舒阴洗液皮肤毒性及黏膜刺激性实验研究

目的对舒阴洗液进行了部分动物实验研究,包括皮肤急性毒性实验、皮肤刺激性实验、皮肤过敏性实验及黏膜刺激性实验,以了解其安全性。方法将不同剂量的舒阴洗液用于大耳白兔背部完整或破损去毛区皮肤,观察其产生急性毒性和皮肤刺激性情况;采用致敏与激发接触舒阴洗液,观察豚鼠过敏情况;将舒阴洗液注入大耳白兔的阴道中,观察大耳白兔阴道黏膜的情况。结果舒阴洗液未产生皮肤急性毒性和刺激性;也未产生阴道黏膜刺激性;反复致敏后无皮肤与全身过敏反应。结论舒阴洗液是安全的新型外用洗剂。     

退热贴的急性毒性、刺激性及过敏性试验观察

目的:观察退热贴的急性毒性、刺激性及过敏性,为其临床应用安全性提供依据.方法:通过一般情况观察与组织病理学检查综合观察退热贴1次给药经豚鼠完整皮肤及破损皮肤吸收后所产生的急性毒性反应和刺激性反应,及豚鼠皮肤重复接触退热贴后的过敏反应情况.结果:退热贴对实验动物无急性毒性;对豚鼠完整皮肤及破损皮肤均无刺激性作用;豚鼠皮肤重复接触不引起皮肤过敏反应.结论:研究结果提示退热贴在临床应用中有较好的安全性.     

通泰巴布剂的毒理学研究

目的观察动物对通泰巴布剂的毒理反应。方法①家兔8只，随机平均分为2组，观察通泰巴布剂对家兔完整及破损皮肤的刺激反应。②家兔24只，随机平均分为6组，观察通泰巴布剂对家兔完整及破损皮肤的急性毒性反应。③豚鼠18只，随机平均分为3组，观察通泰巴布剂对豚鼠的皮肤过敏反应。结果通泰巴布剂对家兔完整及破损皮肤无任何刺激性反应；家兔末出现任何急性毒性反应；豚鼠皮肤未见过敏反应。结论通泰巴布剂是一个安全无毒的药物。     

通泰巴布剂的毒理学研究

目的观察动物对通泰巴布剂的毒理反应。方法①家兔8只,随机平均分为2组,观察通泰巴布剂对家兔完整及破损皮肤的刺激反应。②家兔24只,随机平均分为6组,观察通泰巴布剂对家兔完整及破损皮肤的急性毒性反应。③豚鼠18只,随机平均分为3组,观察通泰巴布剂对豚鼠的皮肤过敏反应。结果通泰巴布剂对家兔完整及破损皮肤无任何刺激性反应;家兔末出现任何急性毒性反应;豚鼠皮肤未见过敏反应。结论通泰巴布剂是一个安全无毒的药物。     

通泰巴布剂的毒理学研究

目的观察动物对通泰巴布剂的毒理反应。方法①家兔8只,随机平均分为2组,观察通泰巴布剂对家兔完整及破损皮肤的刺激反应。②家兔24只,随机平均分为6组,观察通泰巴布剂对家兔完整及破损皮肤的急性毒性反应。③豚鼠18只,随机平均分为3组,观察通泰巴布剂对豚鼠的皮肤过敏反应。结果通泰巴布剂对家兔完整及破损皮肤无任何刺激性反应;家兔未出现任何急性毒性反应;豚鼠皮肤未见过敏反应。结论通泰巴布剂是一个安全无毒的药物。     

紫苏油乳剂的皮肤刺激和过敏反应研究

目的：对紫苏油乳剂进行皮肤急性毒性试验、皮肤刺激性试验及皮肤过敏性试验,以了解其安全性。方法：将紫苏油乳剂用于家兔背部完整或破损去毛区皮肤,观察其产生急性毒性和皮肤刺激性情况;采用致敏与激发接触紫苏油,观察豚鼠过敏情况。结果：紫苏油乳剂未产生明显皮肤刺激性;反复致敏后使用,也无皮肤与全身过敏反应。结论：紫苏油乳剂皮肤用药是安全的。     

伤必止的皮肤毒性实验研究

目的研究伤必止对动物皮肤的毒性作用。方法对健康家兔进行皮肤急性毒性实验、皮肤刺激性实验,对健康豚鼠进行皮肤过敏实验。结果伤必止对家兔完整及破损皮肤均未引起急性毒性反应和刺激反应,对豚鼠无致敏作用。结论伤必止应用于临床安全、无毒。     

咳喘凝胶贴膏皮肤安全性考察

摘要：目的:制备咳喘凝胶贴膏,并进行皮肤安全性评价。方法:将处方药材经水煎煮提取、浓缩制成一定比例的药液加入凝胶贴膏基质并快速涂抹,制成凝胶贴膏;分别进行大鼠皮肤急性毒性、家兔皮肤刺激性、豚鼠皮肤过敏性试验,观察咳喘凝胶贴膏对动物经皮给药的急毒性、刺激性和过敏性。结果:皮肤急性毒性试验中,大鼠完整皮肤及破损皮肤均未出现红斑及水肿;皮肤刺激性试验中,家兔完整及破损皮肤组未出现异常情况;豚鼠皮肤过敏性试验中,咳喘凝胶贴膏低剂量及高剂量组均无过敏反应。结论:咳喘凝胶贴膏临床剂量用于大鼠、家兔及豚鼠皮肤安全、可靠。     

跌打消肿止痛灵的皮肤用药安全性研究

目的研究跌打消肿止痛灵的皮肤用药安全性。方法通过对健康豚鼠皮肤急性毒性试验、皮肤刺激性试验及皮肤过敏性试验,观察跌打消肿止痛灵经皮肤用药的急性毒性、刺激性和过敏性。结果跌打消肿止痛灵对豚鼠完整皮肤和破损皮肤均无急性毒性和刺激性,对豚鼠完整皮肤无致敏性。结论跌打消肿止痛灵经皮肤给药安全。     

酮洛芬醇质体凝胶的皮肤安全性实验

目的:对酮洛芬醇质体(KPFE)凝胶的毒理进行研究,以评价其生物安全性.方法:以豚鼠为实验动物,分别观察其完整皮肤及破损皮肤短时间接触KPFE凝胶后所产生的毒性反应,完整皮肤及破损皮肤单次与多次接触KPFE凝胶后的局部刺激反应,并观察皮肤多次接触KPFE凝胶后机体免疫系统在皮肤上的反应.结果:KPFE凝胶在豚鼠完整或破损皮肤局部均无明显刺激性及毒性反应,多次使用后,未见明显的其他毒性反应.结论:KPFE凝胶具有较高的皮肤应用安全性,值得进一步研究.     

The effect of chlorine substitution on the disposition of polychlorinated biphenyls following dermal administration

The fate of selected polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) was investigated following single dermal administration (0.4 mg/kg) to determine the effects of chlorine content and position on the disposition of PCBs following dermal absorption. Single dermal doses of ¹⁴C-labeled mono-, di-, tetra- and hexachlorobiphenyls were administered to 1 cm² areas on the backs of F-344 male rats. Distribution of radioactivity in selected tissues and excreta was determined by serial sacrifice at time points up to 2 weeks. Unabsorbed radioactivity was removed from the dose site at either sacrifice or 48 h post-dose. The time course of radioactivity in the tissues showed a dependence on rate and extent of absorption. The most rapidly absorbed PCBs reached peak tissue concentrations at early times and were cleared from the tissues rapidly. The higher chlorinated PCBs were slowly absorbed and tended to accumulate in the adipose and skin after removal of unabsorbed dose. Excretion of absorbed radioactivity varied with chlorine content ranging from 27% to ca. 100% at 2 weeks post-dose. Excretion profiles following dermal doses tended to differ from profiles following equivalent IV doses, as did the metabolite profiles in excreta. Skin slice incubation experiments suggested that first pass metabolism in the dermal dose site was responsible for metabolism and disposition differences between routes of administration. The data further suggest that the rate of absorption, and therefore the disposition of PCBs following dermal administration may be mediated, either in part or fully, by transdermal metabolism.     

甲磺酸帕珠沙星搽剂皮肤用药安全性实验

目的：对甲磺酸帕珠沙星搽剂进行皮肤急性毒性试验、皮肤刺激性试验及皮肤过敏性试验,以考察其皮肤用药安全性。方法：将甲磺酸帕珠沙星搽剂涂抹于家兔背部完整或破损区脱毛皮肤,观察给药后动物局部皮肤红斑及水肿等急性毒性和刺激性情况。采用致敏与激发接触甲磺酸帕珠沙星搽剂,观察豚鼠过敏反应。结果：甲磺酸帕珠沙星搽剂对家兔完整或破损皮肤无明显局部毒性或局部刺激性。对豚鼠皮肤无过敏反应。结论：甲磺酸帕珠沙星搽剂短期皮肤用药是安全的。     

Confirmation of in vitro and clinical safety assessment of behentrimonium chloride-containing leave-on body lotions using post-marketing adverse event data

Behentrimonium chloride (BTC) is a straight-chain alkyltrimonium chloride compound commonly used as an antistatic, hair conditioning, emulsifier, or preservative agent in personal care products. Although the European Union recently restricted the use of alkyltrimonium chlorides and bromides as preservatives to ?0.1%, these compounds have been safely used for many years at ?5% in hundreds of cosmetic products for other uses than as a preservative. In vitro, clinical, and controlled consumer usage tests in barrier-impaired individuals were conducted to determine if whole body, leave-on skin care products containing 1–5% BTC cause dermal irritation or any other skin reaction with use. BTC-containing formulations were predicted to be non-irritants by the EpiDerm® skin irritation test and the bovine corneal opacity and permeability (BCOP)/chorioallantoic membrane vascular assay (CAMVA) ocular irritation test battery. No evidence of allergic contact dermatitis or cumulative dermal irritation was noted under the exaggerated conditions of human occlusive patch tests. No clinically assessed or self-reported adverse reactions were noted in adults or children with atopic, eczematous, and/or xerotic skin during two-week and four-week monitored home usage studies. These results were confirmed by post-marketing data for five body lotions, which showed only 0.69 undesirable effects (mostly skin irritation) reported per million shipped consumer units during 2006–2011; a value consistent with a non-irritating body lotion. No serious undesirable effects were reported during in-market use of the products. Therefore, if formulated in appropriate conditions at 1–5%, BTC will not cause dermal irritation or delayed contact sensitization when used in a whole-body, leave-on product.     

Dermal Disposition of Triazine in Cutting Fluid Mixtures

Triazine is often added as a biocide/preservative to cutting fluids formulations that are used in the metal machine industry. Workers involved in metal machining are not only exposed to components in these cutting fluids, but also to biocides such as triazine that have been implicated in occupational irritant dermatitis. Very little is known about how these cutting fluids and their ingredients influence the dermal disposition of triazine. The purpose of this study was to assess ¹⁴C‐triazine membrane transport when topically applied to inert silastic membranes and porcine skin in an in vitro flow‐through diffusion cell system as aqueous mineral oil (MO) or aqueous polyethylene glycol (PEG) mixtures. ¹⁴C‐triazine mixtures were formulated with three commonly used cutting fluid additives; namely, 0% or 5% linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), 0% or 5% triethanolamine (TEA), and 0% or 5% sulfurized ricinoleic acid (SRA). Triazine partitioning from the formulation into the stratum corneum (SC) was reduced significantly by the presence of LAS, while SRA significantly reduced the pH of the formulation. Triazine absorption ranged from 2.2% to 3.9% dose in porcine skin and 12.6% to 18.6% dose in silastic membranes. In silastic membranes, the complete mixture reduced triazine absorption significantly in MO‐based mixtures, while in PEG‐based mixtures triazine absorption and apparent permeability were significantly increased. In porcine skin, triazine permeability was significantly increased for both MO‐ and PEG‐based complete mixtures with a trend towards greater triazine absorption in more complex PEG‐based mixtures. Interestingly, SRA + TEA significantly increased triazine permeability absorption in MO‐ and PEG‐based mixtures, but this interaction appears to be more additive than synergistic. Although the physicochemical experiments suggest otherwise, triazine readily permeates a homogenous lipid membrane such as the SC, while triazine permeability was significantly enhanced by the complete mixture, especially in PEG‐based mixtures.     

层粘连蛋白、纤维粘连蛋白在体外传代的毛乳头细胞中表达的研究

目的 通过测定体外传代培养的毛乳头细胞中的层粘连蛋白（LM）、纤维粘连蛋白（FN）表达的变化,探讨LM、FN在体外毛乳头细胞的聚集、粘附、生长中是否具有重要作用.方法 取正常人头皮以两步酶分离法获得毛乳头进行培养,分别对1、3、6、9代毛乳头细胞做LM和FN免疫组化S-P染色,检测其表达情况.结果 培养的毛乳头细胞的胞浆中LM和FN在第1、3、6、9代免疫组化染色均为强阳性;毛乳头细胞培养到第9代,其细胞形态已发生变异,失去典型的梭形形态,已没有凝聚性生长的特性,并且细胞生长非常缓慢,已不适宜再传代.结论 传代毛乳头细胞的LM、FN表达持续强阳性,提示传代培养的毛乳头细胞具有持续分泌LM、FN的能力,但LM、FN在体外传代培养的毛乳头细胞的聚集、粘附、生长中不是主要的影响因素.     

Use of a human skin in vitro model to investigate the influence of ‘every-day’ clothing and skin surface decontamination on the percutaneous penetration of organophosphates

Organophosphates (OPs) are widely used in agriculture. Many studies have investigated the capability of personal protective equipment (PPE) to reduce chemical exposure; however, investigations into the protective effect of ‘every-day’ clothing are rare. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of ‘every-day’ clothing against dermal exposure and to measure early decontamination of skin following exposure to chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos.     

Significant Chemical Burns Associated with Dermal Exposure to Laundry Pod Detergent

Concentrated laundry pods have been reported to cause significant clinical effects including oropharyngeal burns and respiratory distress requiring intubation. Dermal burns have been reported, but no incidents of serious isolated dermal injury have been published. We report a case of significant, isolated dermal injury as a result of dermal exposure to a concentrated laundry detergent pod. Total body surface area partial thickness burns in this case were estimated at approximately 2 % with an additional 4–5 % of total body surface area (TBSA) displaying superficial burns/chemical dermatitis. Health-care providers should be aware of this complication and should perform thorough dermal decontamination in the event of an exposure. Parents should be educated regarding the dangers associated with dermal exposure to laundry pod compounds and the need to secure these items away from children as well as proper decontamination techniques should an exposure occur.     

Percutaneous absorption and distribution of organophosphates (chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos) following dermal exposure and decontamination scenarios using in vitro human skin model

To date, there has been little research investigating low-level human exposure to chemicals, and so the aim of this study was to examine the percutaneous penetration of organophosphates (dichlorvos and chlorpyrifos) using low-level exposure scenarios in vitro. Dermal absorption of chlorpyrifos applied in different vehicles was measured at 0, 4, 8 and 24 h, after dose application for 4 and 24 h exposure (finite dose, 500 ng/cm²) in isopropanol (IPA), isopropyl myristate (IPM) and propylene glycol (PG). Dichlorvos was applied to the skin for 24 h (infinite dose, 1 mg/cm² and 10 mg/cm²; finite dose, 5 μg/cm²) using the same vehicles. Human skin was mounted in flow through diffusion cells with minimum essential medium eagle pH 7.4 (supplemented with 2% BSA) as receptor fluid. Following exposure, the skin surface dose was removed by tissue swabbing, the stratum corneum removed by sequential tape stripping, and the skin digested prior to scintillation counting (chlorpyrifos), or GC/MS analysis (dichlorvos).     

How to improve skin notation. Position paper from a workshop

The ICOH Scientific Committee on Occupational and Environmental Dermatoses organized an International Workshop on "Dermal risk assessment at workplace" with the aim of focussing on the different ways of approaching the concept of skin notation (S) for chemicals. The Workshop participants presented their ideas on several aspects of S such as the problems related to the absorption through the compromised skin, the different approaches to S and models that can be used as alternatives to S. Participants agreed to produce a position paper with the goal of exploring the actions needed to improve the S system towards international harmonization. They consider that further discussions are needed to obtain an international consensus, but at the same time they believe that by improving and harmonizing systems for setting S we can make an important contribution to improving health of people with potential dermal exposure to chemicals at work.