Gene therapy cures the anemia and lethal bone marrow failure in a mouse model of RPS19-deficient Diamond-Blackfan anemia

Diamond-Blackfan anemia is a congenital erythroid hypoplasia caused by functional haploinsufficiency of genes encoding ribosomal proteins. Mutations involving the ribosomal protein S19 gene are detected in 25% of patients. Enforced expression of ribosomal protein S19 improves the overall proliferative capacity, erythroid colony-forming potential and erythroid differentiation of hematopoietic progenitors from ribosomal protein S19-deficient patients in vitro and in vivo following xenotransplantation. However, studies using animal models are needed to assess the therapeutic efficacy and safety of the viral vectors. In the present study we have validated the therapeutic potential of gene therapy using mouse models of ribosomal protein S19-deficient Diamond-Blackfan anemia. Using lentiviral gene transfer we demonstrated that enforced expression of ribosomal protein S19 cures the anemia and lethal bone marrow failure in recipients transplanted with ribosomal protein S19-deficient cells. Furthermore, gene-corrected ribosomal protein S19-deficient cells showed an increased pan-hematopoietic contribution over time compared to untransduced cells without signs of vector-mediated toxicity. Our study provides a proof of principle for the development of clinical gene therapy to cure ribosomal protein 19-deficient Diamond-Blackfan anemia.     

Diamond-Blackfan anemia: report of seven further mutations in the RPS19 gene and evidence of mutation heterogeneity in the Italian population

Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) is a congenital disease characterized by defective erythroid progenitor maturation and physical malformations. Most cases are sporadic, but dominant or, more rarely, recessive inheritance is observed in 10% of patients. Mutations in the gene encoding ribosomal protein (RP) S19 have recently been found in 25% of patients with either the dominant or the sporadic form. DBA is the first human disease due to mutations in a ribosomal structural protein. Families unlinked to this locus have also been reported. In an investigation of 23 individuals, we identified eight different mutations in 9 patients. These include five missense, one frameshift, one splice site defect, and one 4-bp insertion in the regulatory sequence. Seven mutations are new; one has so far been found in 8 patients and is a relatively common de novo event. Two mutations are predicted to generate a truncated protein. We also report the prevalence of RPS 19 mutations in the Italian DBA population, as shown by an analysis of 56 patients. No genotype-phenotype correlation was found between patients with the same mutation. The main clinical applications for molecular analysis are clinical diagnosis of patients with an incomplete form of DBA and testing of siblings of a patient with a severe form so as to avoid using those who carry a mutation and a silent phenotype as allogeneic stem cell donors.     

Erythropoiesis failure due to RPS19 deficiency is independent of an activated Tp53 response in a zebrafish model of Diamond-Blackfan anaemia

Diamond-Blackfan anaemia (DBA) is a cancer-prone genetic disorder characterized by pure red-cell aplasia and associated physical deformities. The ribosomal protein S19 gene (RPS19) is the most frequently mutated gene in DBA (~25%). TP53-mediated cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis in erythroid cells have been suggested to be major factors for DBA development, but it is not clear why mutations in the ubiquitously expressed RPS19 gene specifically affect erythropoiesis. Previously, we showed that RPS19 deficiency in zebrafish recapitulates the erythropoietic and developmental phenotypes of DBA, including defective erythropoiesis with severe anaemia. In this study, we analysed the simultaneous loss-of-function of RPS19 and Tp53 in zebrafish to investigate the role of Tp53 in the erythroid and morphological defects associated with RPS19 deficiency. Co-inhibition of Tp53 activity rescued the morphological abnormalities, but did not alleviate erythroid aplasia in RPS19-deficient zebrafish. In addition, knockdown of two other RP genes, rps3a and rpl36a, which result in severe morphological abnormalities but only mild erythroid defects, also elicited an activated Tp53 response. These results suggest that a Tp53-independent but RPS19-dependent pathway could be responsible for defective erythropoiesis in RPS19-deficient zebrafish.     

Human RPS19, the gene mutated in Diamond-Blackfan anemia, encodes a ribosomal protein required for the maturation of 40S ribosomal subunits

Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) typically presents with red blood cell aplasia that usually manifests in the first year of life. The only gene currently known to be mutated in DBA encodes ribosomal protein S19 (RPS19). Previous studies have shown that the yeast RPS19 protein is required for a specific step in the maturation of 40S ribosomal subunits. Our objective here was to determine whether the human RPS19 protein functions at a similar step in 40S subunit maturation. Studies where RPS19 expression is reduced by siRNA in the hematopoietic cell line, TF-1, show that human RPS19 is also required for a specific step in the maturation of 40S ribosomal subunits. This maturation defect can be monitored by studying rRNA-processing intermediates along the ribosome synthesis pathway. Analysis of these intermediates in CD34- cells from the bone marrow of patients with DBA harboring mutations in RPS19 revealed a pre-rRNA-processing defect similar to that observed in TF-1 cells where RPS19 expression was reduced. This defect was observed to a lesser extent in CD34+ cells from patients with DBA who have mutations in RPS19.     

Nucleolar localization of RPS19 protein in normal cells and mislocalization due to mutations in the nucleolar localization signals in 2 Diamond-Blackfan anemia patients: potential insights into pathophysiology

Ribosomal protein S19 (RPS19) is frequently mutated in Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA), a rare congenital hypoplastic anemia. Recent studies have shown that RPS19 expression decreases during terminal erythroid differentiation. Currently no information is available on the subcellular localization of normal RPS19 and the potential effects of various RPS19 mutations on cellular localization. In the present study, using wild-type and mutant RPS19 cDNA, we explored the subcellular distribution of normal and mutant proteins in a fibroblast cell line (Cos-7 cells). RPS19 was detected primarily in the nucleus, and more specifically in the nucleoli, where RPS19 colocalized with the nucleolar protein nucleolin. Using various N-terminal and C-terminal deletion constructs, we identified 2 nucleolar localization signals (NoSs) in RPS19: the first comprising amino acids Met1 to Arg16 in the NH2-terminus and the second comprising Gly120 to Asn142 in the COOH-terminus. Importantly, 2 mutations identified in DBA patients, Val15Phe and Gly127Gln, each of which localized to 1 of the 2 NoS, failed to localize RPS19 to the nucleolus. In addition to their mislocalization, there was a dramatic decrease in the expression of the 2 mutant proteins compared to the wild type. This decrease in protein expression was specific for the mutant RPS19, since expression of other proteins was normal. The present findings enable us to document the nucleolar localization signals in RPS19 and help define the phenotypic consequences of some mutations in RPS19 in DBA.     

Silencing of genes in cultured Drosophila neurons by RNA interference

Cultures of neuroblasts that generate abundant neurons were established from Drosophila embryos to study silencing of genes by RNA interference (RNAi). Cultured cells expressed ELAV, a marker of neurons, Futsch, a marker of neurites, and Synapsin, Synaptobrevin, and Synaptogamin, proteins involved in neurotransmitter secretion. Conditions were found for efficient transfection of cells with siRNAs for ELAV or the insulin-like receptor, which resulted in marked decreases in neurons that express ELAV and Futsch. Cells also were successfully transfected with long-chain Sox-Neuro dsRNA resulting in a 55% reduction of neurons expressing Futsch. The results suggest that this cultured neural cell system can be used to study RNAi-dependent silencing of genes involved in many kinds of neural functions.     

Diamond-Blackfan anemia: promotion of marrow erythropoiesis in vitro by recombinant interleukin-3

To clarify the defective erythropoiesis in eight patients with Diamond- Blackfan anemia, we studied their bone marrow response in vitro to recombinant human interleukin-3 (IL-3) and recombinant granulocyte- macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). In an erythropoietin- containing assay system, specimens from six of the eight patients yielded low numbers of erythroid colonies compared to control values, and in five of these no erythropoietin dose-response could be elicited. Addition of IL-3, GM-CSF or both to cultures from the six patients had no effect on CFU-E-derived colonies. In contrast, IL-3 but not GM-CSF induced a marked increase in the number (183%) and size of the BFU-E- derived colonies in five of the six cases and partially corrected the impaired dose-response to erythropoietin in four. Bone marrow from the other two patients yielded numbers of CFU-E and BFU-E colonies comparable to controls and manifested similar increments in colonies with increasing concentrations of erythropoietin. When IL-3 was added to these cultures, further increments were observed in the number and size of BFU-E colonies. We conclude that IL-3 enhanced the marrow erythropoiesis in most of the patients and exerted a corrective effect on the aberrant colony formation in the presence of erythropoietin. The data raise the possibility of IL-3 as a therapeutic agent in Diamond- Blackfan anemia.     

应用表达谱芯片技术筛选HBeAg反式调节基因

目的 筛选与克隆HBeAg反式调节基因，了解其在体内的调节功能线索及机制。方法 以分子生物学技术构建HBeAg的真核表达载体pcDNA3．1(-)-HBeAg，转染HepG2细胞，以空载体pcDNA3．1(-)为平行对照，制备转染后的细胞裂解液，提取mRNA。应用基因表达谱芯片技术对差异表达mRNA进行检测和分析。结果 HBeAg表达质粒pcDNA3．1(-)-HBeAg经酶切鉴定和DNA测序鉴定正确。经基因表达谱芯片分析，5种基因的表达水平上调，7种基因的表达水平下调。结论 筛选到一些与细胞信号传导、免疫调节、蛋白翻译合成、肿瘤、神经系统发生相关的HBeAg反式调节的靶基因。     

应用基因表达谱芯片技术筛选HCV p7蛋白反式调节基因

目的应用基因芯片技术对pcDNA3.1(-)和pcDNA3.1(-)-p7分别转染的HepG2细胞的基因表达谱进行分析,筛选能被HCV p7蛋白反式调节的靶基因,研究p7蛋白的生物学功能。方法以含有HCV全基因组的pBRTM质粒作为模板,应用聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增p7蛋白编码基因片段,以常规的分子生物学技术构建表达载体pcDNA3.1(-)-p7。以脂质体技术转染肝母细胞瘤细胞系HepG2,提取总mRNA,逆转录为cDNA,与转染空白表达载体pcDNA3.1(-)的HepG2细胞进行DNA芯片分析并比较。结果构建的表达载体经过限制性内切酶分析和DNA序列测定,证实准确无误,提取高质量的总mRNA并逆转录成cDNA,进行DNA芯片技术分析。在1152个基因表达谱的筛选中,有1个基因表达水平显著上调,22个基因表达水平显著下调。结论 HCV p7蛋白是一种反式调节因子,p7基因的表达对于肝细胞基因表达谱有显著影响。