代谢综合征的再认识

代谢综合征（MS）是以糖代谢异常（糖尿病或糖调节受损）、高血压、血脂异常、中心型肥胖等多种主要疾病或危险因素在个体聚集为特征的一组临床征候群。尽管现在对MS的本质和起因还不甚了解，但对其危害性医学界巳取得共识：与代谢有关的多种疾病或致病因素同时出现在一个个体身上，它们互相协同作用，产生了比单一病因作用强得多的致病[主要是心血管病（CVD）和糖尿病]作用，严重危害人类健康。     

不同方法评价肥胖相关健康风险效果分析

长期以来，普遍认为体质指数（BMI）是多种慢性疾病诸如2型糖尿病、冠心病的发病率和死亡率的预测因子，也证实了腰围（WC）能预示肥胖相关的健康风险。为确定WC及BMI预测与肥胖相关健康风险的有效性，BMI能否增加WC评价与肥胖相关健康风险的作用，我们进行了研究。结果报告如下。     

哈尔滨地区17 809例健康妇女乳腺疾病筛查与影响因素探讨

目的：了解哈尔滨地区（哈尔滨市，呼兰市）健康妇女乳腺疾病的检出情况，并探讨其可能的影响因素和预防措施。方法：采用横断面调查方法，对哈尔滨地区17809名参加保险的健康妇女进行了问卷调查及乳腺检查。结果：乳腺疾病与乳腺疼痛的检出率分别为61.91％、30.71％，市区均高于县城。多因素分析显示，乳腺疾病的主要影响因素为文化程度、肥胖指数、妊娠次数、生育胎数。结论：乳腺疾病的发生受多种因素的影响，应采取综合措施进行预防。     

吸烟对健康的主要危害

吸烟对健康的主要危害哈尔滨医科大学公共卫生学院（１５０００１）朱振岗香烟燃烧时温度可达１０００℃，产生的烟雾成分十分复杂。其中，对人体健康有害的成分多达数百种。这些有害物质种类繁多，对人体健康有多种危害。不仅使吸烟者发生各种严重疾病，失去健康，缩短寿...     

中青年与吸烟——北京市吸烟问题专题小组讨论结果分析

中青年与吸烟——北京市吸烟问题专题小组讨论结果分析杨晓辉１姚崇华１王锐１林桂红１金大鹏２吴永浩２张云２乔磊大量国内外研究已证实吸烟危害健康，烟草是与２５种疾病有关的危险因素之一，当前居人类死因前三位的疾病（肿瘤、心血管疾病和阻塞性肺部疾病）均与烟草有...     

70220例住院儿童疾病构成统计分析

目的对我院2007年1月-2008年9月70 220例住院儿童疾病构成与相关因素进行分析，为儿童疾病防治及保健工作，健康知识讲座提供信息服务。方法对我院2007年1月-2008年9月出院病人疾病分类报表资料进行整理、统计、分析。结果呼吸系统疾病在住院患者占有很大的比例（28．37％），其次是先天性疾病（14．13％），新生儿疾病（13．05％）、消化系统疾病（5．59％），感染性疾病和寄生虫病（5．42％），神经肌肉系统疾病（5．03％），五官（含耳、鼻、咽、喉、眼和附器）疾病（4．02％），造血系统疾病（3．51％），泌尿系统疾病（3．03％）、免疫性疾病（2．87％）、儿童意外伤害（1．72％）、心血管疾病（1．66％）。结论加强对这13类疾病的诊断、治疗和护理及健康知识的宣教应成为我院医疗卫生及预防工作的重点，以提高广大儿童的健康水平和生命质量。在做好儿童医疗保健的同时，要加强健康知识的宣讲和健康教育，不断扩大儿童医疗保健与卫生宣教的需求，保障儿童健康成长。     

不同职业人员鼻腔和咽喉疾病的调查分析

本文调查了化工、轻工、纺织、机电和电力五个行业４１６４名工人（工人组）的鼻腔和咽喉疾病发病情况，其检出率分别为１２．４４％和２６．３２％；对照组（１１３９名）为６．１５％和１５．３６％。两者间有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。工人组相同工龄、不同工种组间或同一工种、不同工龄组间鼻腔和咽喉疾病检出率无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。表明多种生产性有害因素会对工人鼻腔和咽喉造成危害。提出在职业性健康监护工作时，把鼻腔和咽喉疾病检查列为一项常规的监护指标。     

吸烟有害健康的探讨

烟草产生的烟雾中含有ＣＯ、尼古丁、烟焦油等多种有害物质，已形成社会公害。它对人体呼吸道粘膜产生炎症刺激，使细胞产生毒性作用，有促癌与致癌的作用。长期吸烟会引发、加重多种疾病，增加疾病死亡率等。为了人类健康劝君一定不要吸烟。     

示范点社区慢病现况及主要危险因素分析

目的 了解示范点社区慢性非传染性疾病（以下简称慢病）流行现况及主要危险因素，为有效地在社区开展慢病预防和控制工作提供参考。方法 采用整群抽样法，示范点社区内6966名居民被抽取为调查对象，分别进行了身高、体重、腰围、血压测量及问卷调查。结果 社区内19种疾病的患病率前五位依次为高血压（31.93％）、慢性胃肠疾病（17．60％）、慢性支气管炎（11．00％）、冠心病（7，97％）、骨质疏松或骨折（5.76％）。超重与肥胖、吸烟、缺乏体育锻炼等是慢病的主要危险因素。结论 示范点社区居民高血压患病率高、超重与肥胖、吸烟、饮酒及缺乏体育锻炼的现状已经对其健康构成威胁。因此，应该采取相应的干预措施，降低危险因素的暴露水平，预防和控制高血压，减少心脑血管疾病的发生。     

哈尔滨地区21 341例已婚妇女生殖道疾病筛查及相关因素分析

目的：为了解哈尔滨地区（哈尔滨市，呼兰市，阿城市）已婚妇女生殖道疾病现状并分析与其有关的影响因素，方法：采用横断面调查方法，对哈尔滨地区21341名参加保险的健康妇女进行了问卷调查及妇科检查，结果，参加保险的健康妇女外阴疾病的检出率为0．54％，阴道疾病的检出率为3．20％，宫颈疾病的检出率为53．61％，卵巢疾病的检出率为1．07％，生殖道各疾病在不同群体中的检出率有所不同。多因素logistic回归分析发现：妇女生殖道疾病的主要影响因素依次为地区，职业、孕产史等。结论：以上结果提示生殖道疾病受多种因素影响，应采取综合措施进行预防。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.