阿替普酶初始溶栓序贯抗凝治疗老年急性次大面积肺栓塞疗效与安全性的meta分析

目的:系统评价阿替普酶初始溶栓序贯抗凝治疗老年急性次大面积肺栓塞(ASPE)的疗效与安全性。方法:检索中国知网、维普数据、中国生物医学文献数据库、万方数据、Medline、Embase、PubMed、The Cochrane Library、Clinical Trials,收集阿替普酶溶栓序贯抗凝对比单纯抗凝治疗ASP...     

Predictors of residual pulmonary vascular obstruction after anticoagulation monotherapy in patients with intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism

BackgroundPatients with intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism (PE) can be treated with anticoagulation monotherapy. However, clinicians are concerned as to whether anticoagulation monotherapy is sufficient to reduce mortality in patients with a large embolic burden, and to resolve vascular obstruction. We investigated whether anticoagulation monotherapy was appropriate in patients with intermediate risk PE in terms of the occurrence of residual pulmonary vascular obstruction (RPVO), and the factors that independently predict the occurrence of RPVO.MethodsThis was a multicenter retrospective observational study of patients at intermediate risk of PE who were admitted to three hospitals between January 2012 and December 2017.ResultsOf total 91 patients, the median age was 72 years and 37 (40.7%) were male. Twenty-five patients (27.5%) were diagnosed with RPVO during follow-up. Multivariate logistic regression revealed chronic lung disease [odds ratio (OR), 4.14; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.243–13.797; P=0.021] and the ratio of the diameters of the main pulmonary artery and ascending aorta ratio (P/A ratio) >1.0 documented on a chest computed tomography (CT) at presentation (OR, 3.46; 95% CI, 1.113–10.770; P=0.032) were significant independent predictors of RPVO occurrence. The incidence of RPVO in patients without these two factors was only 9.7%, but in those with the two factors it was 60% (P=0.004).ConclusionsAnticoagulation monotherapy did not seem to be a sufficient treatment to reduce RPVO, but the outcome was similar to that of patients treated with other therapies. Therefore, considering the risk-benefit ratio, we do not need to change the initial treatment as systemic thrombolytic therapy or catheter-based therapy in patient with intermediate risk PE. Underlying chronic lung disease and a P/A ratio >1 on the initial chest CT predicted the occurrence of RPVO. Therefore, we should carefully assess persistent of dyspnea and exercise limitations using various methods in patients with these risk factors, to detect the occurrence of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary disease (CTEPD) earlier.     

肺血栓栓塞症溶栓与抗凝治疗效果比较的meta分析

目的　根据现有临床研究评价肺血栓栓塞症 (PTE)溶栓治疗的有效性和安全性。方法　从 196 6～ 2 0 0 3年 5月MEDLINE光盘数据库和 1978～ 2 0 0 3年 5月中国生物医学光盘数据库 ,检索以大面积和次大面积PTE为研究对象、比较溶栓治疗与抗凝治疗效果的随机对照试验 (RCT)文献 ,并对RCT结果进行meta分析。结果　共 12项RCT 884例患者入选。与抗凝治疗比较 ,溶栓治疗降低PTE病死率和复发率的合并比数比 (OR)分别是 0 975 (95 %可信限为 0 5 0 4～ 1 886 )和0 6 5 3(95 %可信限为 0 378～ 1 12 7) ,两者比较差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 ) ;溶栓治疗增加出血并发症的OR为 2 4 6 1(95 %可信限为 1 6 36～ 3 70 2 ,P <0 0 1)。结论　与抗凝治疗比较 ,溶栓治疗不能进一步降低PTE病死率和复发率 ,且并发出血率较高。     

Diagnosis and treatment of acute pulmonary embolism

Novelties include the introduction of sPESI, a simplified index of pulmonary embolism severity, and hs-cTnT as a new biomarker, already in use in clinical practice.Another novelty is the term unstable pulmonary embolism characterized by either the presence of cardiogenic shock or the need for ventilatory support.The main new information is the evidence of a large US study of treatment of unstable pulmonary embolism reporting a 67% reduction in overall mortality of unstable patients when treated with thrombolytic treatment when compared with the anticoagulation in the same unstable patients.The reduction was obtained across all age groups as well as in comorbid patients.Results of the above study clearly show that, in the absence of absolute contraindications, all unstable APE patients, including the elderly and comorbid patients, should be treated with thrombolysis.By contrast, the comparison of thrombolytic and anticoagulation therapy in the treatment of submassive pulmonary embolism in the PEITHO trial provided unconvincing results, perhaps because of the low mortality rates of the whole group of 1004 patients.Also reported are data from a US study of embolectomies. Caval filter insertion reduced the mortality rates in all analyzed groups. Based on the facts, it is believed another appropriate indication is that of temporary caval filter insertion in patients with severe massive APE, in whom recurrence of pulmonary embolism from pelvic veins has not been ruled out by CT venography.Hemodynamically stable patients should be treated with LMWH or unfractionated heparins, or rivaroxaban or apixaban.At the end of hospitalization a control echocardiography and calculation of residual pulmonary vascular obstruction on a perfusion scan should be performed.     

浅析急性肺栓塞治疗中溶栓率的变化趋势

目的 比较急性肺栓塞溶栓与抗凝治疗的疗效,分析溶栓率的变化趋势.方法 对2001年1月至2009年12月间我院收治的190例肺栓塞患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,分为溶栓组与抗凝组,进行同期资料之间溶栓率的比较,并分别观察两组的有效率、出血率及复发率.结果 2001-2003年(A)、2004-2006年(B)、2007...     

溶栓与单纯抗凝治疗急性次大面积肺栓塞的疗效及安全性

目的：探讨溶栓与单纯抗凝治疗急性次大面积肺栓塞患者的疗效与安全性。方法：63例急性次大面积肺血栓栓塞症患者,被随机分为溶栓组（n＝32）与单纯抗凝组（n＝31）。观察两组治疗前与治疗2周后动脉血气指标及右心功能指标变化,进行疗效分析。统计两组出血、血小板减少发生情况。结果：治疗后两组动脉血气指标及右心功能指标较治疗前显著改善（P＜0.05或＜0.01）;与单纯抗凝组比较,溶栓组动脉血氧分压[PaO2,（77.8±7.3）mmHg比（83.4±8.7）mmHg]、右室前壁活动度[RVAWM,（4.9±1.7）mm比（5.8±2.2）mm]显著上升,肺泡-动脉血氧分压差[P （A-a）O2,（23.1±2.8）mmHg比（16.5±2.4）mmHg]、肺动脉收缩压[PASP,（54.6±7.9）mmHg比（34.2±7.5）mmHg]显著下降（P＜0.05或＜0.01）。溶栓组总有效率显著高于单纯抗凝组（100％比80.6％,P＝0.002）。两组出血发生率及血小板减少发生率无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。结论：溶栓治疗可显著降低急性次大面积肺栓塞患者的肺动脉压力,改善氧合及右室功能指标,无禁忌患者可考虑优先推荐。     

抗凝治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重疑诊肺栓塞的临床观察

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重（AECOPD）疑诊肺栓塞（PE）进行抗凝治疗的有效性。方法将D-二聚体阳性的42例重度AECOPD患者分为血氧分压正常组（A组）和低氧血症组（B组）,并进一步随机分为抗凝（A1、B1）和非抗凝（A2、B2）2个亚组。观察A组和B组抗凝和非抗凝治疗前后的变化。结果B1组与B2组比较,临床症状、动脉血气分析、D-二聚体水平等比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,B1组优于B2组。结论具有PE高危因素,D-二聚体阳性的重度AECOPD患者,应常规予以抗凝治疗。     

急性肺栓塞合并矛盾性栓塞12例临床分析

目的 提高对急性肺栓塞合并矛盾性栓塞的临床特点及疗效的认识,减少误诊和漏诊,为制定正确的诊治策略提供依据.方法 回顾性分析我院1963年至2011年临床诊断或经尸体解剖诊断的急性肺栓塞合并矛盾性栓塞病例.结果 急性肺栓塞合并矛盾性栓塞患者12例,男10例,女2例,平均年龄(73±12)岁.伴休克11例,伴晕厥7例,呼吸骤停1例;肺动脉血栓栓塞部位均位于肺动脉主干、骑跨于主肺动脉分叉处或左、右肺动脉干,伴有双侧、多叶段肺动脉栓塞;均有右室增大,卵圆孔开放5例,右心房、右心室血栓3例,左心房血栓3例,卵圆孔骑跨栓3例.体循环动脉栓塞最多见的是脑动脉栓塞(5例),其他有下肢动脉、肾动脉、肝脾动脉及冠状动脉栓塞.临床诊断5例,溶栓治疗3例,均治愈;血栓清除术1例,治愈;单纯抗凝治疗1例,死亡.7例在发病2～6 h死亡,经尸体解剖诊断.结论 急性肺栓塞合并矛盾性栓塞临床并非罕见,血流动力学不稳定,病死率高,应加强诊断意识.临床诊断后及时给予溶栓治疗,可有效改善血流动力学,提高生存率,有溶栓禁忌证及血流动力学持续不稳定可考虑手术清除血栓.     

29例急性肺栓塞临床观察及治疗研究

目的分析急性肺栓塞的临床特点,观察溶栓抗凝治疗对急性肺栓塞的临床治疗效果。方法２９例肺栓塞患者根据放射性核素肺灌注通气检查、选择性肺动脉造影或超声心动图确诊。对其中２３例肺栓塞患者行静脉溶栓加抗凝治疗２９例次;６例肝素抗凝治疗,以临床及核素检查评价其治疗效果。结果男性患者中以年轻超力型发病者较高,女性患者以更年期以后发病明显增高。院外误诊率高达７５．９％。临床上以呼吸困难为主要表现者多见;尿激酶或重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂（ｒｔ－ＰＡ）溶栓２９例次,总有效率为６５．５％。根据本组有限病例观察溶栓效果与栓塞的面积未见差异,而与发病开始到溶栓治疗的时间密切相关（Ｐ＜０．０５）。肝素抗凝６例,１例显效,２例有效,３例无效。结论应提高对急性肺栓塞的警惕性,减少误诊率;尿激酶或ｒｔ－ＰＡ对急性肺栓塞溶栓抗凝治疗安全有效,溶栓时间越早越好;对有溶栓适应证的患者应首选溶栓治疗。     

Efficacy of rivaroxaban for the treatment of Chinese patients with acute pulmonary embolism: A retrospective study

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a life-threatening disease, which accounts for the major type of venous thromboembolism. Currently, there is limited understanding and management for PE. Rivaroxaban is reported to treat patients with PE. However, there is still insufficient evidence on rivaroxaban for the treatment of Chinese patients with acute PE. Thus, this retrospective study investigated the benefits and safety of rivaroxaban for Chinese patients with acute PE.A total of 72 Chinese patient cases with acute PE were analyzed in this study. Of these, 36 cases who received rivaroxaban mono-therapy were assigned to the treatment group, while the remaining 36 cases who received standard therapy were assigned to the control group. The benefits were assessed by the duration of hospital stay, treatment satisfaction, and safety.After treatment, rivaroxaban mono-therapy showed better benefits in decreasing the duration of hospital stay (P < .01), increasing treatment satisfaction (P < .01), and reducing mild bleeding (P = .02) in Chinese patients with acute PE, than standard therapy.The results of this study indicated that rivaroxaban may provide more benefits than the standard therapy for Chinese patients with acute PE. Future studies are still needed to warrant the current results.     

实验性急性肺栓塞溶栓疗法与动脉血浆内皮素水平变化

目的：自体血栓注入法建立急性肺栓塞动物模型，探讨内皮素在急性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压中的作用和溶栓疗法对肺动脉释放内皮素的影响。方法：14只杂种犬，自体血栓注入法建立急性肺栓塞模型。模型犬随机分入溶栓组和对照组，溶栓组7只犬给予尿激酶20000U/kg，100ml液体稀释后30分钟静脉滴入，对照组同期输入等量的生理盐水。分别于注栓前、溶栓前（对照组同期）、溶栓后（对照组同期）血液动力学测定，采动脉血放免法测定血浆内皮素水平。结果：溶栓组犬静注尿激酶30分钟后，伴随肺动脉压力和肺血管阻力的显著性下降，动脉血浆内皮素水平显著升高，溶栓后30小时为99.25±12.90pg/L，与注栓前51．63±10．09pg/L比较P＜005，与对照组同期值55．93±2.10pg/L比较P＜001，对照组犬栓塞后4小时内肺动脉压力和肺血管阻力无显著变化，内皮素水平亦无显著性改变。结论：内皮素可能与急性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压的形成有关，动脉血浆内皮素水平的增加可能是血管再通的一个标志。     

An unusual presentation of massive pulmonary embolism mimicking septal acute myocardial infarction treated with tenecteplase

A 31-year-old man (175 cm, 82 kg) was referred to the emergency department 2 h after the sudden onset of acute dyspnea. Immediate ECG showed sinus tachycardia with ST elevations from V1 through V2 and a diagnosis of septal acute myocardial infarction was made. ECG on admission to the cardiology department showed the same results plus the S1–Q3–T3 pattern. Echocardiogram revealed a normally contracting left ventricle, a distended right ventricle with free wall hypokinesia and displacement of the interventricular septum towards the left ventricle. Thrombolytic therapy with tenecteplase 8000 IU and heparin 5000 IU was administered 5–10 min after hospitalisation and the patient was haemodynamically stable 30 min later. Echocardiogram performed 12 h after thrombolysis showed a normal left ventricle and a less distended right ventricle. Lung spiral computed tomography (CT) and lower abdominal CT on the fourth day showed large emboli in the inferior pulmonary arteries of the right and left lung. Rarely, massive pulmonary embolism may mimic anteroseptal acute myocardial infarction on ECG and this case demonstrates the utility of echocardiography for a differential diagnosis, as well as the efficacy of tenecteplase for thrombolytic therapy.     

Silent pulmonary embolism in patients with deep venous thrombosis. Incidence and fate in a randomized,controlled trial of anticoagulation versus no anticoagulation

Abstract. Objectives . A high frequency of asymptomatic pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients with deep venous thrombosis (DVT) has been reported, but information about the outcome of the patients with PE remains sparse. The aims of the present study were to assess the prevalence of silent PE in patients with symptomatic, venographically proven DVT, and to evaluate the natural history of silent PE. Design . Consecutive patients from one centre of primary care were included in a randomized, open study with blinded control. All patients gave written, informed consent. Subjects . Eighty-seven consecutive patients with venographically proven DVT and with a perfusionventilation lung scintigraphy performed within 48 h of the DVT diagnosis were included. On the 10th and 60th days the lung scintigraphy was repeated in 80 and 60 patients, respectively. All the patients were followed for 3 months in the out-patient clinic. Interventions . All patients were ambulated from the first day and were allocated randomly to no anticoagulant (non-AC) therapy or to AC therapy with intravenous heparin infusion for at least 6 days and oral AC therapy for 3 months. Results . Forty-three of these patients had a high probability lung scintigraphy for PE. Distal vein and femoral vein thrombosis embolized in 33 and 53% of patients, respectively. The progression rate after 60 days was 3% in both the AC and the non-AC group and after 10 days the rates were 13 and 8%, respectively. Conclusions . A high frequency of silent PE in patients with DVT both above and below the knee is demonstrated. AC treatment did not influence the resolution rate of PE or the rate of clinical PE in a 3-month follow-up period.     

急性肺栓塞诊断治疗的临床分析及探讨

目的　探讨肺栓塞危险因素与发病的关系、急性肺栓塞的正确诊断程序及治疗措施。方法　对 1 990～ 2 0 0 1年确诊的 1 0 6例急性肺栓塞患者的易患因素、辅助检查、治疗方法及转归进行临床评估分析。结果　 60～ 70岁肺栓塞患者所占的比例最高。 1 0 6例肺栓塞患者中 ,超声心动图呈典型改变者占 74.6 % ,血气分析示低氧血症者占 61 .9% ,D 二聚体 (D dimer) >50 0 μg/L占 84.1 % ,放射性肺核素扫描提示呈肺段分布的灌注缺损并与通气不匹配者占 87.5 %。螺旋CT及肺动脉造影诊断敏感性分别为 93 %及 1 0 0 %。接受溶栓治疗 2 2例 ,死亡 2例 ;未接受溶栓治疗 84例 ,死亡 1 4例。随访中复发 4例 ,国际标准化比率 (INR)均未达有效抗凝水平。结论　肺栓塞发病率与易患因素密切相关 ;对于血流动力学不稳定的急性肺栓塞 ,床旁无创检查可快速确立诊断并指导治疗 ;溶栓治疗可提高肺栓塞患者的生存率     

50例老年人急性肺栓塞临床特点分析

目的 探讨如何提高对老年人肺栓塞的诊断率和减少漏诊率.方法 对50例确诊的老年急性肺栓塞患者的易患因素、临床特点、辅助检查、治疗方法及转归进行临床评估分析.结果 50例肺栓塞患者中,主要临床表现为呼吸困难者为92%、咳嗽为56%、心悸为50%、胸痛为46%;血气分析示低氧血症者占94%;D-二聚体＞500μg/L者占90%;螺旋CT肺动脉造影（CTPA）为主要诊断方法;接受溶栓治疗19例,单纯抗凝治疗29例,2例因出血未行任何抗凝治疗.17例行下腔静脉滤器植入术以预防再次肺栓塞.治愈5例（均为溶栓患者）,占10%;好转43例,占86%;死亡2例（均为单纯抗凝治疗患者）,占4%.结论 肺栓塞临床表现多样;X线胸片、心电图等常规检查不具特异性;D-二聚体具有筛选价值;CTPA是首选的诊断方法,必要时可以做核素肺通气灌注显像和肺动脉造影;老年肺栓塞患者溶栓治疗时出血风险较高.     

急性肺血栓栓塞症患者溶栓治疗后的远期预后分析

目的　分析急性大面积肺血栓栓塞症 (PTE)患者溶栓治疗后的远期预后。方法　对2 60例急性PTE患者进行溶栓治疗并随访 ,分析其临床资料及引起远期临床事件 [死亡、再发深静脉血栓形成、再发PTE、慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压和 (或 )右心衰竭、抗凝治疗出现大出血、依赖家庭氧疗 ]的危险因素。结果　 2 60例PTE患者在住院期间死亡 2 2例 (8 5 % ) ,其中 1 5例 (62 8% )死于PTE。随访 2 2 7例患者 ,为期 3 9～ 8 4年 ,死亡 72例 (31 7% ) ,其中有 2 1例患者死于再发PTE。对随访资料完整的 1 65例患者进行远期临床事件的危险因素分析 ,单因素分析显示 ,既往有血栓栓塞病史、抗凝治疗不足 6个月、植入下腔静脉滤器、溶栓后超声心动图仍显示右室功能障碍和 (或 )扩大、溶栓后超声多普勒仍测得肺动脉收缩压 >50mmHg、出院前核素肺通气 /灌注扫描显示肺血管床阻塞 >30 %与远期临床事件的发生相关 ;多变量分析显示 ,溶栓后超声心动图仍显示右室功能障碍和 (或 )扩大、溶栓后超声多普勒仍测得肺动脉收缩压 >50mmHg、出院前核素肺通气 /灌注扫描显示肺血管床阻塞 >30 %是PTE远期预后的独立危险因素。结论　通过高危因素的确立 ,可予患者更积极的治疗 ,改善患者的预后     

Recent developments in the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary embolism

Due to the nonspecific symptoms of the condition, a diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is frequently considered. However, PE will only be confirmed in 10–20% of patients. Because the imaging test of choice, computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA), is costly and associated with radiation exposure and other complications, a validated diagnostic algorithm consisting of a clinical decision rule and D‐dimer test should be used to safely exclude PE in 20–30% of patients without the need for CTPA. Recently, the age‐adjusted D‐dimer threshold has been validated, and this has increased the proportion of patients at older age in whom PE can be excluded without CTPA. Initial therapeutic management of PE depends on the risk of short‐term PE‐related mortality. Haemodynamically unstable patients should be closely monitored and receive thrombolytic therapy unless contraindicated because of an unacceptably high bleeding risk, whereas patients with low‐risk PE may be safely discharged early from hospital or receive only outpatient treatment. The PESI score and Hestia decision rule are available to select patients in whom early discharge or outpatient treatment will be safe, although the safety of these strategies should be confirmed in additional studies. Standard PE therapy consists of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) followed by vitamin K antagonists (VKAs). Recently, several nonvitamin K‐dependent oral anticoagulants have been shown to be as effective as LMWH/VKAs, and maybe safer. Determining the optimal duration of treatment for a first unprovoked PE remains a challenge, although clinical prediction rules for estimating the risk of recurrence of venous thromboembolism and anticoagulation‐associated haemorrhage are under investigation. Using these prediction rules may lead to both more standardized and more individualized long‐term treatment of PE.     

Good neurological recovery after rescue thrombolysis of presumed pulmonary embolism despite prior 100 minutes CPR

We reported the case of a 70-year-old man who was admitted to neurologic wards for recurrent syncope for 3 years. Unfortunately, just 2 hours after his admission, he suddenly collapsed and failed to return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) after a 100-minute standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Fortunately, he was timely suspected to have pulmonary embolism (PE) based on his sedentary lifestyle, elevated D-dimer and markedly enlarged right ventricle chamber on bedside echocardiography. After a rescue thrombolytic alteplase therapy, he was successfully resuscitated and good neurological recovery was achieved.     

急性肺栓塞18例临床诊治分析

目的探讨急性肺栓塞的临床特点、诊断,以提高该病的诊治水平。方法对2002年6月～2007年8月人院并确诊的18例肺栓塞的临床表现、检查、诊断及治疗方法进行临床分析。结果急性肺栓塞临床表现不特异。易患因素有高龄、手术、心房纤颤、长期卧床等,主要症状表现为不明原因的呼吸困难、胸痛、晕厥、咯血等,影像学特点呈多样性改变。主要治疗方法为溶栓、抗凝治疗。18例患者治愈率（10例）占56％,好转率（4例）占22％,病死率（4例）占22％。结论肺栓塞的表现不典型,临床医师应提高对急性肺栓塞的诊治水平,逐步提高急性肺栓塞患者的生存率。