极低出生体重儿肠外营养相关性胆汁淤积的临床高危因素

目的　探讨极低出生体重儿肠外营养相关性胆汁淤积（PNAC）的临床特点及高危因素，为该病的防治提供依据。方法　选取2013年1月至2014年10月青岛大学附属医院新生儿科收治的胎龄≤34周、接受肠外营养（PN）支持＞14 d的141例极低出生体重儿，按是否发生PNAC分为PNAC组（n=32）和非PNAC组（n=109），回顾性分析并比较两组的临床资料。结果　非PNAC组与PNAC组之间胎龄［（30.84±1.55）周比（29.68±2.04）周，t=2.952，P=0.005］、出生体重［（1 267.92±160.39）g比（1 050.63±229.74）g，t=6.064，P=0.000］、住院时间［（43.26±14.43）d比（66.47±22.25）d，t=-6.622，P=0.000］、禁食时间［（6.30±5.23）d比（11.94±7.92）d，t=-4.723，P=0.000］、PN持续时间［（32.40±13.72）d比（57.59±27.65）d，t=-7.039，P=0.000］、氨基酸最大日用量［（3.61±0.27）g/(kg·d)比（3.78±0.35）g/(kg·d)，t=-3.012，P=0.003］，合并感染（56.88%比87.50%，χ2=10.046，P=0.002）、肺炎（32.11%比68.75%，χ2=13.790，P=0.000）、坏死性小肠结肠炎（0.92%比9.38%，χ2=6.420，P=0.037）、新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征（55.05%比78.13%，χ2=5.503，P=0.019）、支气管肺发育不良（19.27%比46.88%，χ2=9.918，P=0.002）、先天性心脏病（4.59%比21.88%，χ2=7.405，P=0.007），应用肺表面活性物质（33.94%比59.38%，χ2=6.682，P=0.010）、经鼻持续气道正压通气（60.55%比87.50%，χ2=8.085，P=0.004）、机械通气（22.94%比43.75%，χ2=5.356，P=0.021）、经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管（44.04%比81.25%，χ2=13.737，P=0.000）的差异均有统计学意义。多因素Logistic回归分析显示PN持续时间为PNAC的独立高危因素（B=0.069，OR=1.071，95% CI=1.039～1.104，P=0.000）。结论　PNAC为多种因素共同作用所致，其中PN持续时间为其独立高危因素。尽早给予肠内喂养，缩短PN持续时间为降低PNAC发生率的保护措施。     

多囊卵巢综合征患者血清Irisin和25（OH）维生素D3及其他代谢指标的相关性

目的　通过检测多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）患者体内Irisin的水平并分析其与25（OH）维生素D3及其他代谢指标的相关性,进一步探讨Irisin在PCOS中的作用,为PCOS的诊断及治疗提供新的方向。方法　收集2015年4月至2016年1月在山西医科大学附属第一医院生殖不孕不育中心门诊就诊的PCOS患者67例,同时选择72例在体检中心进行体检的育龄期妇女作为对照组。测量两组人群的身高、体质量、腹围、腰围、臀围、血压,计算体质量指数（BMI）和腰臀比（WHR）。检测所有个体血清中Irisin、25（OH）维生素D3、三酰甘油（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、空腹血糖（FPG）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、卵泡刺激素（FSH）、黄体生成素（LH）、睾酮（TES）等生化指标,计算胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）。结果PCOS患者体质量［（66.074±12.952）kg比（57.671±8.806）kg,P=0.000］、BMI［（25.340±4.149）kg/m2比（22.201±3.585）kg/m2,P=0.003］、腰围［（88.829±12.212）cm比（80.550±10.343）cm,P=0.007］、臀围［（100.805±8.614）cm比（92.007±9.325）cm,P=0.000］、WHR（1.279±0.082比0.857±0.071,P=0.000）、舒张压［（78.548±8.936）mmHg比（73.071±10.614）mmHg,P=0.036］、TG［（2.263±1.142）mmol/L比（1.330±1.329）mmol/L,P=0.019］、FPG［（5.128±0.392）mmol/L比（4.809±0.394）mmol/L,P=0.008］、FINS［（13.319±8.122）mU/L比（4.921±2.028）mU/L,P=0.000］、LH［（8.153±2.271）IU/L比（3.811±2.607）IU/L,P=0.000］、TES［（63.068±25.704）ng/dl比（34.811±11.827）ng/dl,P=0.000］、HOMA-IR（2.245±0.853比1.021±0.153,P=0.000）增加,血清Irisin水平［（831.542±98.484）ng/ml比（612.345±86.308）ng/ml,P=0.006］明显升高,HDL-C［（1.278±0.345）mmol/L比（2.493±0.262）mmol/L,P=0.011］、25(OH)维生素D3水平［（17.181±5.078）nmol/L比（20.823±5.305）nmol/L,P=0.009］显著降低;PCOS患者Irisin与体质量（r=0.396,P=0.028）、BMI（r=0.712,P=0.000）、腰围（r=0.462,P=0.021）、臀围（r=0.478,P=0.006）、WHR（r=0.686,P=0.002）、TG（r=0.397,P=0.036）、HOMA-IR（r=0.467,P=0.019）呈正相关,与25(OH)维生素D3（r=－0.654,P=0.004）呈负相关;多重回归分析在PCOS患者中以Irisin为因变量,其他体测及生化指标为自变量,发现血清Irisin水平与BMI（β=0.822,P＜0.001）、TG（β=0.076,P=0.035）、25(OH)维生素D3（β=－0.242,P=0.027）有线性回归关系。结论PCOS患者血清Irisin水平显著升高,且与25（OH）维生素D3、BMI、HOMA-IR、TG存在相关性。Irisin为PCOS的诊断及治疗提供新的思路。     

学龄儿童运动能量消耗与人体成分的关系

目的　探讨学龄期儿童运动能量消耗（AEE）与人体成分之间的关系。方法　以上海市杨浦区二联小学三、四年级62名学生为研究对象,使用代谢车测定运动能量消耗,利用生物电阻抗法测定人体成分,包括体质量、体质量指数、体脂率、脂肪含量、去脂体质量、脂肪含量指数、去脂体质量指数、肥胖度和AEE,比较超重肥胖组与非超重肥胖组儿童各指标的差异,并探讨其关系。结果　男生超重肥胖组和非超重肥胖组的运动时间［（9.70±1.91）min 比（10.00±1.97）min;t=0.336,P=0.739］、总AEE［（198.74±53.33）kJ 比 （171.54±41.75）kJ;t=-1.422,P=0.165］、AEE相对值［（0.46±0.09）kJ/(min·kg）比（0.51±0.04）kJ/(min·kg); t=2.043,P=0.051］差异均无统计学意义,超重肥胖组AEE绝对值高于非超重肥胖男生组［（20.06±3.14）kJ/min比（16.93±1.85）kJ/min;t=-2.910,P=0.007］。女生超重肥胖组与非超重肥胖组相比运动时间更短［（7.35±3.05）min 比 （9.98±1.82）min;t=2.509,P=0.027］、AEE相对值更小［（0.41±0.09）kJ/(min·kg）比 （0.51±0.07）kJ/(min·kg）;t=3.244,P=0.003］,但两组总AEE［（129.29±71.13）kJ 比 （161.50±35.38）kJ;t=1.351,P=0.203］、AEE绝对值［（16.82±3.26）kJ/min 比 （16.17±2.00）kJ/min; t=-0.676,P=0.504］差异均无统计学意义。控制年龄和性别因素后,男生AEE绝对值与体质量指数（P=0.015）、肥胖度(P=0.010)、脂肪含量(P=0.047)、去脂体质量(P=0.010）和去脂体质量指数(P=0.003)呈显著正相关,女生AEE绝对值与体成分各指标无相关性。AEE相对值与体质量指数（男：P=0.000,女：P=0.000）、肥胖度（男：P=0.002,女：P=0.000）、体脂率（男：P=0.000,女：P=0.001）、脂肪含量（男：P=0.000,女：P=0.000）、去脂体质量（男：P=0.002,女：P=0.022）和脂肪含量指数（男：P=0.000,女：P=0.000）呈显著负相关。结论　肥胖儿童AEE与体成分有关,肥胖程度越高,AEE相对值越少。儿童的体型、体成分与能量代谢存在着复杂的联系。     

全谷物豆类复合主食对肥胖者肠道微生态及代谢指标的影响

目的　探讨全谷物豆类复合主食在改善肥胖者人体测量学和代谢指标以及肠道微生态方面的临床效果。方法　选择单纯性肥胖者87例,按随机数字表法分为全谷物豆类复合主食组(试验组,n=44)与细粮主食组(对照组,n=43)。基线和干预3个月后,分别检测并比较两组受试者的体重（BW）、体重指数（BMI）、腰围（WC）、臀围（HC）、腰臀比（WHR）、空腹血糖（FPG）、三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)的变化,以及肠道双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌、产气荚膜梭菌、肠杆菌、肠球菌和拟杆菌菌落计数。结果　试验组与对照组分别有6例与4例被剔除。饮食干预后3个月,试验组与对照组BW［(69.45±7.07)kg比(72.42±5.79)kg,P=0.000］、BMI［(26.08±1.48)kg/m2比(27.27±0.81)kg/m2,P=0.000］、WC［(82.48±9.30)cm比(86.96±4.93)cm,P=0.000］、HC［(90.08±6.57)cm比(92.42±6.67)cm,P=0.000］、WHR(0.92±0.11比0.95±0.10,P=0.003)比较差异均有统计学意义;试验组FPG、TC、LDL-C水平均显著低于对照组［(4.92±0.75)mmol/L比(5.41±1.21)mmol/L,P=0.037;(3.85±1.13)mmol/L比(4.38±1.26)mmol/L,P=0.046;(3.55±1.04)mmol/L比(4.16±1.40)mmol/L,P=0.033］,试验组HDL-C水平显著高于对照组［(1.13±0.37)mmol/L比(0.92±0.26)mmol/L,P=0.004］;试验组与对照组肠道双歧杆菌［(7.94±0.58)lg CFU/g比(6.95±0.38)lg CFU/g,P=0.000］、乳酸杆菌［(7.67±0.46)lg CFU/g比(6.96±0.57)lg CFU/g,P=0.000］、拟杆菌［(5.53±0.44)lg CFU/g比(4.80±0.23)lg CFU/g,P=0.000］菌落总数比较差异均有统计学意义,试验组产气荚膜梭菌［(4.40±0.49)lg CFU/g比(5.11±0.63)lg CFU/g,P=0.000］显著低于对照组。结论　全谷物豆类复合主食可改善肥胖者人体测量学指标、部分脂质代谢指标和肠道菌群结构。其机制可能与通过促进肠道固有有益菌存活和增殖,从而改善肥胖者糖脂代谢有关。     

超重及肥胖患者的饮食及人体成分

目的　分析北京医院减重门诊患者的饮食习惯、能量摄入及消耗、人体测量、人体成分的基本情况。方法　前瞻性选取2014年11月至2015年8月在北京医院内分泌营养减重联合门诊就诊的体质量指数（BMI）≥ 24 kg/m2的患者89例,平均年龄（45.8±16.4）岁,其中男性35例,女性54例,分为糖尿病组（n=35）和非糖尿病组（n=54）,比较2组患者的饮食习惯、能量摄入及消耗、人体测量以及人体成分的基本情况。结果　无论是否患有糖尿病,超重及肥胖患者(BMI≥24 kg/m2)的进餐速度都偏快,多在10 min内用餐完毕,偏爱中餐和肉食,不喜欢热食。非糖尿病组超重及肥胖患者的餐馆用餐频次（3~5次/周）高于糖尿病组（1~2次/周）。与糖尿病组比较,非糖尿病组超重及肥胖患者的脂肪供能比［（34.9±7.6）%比（30.8±5.9）%］更高,碳水化合物摄入量［（232.2±59.7）g比（283.6±89.5）g］、碳水化合物供能比［（47.9±8.3）%比（53.4±7.1）%］、静息代谢率/体质量比值［（66.9±9.6）kJ/(d·kg)比（71.1±7.9）kJ/(d·kg)］较低（均P＜0.05）,而两组间总能量、蛋白质、优质蛋白质、脂肪摄入量,蛋白质供能比以及静息代谢率比较差异无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）。患者平均BMI（32.8±4.4）kg/m2,最高达53.5 kg/m2。与糖尿病组比较,非糖尿病组超重及肥胖患者的臀围［（117.15±9.9）cm比（111.1±8.2）cm］、上臂围［（36.4±3.8）cm比（34.0±3.3）cm］、三头肌皮褶厚度［（36.1±8.9）mm比（31.6±8.8）mm］较大（均P＜0.05）,年龄偏小［（41.7±16.9）岁比（52.9±13.1）岁,P=0.001］,而两组间体质量、BMI、腰围、颈围、双手握力比较差异无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）。非糖尿病组超重及肥胖患者的体质量［（94.8±18.3）kg比（86.9±17.2）kg］、体脂肪［（39.7±11.3）kg比（33.5±8.9）kg］、体脂百分比［（41.7±6.5）%比（38.5±6.7）%］、内脏脂肪面积［（145.3±24.8）cm2比（130.7±27.5）cm2］均高于糖尿病组（均P＜0.05）,而BMI及骨骼肌重量比较差异无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）。结论　与糖尿病组患者比较,超重及肥胖的非糖尿病患者年龄偏小,饮食习惯更差,体脂肪、体脂百分比、内脏脂肪面积更大。     

哺乳期过度营养对大鼠血压及血管内皮舒张功能的影响

目的　观察出生后过度营养及高脂饮食对大鼠血压的影响，探讨哺乳期及早期持续过度营养导致高血压发生发展的病理生理机制。方法　应用小窝鼠模型，SD大鼠雄仔出生3 d后按随机数字表法分为哺乳期正常营养组（10只/窝）和哺乳期过度营养组（3只/窝）。3周断乳后，再分别按随机数字表法完全随机分组给予标准饲料和高脂饲料至16周；共分为4组：正常营养组、哺乳期过度营养组、断乳后过度营养组、持续过度营养组。每周监测体质量，于3、16周测定大鼠内脏脂肪质量、收缩压及心率。取大鼠胸主动脉行血管内皮舒张功能测定。HE染色观察血管组织形态，硝酸还原法检测血管组织中一氧化氮，实时定量-PCR测定血管内皮型一氧化氮合酶（eNOS）mRNA表达，Western blot法检测其总蛋白及磷酸化蛋白表达水平。结果　出生后3周哺乳期过度营养组大鼠体质量［（77.80±0.57）g 比 （62.80±0.85）g，t=14.576, P＜0.01］、脂肪质量［腹膜后：（8.19±0.49） mg/g 比 (4.92±0.31)mg/g, t=5.629, P＜0.01; 生殖周：(3.50±0.29)mg/g比(2.08±0.13)mg/g, t=4.552,P＜0.01］显著高于正常营养组大鼠;血管组织中磷酸化-eNOS的蛋白表达明显下降并持续到16周（F=15.215, P＜0.01）；断乳后高脂喂养增加哺乳期过度营养组大鼠体质量、脂肪质量。至16周时，持续过度营养组出现高血压［（149±1.94） mmHg（1 mmHg=0.133 kPa），F=22.834, P＜0.01］、血管内皮舒张功能受损（F=7.648， P＜0.05）及磷酸化-eNOS的蛋白表达下降（F=15.215, P＜0.01），而断乳后过度营养组仅出现血压改变。结论　哺乳期过度营养断乳后高脂饮食可导致高血压，血管组织磷酸化eNOS表达的持续下降可能是哺乳期过度营养诱导成年期血管内皮舒张功能紊乱发生的重要分子机制。     

学龄期儿童有氧能力与人体成分的关系

目的　调查上海市学龄期儿童有氧运动能力现状,探讨人体成分与有氧运动能力之间的关系。方法　以上海市杨浦区一所小学63名儿童为研究对象,分析人体成分（生物电阻抗法）和有氧运动能力（固定功率运动试验,间接测定法）,测定体脂比例（FAT%）、去脂体质量(FFM)、肥胖度、最大氧摄取量（VO2max）、最大氧脉搏等指标,分析各项指标之间的关系,比较超重肥胖儿童与非超重肥胖儿童各项指标的差异。结果　除1名未进行人体成分测试者外,余62名受试儿童中,超重肥胖组男生与非超重肥胖组相比,VO2max绝对值更高而VO2max相对值更低［（1 038.50±157.93）ml/min比（923.90±82.03）ml/min, F=4.812, P=0.005;（23.62±4.22）ml/(kg·min)比（27.75±2.41）ml/(kg·min),F=5.633,P=0.002］,差异有统计学意义;超重肥胖组的最大氧脉搏有升高趋势,但差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。女生中,与非超重肥胖组相比,超重肥胖组的VO2max绝对值有升高趋势［（966.70±131.22）ml/min比（892.55±108.71）ml/min］,但无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;超重肥胖组的VO2max相对值低于非超重肥胖组［（23.84±4.30）ml/(kg·min)比(28.09±4.52）ml/(kg·min)］,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;最大氧脉搏高于非超重肥胖组 ,但差异无统计学意义。控制年龄因素后,VO2max相对值与体质量指数（BMI）、肥胖度、FAT%、脂肪量（FM）、FFM、脂肪含量指数（FMI）、去脂体质量（FFMI）均呈显著负相关（男：r=-0.675,P＜0.000 1;r=-0.634,P＜0.000 1;r=-0.667,P＜0.000 1;r=-0.726,P＜0.000 1;r=-0.594,P＜0.000 1;r=-0.686,P＜0.000 ; r=-0.456,P=0.010。女：r=-0.651,P＜0.000 1;r=-0.552,P=0.002; r=-0.527,P=0.003; r=-0.633,P＜0.000 1; r=-0.520,P=0.004;r=-0.579,P=0.001;r=-0.597,P=0.001）。男生中,最大氧脉搏与BMI、FFM、FFMI均显著正相关(r=0.358,P=0.048;r=0.543,P=0.002;r=0.554,P=0.001);女生中,最大氧脉搏与FFM、FFMI呈正相关(r=0.378,P=0.043;r=0.449,P=0.014)。结论　学龄期儿童的有氧运动能力与人体成分有关。肥胖程度越高,有氧运动能力越差。最大氧脉搏与去脂体质量有一定相关性。     

鼻空肠管在重型颅脑外伤机械通气患者早期肠内营养中的应用

目的　探讨留置经鼻空肠管在重型颅脑外伤（STBI）机械通气患者早期肠内营养中的应用价值。方法　选取2013年1至12月收住蚌埠医学院第一附属医院重症医学科的STBI机械通气患者为研究对象,应用随机数字表法分为空肠管组15例和胃管组19例,观察两组患者肠内营养（EN）可以耐受的启动时间、达目标喂养量所需时间和实施EN过程中的胃肠道反应、呼吸机相关肺炎（VAP）等并发症发生情况,以及机械通气和ICU住院时间、28 d病死率。结果　空肠管组与胃管组EN可以耐受的启动时间［（51.73±9.16） h比（81.11±11.82） h］和达目标喂养量所需时间［（87.27±9.99） h比（152.05±28.74） h］比较,差异均有统计学意义（t值分别为7.920、8.320,均P＜0.05）。实施EN过程中,空肠管组与胃管组并发胃潴留（6.7%比57.9%）、反流（0%比36.8%）、呕吐（20.0%比63.2%）、误吸（6.7％比42.1%）、VAP（33.3%比73.7%）等并发症发生率比较,差异均有统计学意义（χ2值分别为10.937、9.566、6.642、6.087、5.536,均P＜0.05）;空肠管组与胃管组机械通气时间［（10.73±4.68） d比（15.74±2.54） d］和ICU住院时间［（13.60±4.80） d比（17.42±4.05） d］比较,差异均有统计学意义（t值分别为3.730、2.497,均P＜0.05）;两组患者28 d病死率比较,差异无统计学意义。结论　对STBI机械通气患者留置经鼻空肠管实施早期EN,有利于减轻喂养不耐受,缩短启动EN和达目标喂养量所需时间,减少并发症的发生,缩短机械通气和ICU住院时间。     

外科胰腺肿瘤患者营养不足和营养风险发生率的前瞻性调查研究

目的　调查外科胰腺肿瘤患者营养不足和营养风险发生率。方法　对2014年1月至2015年12月,因各种胰腺肿瘤入住北京医院普外科,接受手术治疗的121例住院患者,根据肿瘤性质分为胰腺癌组和其他胰腺肿瘤组,主要应用营养风险筛查2002方法,前瞻性比较不同胰腺肿瘤患者的营养不足和营养风险发生率以及物理测量、体成分和外周血蛋白质水平等,记录临床结局。结果　121例符合入选标准的胰腺肿瘤患者进入本研究,胰腺癌组90例和其他胰腺肿瘤组31例,平均年龄（61.9±13.6）岁;平均体质量指数（23.20±2.95）kg/m2;上臂围（28.8±3.5）cm;肌肉组织量（44.6±7.4）kg;脂肪组织量（16.8±7.6）kg;两组在人体测量和体成分等方面差异无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）;胰腺癌组空腹血糖［（6.45±2.47）mmol/L］显著高于对照组［（4.95±0.79）mmol/L］（P＜0.001）,白蛋白［（39.0±4.7）g/L比(42.3±2.9)g/L,P＜0.001］,总蛋白［（62.8±6.2）g/L比(66.3±2.9)g/L,P＜0.001］和前白蛋白［（136.1±85.4）mg/L比(197.8±112.6),P=0.011］均显著低于对照组;营养不足发生率为4.1%,营养风险发生率78.5%;其中胰腺癌组营养风险发生率显著高于其他胰腺肿瘤组（91.1%比38.7%,χ2=36.525,P＜0.001）。结论　外科胰腺癌患者营养风险发生率较高,蛋白水平低和糖代谢异常,可导致住院时间延长。     

个性化营养支持对高龄顽固性心力衰竭患者近期结局的影响

目的观察和比较单纯肠内营养（EN）、单纯肠外营养（PN）、肠内肠外联合营养（EN+PN） 3种营养支持方式对高龄顽固性心力衰竭患者近期结局的影响及其安全性。方法 选取2004年1月至2012年9月在北京军区总医院263临床部住院的247例高龄顽固性心力衰竭患者,采用随机数字表法分为EN+PN组（n=87）、EN组（n=76）、PN组（n=84）。随机分组后根据患者耐受情况,EN组2例转入EN+PN组,PN组3例转入EN+PN组。于营养支持前和营养支持7 d后检测血清学指标和心脏超声血液动力学指标,根据全身症状计算营养支持后好转率,记录不良事件发生情况进行安全性评价。结果 研究过程中共8例患者退出,其中EN组4例,PN组1例,EN+PN组3例。与营养支持前比较,各组营养支持7 d后血清前白蛋白［EN组,（0.17±0.01）g/L比（0.11±0.02）g/L;PN组,（0.19±0.01）g/L比（0.09±0.02）g/L;EN+PN组,（0.24±0.04）g/L比（0.10±0.02）g/L］、白蛋白［EN组,（34.14±1.00）g/L比（31.25±1.02）g/L;PN组,（33.89±1.20）g/L比（30.99±1.07）g/L;EN+PN组,（36.66±1.36）g/L比（31.00±1.01）g/L］、转铁蛋白［EN组,（1.99±0.39）g/L比（1.86±0.36）g/L;PN组,（2.01±0.41）g/L比（1.89±0.34）g/L;EN+PN组,（2.58±0.47）g/L比（1.92±0.33）g/L］均显著升高(P均=0.008);EN+PN组的前白蛋白（P=0.007、0.008）、白蛋白（P=0.041、0.040）、转铁蛋白（P=0.007、0.008）均显著高于EN组和PN组。PN组营养支持后血糖显著升高［（8.06±2.35）mmol/L比（5.81±2.21）mmol/L,P=0.009］,其余两组营养支持前后差异无统计学意义。与营养支持前比较,3组营养支持7 d后每搏输出量（SV)［EN组,（60.91±7.26）ml比（45.09±6.42）ml;PN组,（61.01±7.29）ml比（45.19±6.39）ml;EN+PN组,（65.42±7.43）ml比（46.11±6.41）ml;P均=0.008］、左心室射血分数（LVEF）［EN组,（45.78±0.09）%比（34.61±0.09）%;PN组,（45.11±0.11）%比（34.55±0.08）%;EN+PN组,（49.79±0.11）%比（34.42±0.09）%;P均=0.008］、左心室舒张末期内径（LVEdd）［EN组,（60.22±2.42）mm比（63.20±2.19）mm,P=0.008;PN组,（60.28±2.44）mm比（62.98±2.11）mm,P=0.044;EN+PN组,（57.43±2.40）mm比（63.09±2.08）mm,P=0.008］、左心室收缩末期内径（LVEsd）［EN组,（54.08±6.06）mm比（56.15±6.03）mm,P=0.044;PN组,（54.42±6.10）mm比（56.31±6.11）mm,P=0.044;EN+PN组,（51.48±5.27）mm比（56.32±6.13）mm,P=0.008］均明显改善;EN+PN组的SV（P=0.003、0.004）和LVEF（P均=0.004）均显著大于EN组和PN组,LVEdd（P=0.004、0.005）和LVEsd（P=0.004、0.005）均显著小于EN组和PN组。EN组、PN组、EN+PN组的好转率分别为75.71%（53/70）、75.00%（60/80）、83.15%（74/89),异常状况评分与营养支持前比较均显著改善（P均=0.000）;EN+PN组的好转率显著高于EN组和PN组（P均=0.005）,PN组与EN组的好转率差异无统计学意义（P=0.059）。PN组的恶化率为15.00%,明显高于EN组（12.85%,P=0.048）和EN+PN组（6.74%,P=0.045）。营养支持期间EN+PN组不良事件发生率显著低于EN组［22.47%（20/89）比37.14%（26/70）,P=0.005］,与PN组比较差异无统计学意义［35.00%（28/80）,P=0.057］。结论 对于高龄顽固性心力衰竭患者, EN+PN可提高血清前白蛋白、白蛋白、转铁蛋白水平,缓解临床症状,改善血液动力学,且不良事件发生率较低,是优于单纯EN或PN的营养支持方式。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.