tolerance test,AUC-OGTT)与新生儿出生体重之间的关系.     

妊娠晚期超声检查异常再次行葡萄糖耐量试验结果分析

目的分析妊娠晚期因超声检查异常行75g葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)的结果及影响妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)诊断的因素。方法选择2010年9月至2011年1月间北京大学人民医院产科门诊,妊娠中期常规GDM筛查和诊断试验阴性,晚期因超声提示羊水过多和(或)胎儿大再次行75gOGTT的孕妇116例为研究对象,分为GDM组和非GDM组,对可能影响GDM诊断的因素进行统计学分析。结果诊断GDM19例(16.4%)。单因素分析提示年龄>30岁及常规筛查或诊断试验孕周<24周的孕妇GDM诊断阳性率高于年龄≤30岁和常规筛查或诊断试验孕周≥24周的孕妇(P<0.05)。多因素分析提示相对于年龄≤30岁的孕妇,>30岁的孕妇患GDM的OR>30(P<0.05);相对于超声检查时体质指数(BMI)较孕前增幅<4的孕妇,增幅>6的孕妇患GDM的OR=0.08(P<0.05),但增幅>6的孕妇超声检查孕周晚于增幅<4的孕妇(P<0.01)。结论对于妊娠中期常规筛查或诊断试验阴性的孕妇来说,妊娠晚期超声检查提示羊水过多和(或)胎儿大时,年龄>30岁的孕妇患GDM的可能性增加,超声检查时BMI较孕前增幅>6的孕妇可能性减少,但须考虑孕周的影响。     

妊娠期糖尿病的诊治体会

目的:探讨妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)的临床治疗,并分析与妊娠结局的关系。方法:回顾性分析我院2006年1月至2010年12月住院分娩的GDM孕妇87例,其中43例GDM血糖未控制组(观察组1)44例GDM血糖控制组(观察组2)及50例糖筛查正常孕妇组(对照组)的妊娠结局。结果:经临床治疗后,血糖未控制组母儿并发症明显高于血糖控制组及对照组(P<0.05)。结论:重视孕妇血糖筛查,及时诊断和治疗妊娠期糖尿病,选择合适的时间和方式终止妊娠可以有效地降低母儿并发症的发生率。     

全国部分城市妊娠期糖尿病发病情况的调查及适宜诊断标准的探讨

目的 了解我国妊娠期糖代谢异常的发病现状,探讨适合我国卫生经济条件的妊娠期糖代谢异常的诊断标准.方法 前瞻性研究2006年4月1日-9月30日在全国18个城市25家医院行产前检查并进行首次50 g口服葡萄糖负荷试验(GCT)的16 286例孕妇的临床资料,并对GCT检查结果异常(服糖后1 h血糖≥7.8 mmol/L)者行75 g口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT),对结果进行统计学分析.比较采用美国糖尿病学会(ADA)标准和美国国家糖尿病数据组(NDDG)标准诊断妊娠期糖代谢异常的发生率,以及妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)、妊娠期糖耐量受损(GIGT)及糖代谢正常孕妇OGTr各时间点(空腹、1 h、2 h、3 h)血糖的平均值.结果 按NDDG标准诊断,GDM及GIGT的发生率分别为2.763%(450/16 286)和3.862%(629/16 286);按ADA标准诊断则分别为5.078%(827/16 286)和5.268%(858/16 286);符合ADA标准中2项及以上异常者为841例,符合NDDG标准中1项及以上异常者为1034例,同时符合以上两个条件者为792例,分别占两者的94.2%(792/841)和76.6%(792/1034).采用ADA标准诊断的糖代谢正常者OGTF各时间点(空腹、1 h、2 h、3 h)血糖值的95%可信区间上限依次为5.3、10.4、8.7、7.7 mmol/L,与NDDG标准(分别为5.4、10.8、9.1、7.8 mmol/L)基本一致.结论 目前,妊娠期糖代谢异常发生率呈现增加趋势.ADA标准适合我国GDM的诊断,据我国目前的卫生经济情况,对NDDG标准中l项及以上异常者或对ADA标准中2项及以上异常者进行干预都是合理的.     

Gestational diabetes mellitus in Chinese women.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether foreign diagnostic criteria for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are suitable for Chinese pregnant women. METHODS: The study participants were 340 pregnant women receiving obstetric care at the Shanghai Jiaotong University-Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital in Shanghai, China. The normal-pregnancy group comprised 190 women with no risk factor for GDM and the high-risk pregnancy group comprised 150 women who had at least one high-risk factor for GDM. All women took the diagnostic 100-g, 3-h oral glucose tolerance test (100-g 3-h OGTT) between 24 and 28 weeks of pregnancy. The results of the 100-g 3-h OGTT were classified according to three different sets of diagnostic criteria: (1) new, "Chinese" diagnostic criteria based on the results from the 100-g 3-h OGTT performed in the 190 healthy participating women; (2) the Carpenter and Coustan criteria; and (3) the National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG) criteria. Venous plasma glucose (VPG) was measured by the glucose oxidase method. A consistency check was used for analysis. Obstetric and neonatal outcomes were recorded. RESULTS: With 97.5% as the statistical cutoff value for the 100-g 3-h OGTT, the new diagnostic criteria for this study, based on data obtained from the 100-g 3-h OGTT performed on the 190 participating healthy pregnant women, were 5.2, 10.3, 8.9, and 7.7 mmol/L at 0, 60, 120, and 180 min. The e value was 0.83 for the new criteria vs. the Carpenter and Coustan criteria (P<0.001) and 0.70 for the new criteria vs. the NDDG criteria (P<0.001). In women with GDM and gestational-impaired glucose tolerance (GIGT), the incidence rates of macrosomia by the new criteria and the Carpenter and Coustan criteria were similar, but higher than the rates calculated with the NDDG criteria (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: With venous plasma glucose level measured by the glucose oxidase method, the Carpenter and Coustan criteria are applicable to Chinese pregnant women for diagnosis of GDM.     

Evaluation of the WHO criteria for 75 g oral glucose tolerance test in pregnancy

Summary. A group of pregnant women at high risk of developing diabetes in pregnancy had paired oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) using a 100 g load followed by 75 g load. When the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria and the National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG) criteria were compared, the 2-h plasma glucose value after the 100 g load was the most discriminative in differentiating those with normal glucose tolerance, impaired glucose tolerance and gestational diabetes mellitus. When only the 2-h plasma glucose values were assessed, the WHO test (75 g: 8 mmol/1) agreed with the NDDG test (100 g load: 9·2 mmol/1) in the diagnosis of glucose intolerance in 60% of subjects only. Using the same criteria at 2-h (8 mmol/1) the agreement between these tests was 47%. Reducing the glucose load from 100 g to 75 g produced a reduced glucose response in 49% of the subjects, with a significant decrease in the area under the glucose response curve.     

Evaluation of the WHO criteria for 75 g oral glucose tolerance test in pregnancy

A group of pregnant women at high risk of developing diabetes in pregnancy had paired oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) using a 100 g load followed by 75 g load. When the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria and the National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG) criteria were compared, the 2-h plasma glucose value after the 100 g load was the most discriminative in differentiating those with normal glucose tolerance, impaired glucose tolerance and gestational diabetes mellitus. When only the 2-h plasma glucose values were assessed, the WHO test (75 g: 8 mmol/l) agreed with the NDDG test (100 g load: 9.2 mmol/l) in the diagnosis of glucose intolerance in 60% of subjects only. Using the same criteria at 2-h (8 mmol/l) the agreement between these tests was 47%. Reducing the glucose load from 100 g to 75 g produced a reduced glucose response in 49% of the subjects, with a significant decrease in the area under the glucose response curve.     

Gestational diabetes: comparision of the carpenter and the coustan thresholds with the new thresholds of Turkish women and implications of variations in diagnostic criteria

Objective: To find optimal 100-g 3-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) threshold levels for diagnosis of gestational diabetes (GDM) in Turkish pregnant women. Methods: This study was conducted with 808 women screened for GDM between 24–28 weeks of gestation using the 1-h 50-g glucose challenge test (GCT) with a subsequent 3-h 100-g OGTT for confirmation if screen was positive. The glucose values obtained were analysed by both the Carpenter and Coustan (C&C criteria) and National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG) criteria for the diagnosis of GDM and IGT. Optimal OGTT cutoff values for Turkish population were calculated by ROC curve analysis. Results: The new diagnostic criteria, based on the result of the 100-g OGTT obtained from the healthy pregnant women, were 82.5, 171.5, 151.5, and 111.5?mg/dl at 0, 1, 2, and 3?h. The prevalence of GDM was 15.7% by the new criteria, 8.1% by C&C criteria, and 5.6% by the NDDG criteria. According to new criteria, 7.7% of infants of diabetic mothers had macrosomia. This ratio was 2.6% for non diabetic women. Conclusions: Ethnic differences, enviromental factors and nutritional habits may effect development of GDM. Application of some pre-determined nomograms to all races and ethnic groups can lead errors.     

对孕妇行重复性血糖筛查必要性的研究

目的　探讨对孕妇行重复性血糖筛查的必要性及相关因素。方法　 2 0 0 1年 12月 1日至 2 0 0 2年 12月 31日 ,选取自孕早期开始在我院行产前检查并分娩的单胎、初产孕妇 714例 ,在孕中期行口服 5 0 g葡萄糖负荷试验 (GCT) ,对其中的 6 39例在孕晚期行第 2次 5 0 gGCT ;5 7例第 2次直接进行 75g葡萄糖耐量试验 (OGTT)。妊娠期糖尿病的诊断以国内董志光等的标准为准 ,并与美国糖尿病资料组 (NDDG)标准进行比较。同时对发生妊娠期糖尿病相关因素进行分析。结果　 (1)以5 0 gGCT 1h血糖≥ 7 8mmol/L为异常 :第 1次 5 0 gGCT异常 190例 ,异常率为 2 6 6 % ,正常 5 2 4例 (73 4 % ) ;第 2次 5 0 gGCT异常 2 2 5例 ,异常率为 35 2 %。 5 0gGCT异常组孕妇年龄大于正常组(P <0 0 5 ) ,而两组孕妇在家族史及体重指数 (BMI)间比较 ,差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。第 2次 5 0 gGCT异常组的新生儿出生体重及巨大儿例数均比正常组明显增加 (P <0 0 5 )。 (2 )按董志光的标准 ,第 1次 5 0 gGCT筛查出妊娠期糖尿病 2 8例 ,葡萄糖耐量低减 4 0例 ;第 2次 5 0gGCT又新筛查出妊娠期糖尿病 15例 ,葡萄糖耐量低减 2 7例。按NDDG的标准 ,第 1次 5 0 gGCT筛查出妊娠期糖尿病 14例 ,葡萄糖耐量低减 2 4例 ;第 2次 5 0 g     

Is treatment needed for mild impairment of glucose tolerance in pregnancy? A randomized controlled trial

The study was designed to identify those pregnant women who are diagnosed as having gestational diabetes by National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG) criteria, but normal glucose tolerance (NGT) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) by the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, and to test whether treatment changed the perinatal outcome in those with NGT and IGT. The 216 women with an abnormal 100 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) using NDDG criteria were subjected to a 75 g OGTT. Using the WHO criteria, 111 women (51%) had NGT, 98 (45%) had IGT and 7 (3%) had frank diabetes mellitus. Those with NGT and IGT were randomized into control and treatment groups. The perinatal outcome in these two groups was comparable whether the NGT and IGT groups were analysed together or separately except, that in those who were treated for IGT, smaller babies were born one week earlier than in the control group (3407 g vs 3110 g, P less than 0.01). This suggests that the WHO criteria can safely replace the 100 g OGTT with substantial savings in manpower, money and patients' time.     

Is treatment needed for mild impairment of glucose tolerance in pregnancy? A randomized controlled trial

Summary. The study was designed to identify those pregnant women who are diagnosed as having gestational diabetes by National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG) criteria, but normal glucose tolerance (NGT) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) by the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, and to test whether treatment changed the perinatal outcome in those with NGT and IGT. The 216 women with an abnormal 100 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) using NDDG criteria were subjected to a 75 g OGTT. Using the WHO criteria, 111 women (51%) had NGT, 98 (45%) had IGT and 7 (3%) had frank diabetes mellitus. Those with NGT and IGT were randomized into control and treatment groups. The perinatal outcome in these two groups was comparable whether the NGT and IGT groups were analysed together or separately except, that in those who were treated for IGT, smaller babies were born one week earlier than in the control group (3407 g vs 3110g, P<0·01). This suggests that the WHO criteria can safely replace the 100 g OGTT with substantial savings in manpower, money and patients' time.