临床致病菌整合子检测及耐药基因盒序列分析

目的对临床菌株中的第一类整合子分布及其耐药基因盒的结构特征进行分析。方法应用PCR方法检测33株临床菌株中的第一类整合酶基因intI，并对intI阳性菌株整合的耐药基因进行测序及序列分析。结果33株临床菌株（100％）均为第一类整合酶基因阳性。耐药基因盒特异PCR扩增发现，29株菌得到1913bp的扩增产物，2株得到1664bp的产物，1株得到1009bp的产物，1株得到1913bp和1009bp两种不同产物。序列分析结果表明，1913bp的扩增产物携带基因盒dhfr、orfF和aadA2，1664bp的扩增产物携带基因盒aadA5和dfr17，1009bp的扩增产物携带基因盒aadA2，aadA2和aadA5均为编码对氨基糖苷类抗生素产生耐药的基因盒，dhfr和dfr17均为编码对磺胺类药物甲氧苄氨嘧啶产生耐药的基因盒；orfF为未知功能的开放阅读框。结论第一类整合子介导的耐药基因广泛存在于临床致病细菌中，提示要加强对耐药基因在细菌种属间水平转移的监测工作。     

整合子介导大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌多重耐药机制的研究

目的 研究整合子参与大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌多重耐药的分子机制。方法 纸片扩散法测定61株临床分离的大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌的药物敏感性；整合酶基因扩增法检测Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类整合子；整合子可变区扩增并测序。结果 73．8％（45／61）的菌株Ⅰ类整合子阳性，2株大肠埃希菌Ⅱ类整合子阳性，未检测到Ⅲ类整合子；88．9％（40／45）的Ⅰ类整合子阳性菌株可变区扩增阳性，扩增片段大小从150—2800bp不等，有1株Ⅱ类整合子阳性菌株可变区扩增阳性，大小为2200bp；整合子可变区含有编码对氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药的基因（aadA1、aadA2、aadA5、aadB、aacA4、aae6’-Ib）、编码对磺胺类抗生素耐药的基因（dfrA1、dfr2d、dfrⅤ、dfrⅦ、dfr17）、编码对氯霉素耐药的基因（cat、catB8、cmlA1-variant）、编码对β-内酰胺类抗生素耐药的基因（blaoxa10）和编码对链丝菌素耐药的基因（sat1）。结论 整合子在大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌中广泛存在，参与了这两种菌多重耐药的形成。     

腹腔感染患者大肠埃希菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶及整合子研究

目的了解腹腔感染患者大肠埃希菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)及Ⅰ、Ⅱ类整合子的分布情况。方法共收集分离自腹腔感染患者的大肠埃希菌62株,纸片扩散法测定16种抗菌药物敏感性,采用纸片协同扩散法检测ESBLs表型,PCR检测blaCTX-M、blaSHV、blaTEM及Ⅰ、Ⅱ类整合子基因,整合子阳性菌株进一步检测整合子的可变区基因盒。结果大肠埃希菌对碳青霉烯类、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦100%敏感,对复方磺胺甲噁唑耐药率最高(62.9%)。30株大肠埃希菌产ESBLs,其中基因型blaCTX-M-14、blaCTX-M-3、blaTEM-1、blaCTX-M-14+TEM-1分别检出16株、4株、3株、7株。未发现携带SHV型ESBLs菌株。有40株(64.5%)大肠埃希菌携带Ⅰ类整合子,其中1株同时携带Ⅰ、Ⅱ类整合子,共扩增出7种耐药基因盒组合形式。最常见的基因盒组合为dfrA17-aadA5,其次为dfrA12-orfF-aadA2,Ⅱ类整合子携带dfrA1-sat1-aadA1。结论腹腔感染大肠埃希菌主要携带blaCTX-M-14和blaTEM-1,Ⅰ类整合子的存在非常普遍,主要介导对氨基糖苷类及磺胺类耐药。     

多重耐药大肠埃希菌中I类整合子的研究

目的分析多重耐药大肠埃希菌中Ⅰ类整合子的流行情况和分子特性。方法对81株多重耐药大肠埃希菌用PCR法扩增细菌总DNA上的Ⅰ类整合子，对大小相同的Ⅰ类整合子进行酶切分析，对纯化后的Ⅰ类整合子作DNA测序，将DNA序列在GenBank中搜索，确定Ⅰ类整合子可变区基因盒的种类和排列。结果在48株（59．3％）细菌的总DNA上检测到Ⅰ类整合子，Ⅰ类整合子的大小约为600～3000bp，48株细菌各含1～2个Ⅰ类整合子，大小相同的Ⅰ类整合子有相同的酶切图谱，整合子中最常见的基因盒为dfr17（甲氧苄啶耐药基因）、aadA5（链霉素、大观霉素耐药基因），最主要的基因盒排列为dfr17-aadA5。结论整合子在多重耐药大肠埃希菌中广泛流行，整合子是介导细菌多重耐药性的重要分子机制。     

产质粒介导AmpC酶大肠埃希菌中整合子的检测

目的探讨大肠埃希菌产质粒介导AmpC酶对抗生素的耐药情况,以及整合子的存在状况,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法收集河南省人民医院临床分离大肠埃希菌,对头孢西丁耐药株以酶提取物改良三维试验筛选高产AmpC酶株;多重PCR和DNA测序分析质粒AmpC基因型;用PCR-限制片段长度多态性（RFLP）初筛整合子并分型,PCR扩增整合子的可变区并测序。结果 126株大肠埃希菌中,检出产质粒介导AmpC酶14株（26.9%）,对筛出的耐药菌株采用琼脂对倍稀释法检测耐药性;多重PCR扩增分析示：其基因型均为CMY-2型。8株耐药菌株检出1类整合子,序列分析显示存在aadA4、aadA5、aadB、cm lA、cm lA1、和dfr17基因盒,它们分别介导对氨基糖苷类抗生素、氯霉素和甲氧苄明的耐药。结论治疗产质粒介导AmpC酶的细菌感染时,应以第四代头孢菌素和碳青霉烯类抗生素为首选。我院大肠埃希菌临床分离株产质粒介导AmpC率较高,其基因型为CMY-2型,而相关耐药基因盒并未位于整合子上。     

大肠埃希菌对氨基糖苷类抗生素的耐药性及耐药基因检测

目的：了解大肠埃希菌对氨基糖苷类抗生素的耐药情况与耐药基因携带情况。方法：使用K-B法检测大肠埃希菌对氨基糖苷类抗生素的耐药性,同时用PCR技术扩增氨基糖苷类抗生素的耐药基因以明确其基因型。结果：40株大肠埃希菌中耐氨基糖苷类抗生素菌株32株,耐药率为80.0%（32/40）,其中aac（3）-Ⅰ 2株,占6.3%（2/32）,aac（3）-Ⅱ 28株,占87.5%（28/32）,aac（6′）-Ⅰ 12株,占37.5%（12/32）,aac（6′）-Ⅱ 8株,占25%（8/32）,ant（2″）-Ⅰ 4株,占18.8%（6/32）,ant（3″）-Ⅰ 9株,占28.1%（9/32）。结论：耐氨基糖苷类抗生素的大肠埃希菌比较普遍,氨基糖苷类耐药基因以aac（3）-Ⅱ和aac（6′）-Ⅰ为主。     

铜绿假单胞菌整合子基因盒的相关研究

目的对北京大学人民医院不同年度临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌进行整合子基因盒检测,分析其变化趋势及其与细菌耐药性的相关性。方法应用PCR对2006—2008年临床分离的420株铜绿假单胞菌进行整合子检测,对阳性PCR产物采用HinfⅠ内切酶作限制片段多态性(RFLP)分析进行整合子分类,并对整合子阳性株进行耐药基因盒的扩增与测序。结果 420株铜绿假单胞菌中116株(27.6%)检出Ⅰ类整合子,未检出Ⅱ、Ⅲ类整合子。对2006年及2008年的整合子阳性菌株可变区基因盒扩增得到7种不同的基因盒图谱,片段大小在710～2526bp,基因盒为介导氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药的aadB、aadA族和介导甲氧苄啶耐药的dfrA1和dhfrXVB。结论该院铜绿假单胞菌中整合子检出率随年度呈上升趋势,携带的基因盒与其耐药表型有相关性。     

产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对氨基糖苷类抗生素的耐药表型与修饰酶基因研究

目的分析临床分离的产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对氨基糖苷类抗生素的耐药性,并了解其修饰酶基因携带状况及耐药机制。方法采用纸片扩散法测定临床分离的32株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对5种氨基糖苷类抗生素的耐药性,用CLSI推荐的酶抑制剂增强纸片扩散法检测产ESBLs菌株,采用PCR法检测氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因aac（3）-Ⅰ,aac（3）-Ⅱ,8aC（6’）-Ⅰ ad,aac（6＇）-Ⅰ b,aac（6＇）-Ⅱ,ant（3＂）-Ⅰ,ant（2＂）-Ⅰ。提取携带单一修饰酶基因临床菌株的质粒并转化入宿主菌BL21中,比较临床分离菌与转化菌对5种氨基糖苷类药物敏感性及产ESBLs情况的区别。结果32株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对庆大霉素耐药率最高（84．3％）,对阿米卡星耐药率最低（25％）。检出氯基糖苷粪修饰酶基因aac（6＇）-Ⅱ,ant（3＂）-Ⅰ,ant（2＂）-Ⅰ,阳性分别为22株（68．8％）,9株（28．1％）,5株（15．6％）,1株（3．1％）。质粒转化菌产ESBLs且同时检出原携带基因,但耐药表型有区别。结论临床分离的产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对庆大霉素耐药率最高,对阿米卡星敏感性最高,氨基糖苷类耐药与氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因表达有关,临床应对此类菌株引起重视。     

绿脓假单胞菌多重耐药机制的研究

目的调查我院2003-2005年临床分离多重耐药绿脓假单胞菌的氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因、β内酰胺酶编码基因和外膜通道蛋白oprD2基因存在状况；并研究整合子参与绿脓假单胞菌多重耐药的机制。方法纸片扩散法测定绿脓假单胞菌对14种抗菌药物的药物敏感性，并筛选出14株多重耐药菌株；聚合酶链反应检测氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因、β内酰胺酶编码基因和外膜通道蛋白oprD2基因；聚合酶链反应检测整合子5’保守区的整合酶基因和3’保守区的qacE△1-sulI基因。对整合酶基因的阳性扩增产物的限制性片段长度多态性分析进行整合子分类，整合子可变区扩增并测序。结果14株绿脓假单胞菌对14种抗菌药（哌拉西林等）的耐药率为14．3％-100．0％；氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因ant（2”）-Ⅰ、aac（3）-Ⅱ、aac（6’）-Ⅱ、aac（6’）-Ⅰ、ant（3”）-Ⅰ和aac（3）-Ⅰ检出率分别为78．6％、57．1％、57．1％、14．3％、7．1％、0；β内酰胺酶编码基因TEM和IMP的检出率分别为92．9％和42．9％，未检出VIM、OXA、PER、GES和SHV基因，1株外膜通道蛋白oprD2基因缺失；整合酶基因及qacE△1-sulI基因检出率分别为85．7％和78．6％，整合子可变区扩增有3种片段：1000、1300和1700，测序证实分别为aadA2、aadA6．odD和dfrⅫ-orfF-aadA2，其中aadA2是首次在绿脓假单胞菌的整合子中检出，aadA6-odD是一种新型的整合子可变区基因盒组合形式。Genbank号分别为DQ091178和DQ091179。结论我院多重耐药绿脓假单胞菌对B内酰胺类抗生素的耐药主要与TEM和IMP型耐药基因有关，对氨基糖苷类抗生素的耐药主要与氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因ant（2”）-Ⅰ、8aC（3）-Ⅱ和aac（6’）-Ⅱ有关；整合子参与了绿脓假单胞菌的耐药和多重耐药。     

大肠埃希菌氨基糖苷类耐药株aac（3）-Ⅱ基因保守区分析

常规分离鉴定47株大肠埃希菌，以标准纸片扩散法(K—B法)对其进行常用氨基糖苷类药物敏感性测定，耐药株经PCR检测aac(3)～Ⅱ基因保守区，扩增产物进行DNA测序分析。初步探讨大肠埃希菌氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药株与aac(3)-Ⅱ基因保守区之间的关系，结果显示本地区大肠埃希菌氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药株的aac(3)-Ⅱ基因保守区具65位G、84位T和65位A、84位C两种基因型，且高度耐药菌株皆为65位G、84位T。     

阴沟肠杆菌的Ⅰ类整合子检测及相关耐药基因分析

目的对临床分离的阴沟肠杆菌进行Ⅰ类整合子及相关耐药基因分析,探讨Ⅰ类整合子与阴沟肠杆菌耐药播散的关系。方法使用Vitek-AMS鉴定细菌;采用PCR扩增技术对86株阴沟肠杆菌进行Ⅰ类整合子与ESBLs耐药基因型检测;Ⅰ类整合子与耐药基因水平传播采用质粒接合试验;根据CLSI指南进行药敏试验。结果 86株阴沟肠杆菌中,77.9%的阴沟肠杆菌携带不同大小的整合子,从1 500 bp整合子中检出的耐药基因盒包括:aadB、aadA2;2 500bp整合子中检出PSE-1、aac6-Ⅱ、aadA4基因盒。结论阴沟肠杆菌中常携带含有多种耐药基因的Ⅰ类整合子,Ⅰ类整合子常参与耐药基因在菌株间进行的水平传递。     

Molecular characterization of class 1 integrons and antimicrobial resistance in Aeromonas strains from foodborne outbreak-suspect samples and environmental sources in Taiwan

One hundred thirty-three Aeromonas spp. isolates were examined for multiple antibiotic resistance phenotypes and prevalence of class 1 integron sequences. Twenty-four (18.0%) of these isolates contained class 1 integron. Seven different class 1 integrons were found among 24strains, with a total of 10 different gene cassettes encoding for resistance to trimethoprim (dfr12 and dfr2d), aminoglycosides (aadA1 and aadA2), beta-lactam antibiotics (oxa2), chloramphenicol (catB3 and catB8), quaternary ammonium amines (qacE2), and 2 ORFs (orfD and orfF) with unknown function. Rate of antibiotic resistance was different between integron-positive and integron-negative strains. Trimethoprim and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole resistances were commonly associated with integron, and all of integron-positive isolates were multiple resistant to more than 3 agents. Resistance to as many as 10 antimicrobial agents were observed in integron-positive strains. Several cassette arrays of class 1 integrons identified in this study were not previously reported in Aeromonas strains. This study demonstrates the wide distribution of class 1 integron in Aeromonas spp. isolated from foodborne outbreak-suspect samples and environmental sources in Taiwan.     

Incidence and characterization of integrons, genetic elements mediating multiple-drug resistance, in avian Escherichia coli

Antibiotic resistance among avian bacterial isolates is common and is of great concern to the poultry industry. Approximately 36% (n = 100) of avian, pathogenic Escherichia coli isolates obtained from diseased poultry exhibited multiple-antibiotic resistance to tetracycline, oxytetracycline, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and gentamicin. Clinical avian E. coli isolates were further screened for the presence of markers for class 1 integrons, the integron recombinase intI1 and the quaternary ammonium resistance gene qacEDelta1, in order to determine the contribution of integrons to the observed multiple-antibiotic resistance phenotypes. Sixty-three percent of the clinical isolates were positive for the class 1 integron markers intI1 and qacEDelta1. PCR analysis with the conserved class 1 integron primers yielded amplicons of approximately 1 kb from E. coli isolates positive for intI1 and qacEDelta1. These PCR amplicons contained the spectinomycin-streptomycin resistance gene aadA1. Further characterization of the identified integrons revealed that many were part of the transposon Tn21, a genetic element that encodes both antibiotic resistance and heavy-metal resistance to mercuric compounds. Fifty percent of the clinical isolates positive for the integron marker gene intI1 as well as for the qacEDelta1 and aadA1 cassettes also contained the mercury reductase gene merA. The correlation between the presence of the merA gene with that of the integrase and antibiotic resistance genes suggests that these integrons are located in Tn21. The presence of these elements among avian E. coli isolates of diverse genetic makeup as well as in Salmonella suggests the mobility of Tn21 among pathogens in humans as well as poultry.     

The genetic background for streptomycin resistance in Escherichia coli influences the distribution of MICs

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic background for streptomycin resistance in Escherichia coli and perform analysis of the MICs in relation to genetic background. METHODS: The 136 strains investigated, with streptomycin MICs of > or =16 mg/L, originated from meat and meat products and were collected within the frame of the Norwegian monitoring programme for antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from feed, food and animals (NORM-VET). PCR was carried out for detection of the streptomycin resistance genes strA-strB and the integron-associated aadA gene cassettes. RESULTS: The strA-strB genes and/or an aadA gene cassette were detected in 110 of the 136 (80.9%) strains investigated. The strA-strB genes were the most prevalent, and were detected in 90 strains. The aadA gene cassettes were detected in 29 strains, and nine strains harboured both the strA-strB genes and an aadA gene cassette. The distribution of MICs differed considerably between isolates harbouring the strA-strB genes (solely) (MIC(50) = 128 mg/L) and isolates harbouring an aadA gene cassette (solely) (MIC(50) = 16 mg/L). Strains harbouring both the strA-strB genes and an aadA gene cassette had higher streptomycin MICs than those harbouring either alone. CONCLUSIONS: The distribution of streptomycin MICs in E. coli can be greatly influenced by the genes encoding resistance to streptomycin. The strA-strB genes are probably involved in conferring high-level resistance to streptomycin, whereas the opposite seems to be the case for the aadA gene cassettes. The low-level streptomycin resistance, caused by the presence of aadA gene cassettes in integrons, represents an obstacle in classifying E. coli as susceptible or resistant to streptomycin. Furthermore, the determination of an epidemiological cut-off value for surveillance purposes is also complicated by dissemination of integrons containing the aadA cassettes.     

Molecular characterization of class 1 integrons from Irish thermophilic Campylobacter spp

OBJECTIVES: In this study a large random collection (n = 378) of Irish thermophilic Campylobacter isolates were investigated for the presence of integrons, genetic elements associated with the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance. METHODS: Purified genomic DNA from each isolate was analysed by PCR for the presence of class 1 integrons. Four gene cassette-associated amplicons were completely characterized. RESULTS: Sixty-two of the isolates possessed a complete class 1 integron with a recombined gene cassette located within a 1.0 kb amplicon containing an aadA2 gene. This cassette was present in both Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates and following sequence analysis was shown to be similar to sequences recently reported in Salmonella enterica Hadar and on an 85 kb plasmid conferring quinolone resistance in Escherichia coli. CONCLUSIONS: Aminoglycoside aadA2-encoding class 1 integrons were identified among unrelated Campylobacter spp. Amino acid sequence comparisons revealed identical structures in both Salmonella and E. coli. The presence of class 1 integrons in Campylobacter spp. may be significant should these organisms enter the food chain and especially when antimicrobial treatment for severe infections is being considered.     

qnrA in CTX-M-producing Escherichia coli isolates from France

By PCR, we screened for qnr genes 112 clinical isolates of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli collected from hospitals in France during 2004. For the first time, 7.7% of CTX-M-producing E. coli isolates presented a plasmid-mediated resistance to quinolones. All strains harbored a qnrA gene located on a sul1-type class 1 integron with similar structure to the In36 integron.     

Novel streptomycin and spectinomycin resistance gene as a gene cassette within a class 1 integron isolated from Escherichia coli

The aadA genes, encoding resistance to streptomycin and spectinomycin, have been found as gene cassettes in different gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial species. The present study has revealed the sequence of a new gene, aadA5, integrated as a gene cassette together with the trimethoprim resistance gene dfr7 in a class 1 integron. The integron was located on a plasmid and was identified in a pathogenic porcine Escherichia coli isolate.     

整合子介导的大肠埃希菌临床菌株多重耐药研究

目的　了解大肠埃希菌多重耐药菌株中 1、2类整合酶基因的携带情况,研究整合子与抗生素多重耐药的相关性。方法　对 102株大肠埃希菌临床分离株做药物敏感性分析和整合子的PCR基因检测。结果　102株大肠埃希菌对 11种抗生素的耐药率为:氨苄青霉素(94% )、庆大霉素 ( 88% )、环丙沙星 ( 88% )、阿莫西林 /克拉维酸 ( 70% )、头孢唑啉 ( 62% )、头孢他啶(50% )、哌拉西林(41% )、哌拉西林 /他唑巴坦(38% )、头孢哌酮 /舒巴坦(29% )、丁胺卡那 (24% )和泰能 (2% )。102株大肠埃希菌中 51%找到不同插入大小的整合子,插入基因盒大小范围是 650bp到 2 600bp;intⅠ1整合酶基因检出率为 85%,PCR扩增出 280bp大小的intⅠ1基因片段,而未检测到intⅠ2整合酶基因。结论　1类整合子在大肠埃希菌多重耐药菌株中最常见,整合子的存在与细菌的多重抗生素耐药有密切关系。     

Antibiotic resistance conferred by a conjugative plasmid and a class I integron in Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor strains isolated in Albania and Italy

Multidrug-resistant Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor strains isolated during the 1994 outbreak of cholera in Albania and Italy were characterized for the molecular basis of antibiotic resistance. All strains were found to be resistant to tetracycline, streptomycin, spectinomycin, trimethoprim, sulfathiazole, and the vibriostatic compound O/129 (2,4-diamino-6,7-diisopropylteridine). Resistance genes were self-transferable by a conjugative plasmid of about 60 MDa, with the exception of spectinomycin resistance, which was conferred by the aadA1 gene cassette located in the bacterial chromosome within a class 1 integron. The resistance to trimethoprim and O/129 was conferred by the dfrA1 gene, which was present on the plasmid. Although the dfrA1 gene is known to be borne on an integron cassette, class 1, 2, or 3 intI genes were not detected as part of the plasmid DNA from the strains studied.     

Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli O111 isolates

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to generate baseline data on the prevalence and molecular basis of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli O111 isolates. METHODS: A total of 105 epidemiologically unrelated E. coli O111 isolates from humans and cattle (isolated between 1983 and 2003) were tested for susceptibility to 17 antimicrobial agents by broth microdilution. Resistant isolates were screened by molecular methods for resistance genes, class 1 and 2 integrons and mutations in the quinolone-resistance determining regions. RESULTS: Resistance was found in 76% of the isolates, with a prevalence of 72% for multiresistance. The most prevalent resistances were to streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline (72-68%), followed by spectinomycin, ampicillin and kanamycin/neomycin (39-25%). For each antimicrobial agent, the predominant resistance genes were ampicillin, bla(TEM) (94%); chloramphenicol, catA1 (100%); gentamicin, aac(3)-IV and aac(3)-II (50% each); kanamycin, aphA1 (100%); streptomycin, aadA1- like (66%); sulfamethoxazole, sul1 (59%); tetracycline, tet(A) (86%); and trimethoprim, dfrA1-like (83%). Class 1 integrons were found in 41% of the isolates. They carried aadA1, dfrA1-aadA1 and dfrA15-aadA1. A class 2 integron (dfrA1-sat1-aadA1) was found in one isolate. Only three isolates (3%) were resistant to nalidixic acid (reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin), with a single mutation in the gyrA gene. CONCLUSIONS: E. coli O111 strains exhibit a wide repertoire of genetic elements to sustain antimicrobial pressure. Two specific antimicrobial resistance pheno/genotypes, [STR-SPT]-SUL-TET/aadA1-sul1-tet(A) and STR-SUL-TET-AMP-[KAN-NEO]/strA/B-sul2-tet(A)-bla(TEM)-aphA1, are predominant.