血气分析对羊水Ⅲ度粪染新生儿胎粪吸入综合征的预测价值

目的:探讨脐动脉和桡动脉血气分析对羊水Ⅲ度粪染新生儿胎粪吸入综合征(MAS)的预测价值。方法:选择2010年7月至2012年7月无合并症的足月羊水Ⅲ度粪染新生儿100例作为粪染组。随机选择同期分娩的230例足月妊娠无合并症羊水清的新生儿作为对照组。结果:①粪染组脐动脉血pH 7.21±0.11、HCO322.56±3.47 mEq/L都明显低于对照组7.26±0.07、23.83±2.19 mEq/L,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。粪染组脐动脉血PaCO255.74±9.96 mmHg、BE-5.44±4.62 mmol/L均明显高于对照组52.94±8.01 mmHg和-3.18±2.51 mmol/L,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。②桡动脉血pH7.30新生儿MAS发生率为73.08%,与桡动脉血pH≥7.30新生儿MAS发生率22.97%比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。以桡动脉血pH7.30为异常指标预测MAS发生的阳性预测值为73.08%,敏感性52.77%,特异性89.06%。③粪染组新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)6例,均显示脐动脉血pH7.10且桡动脉血pH7.30。结论:桡动脉血pH7.30对预测MAS发生有一定的价值。羊水Ⅲ度粪染胎儿缺氧发生几率明显增高。脐动脉血气pH7.10且桡动脉血pH7.30的新生儿发生HIE几率明显升高。     

胎粪吸入综合征的防治

我院自1988年1月到1990年12月活产婴4447例,于宫口开大3cm时行人工破膜,分娩时常规清除新生儿第一口吸气前气道内粪染粘液,微泵吸尽咽喉部、食道和胃内粘液。对Ⅱ、°Ⅲ°胎粪污染儿,采用中药煎汤蒸气吸雾疗法,同时用氨芐或先锋1号静推。结果:胎粪污染率16.2％,MAS 发生率1.8％,MAS病死率(5例)0.69％,与对照组比较,均有显著性差异。本文方法对减少MAS发生率和MAS儿的病死率起到明显作用。     

胎粪吸入综合征的防治

胎粪吸入综合征(moconium aspiration syn-dronu;MAS)是指胎儿在缺氧时,将胎粪排入羊水,又将此含胎粪的羊水吸入呼吸道,造成气道阻塞而引起的一系列症状.也有称胎粪吸入性肺炎者.其临床表现较一般羊水吸人性肺炎严重,并发症较多.有胎粪吸入的新生儿在出生2～3日内可发展为进行性呼吸衰竭,严重缺氧,甚至死亡.是新生儿主要死亡原因之一。90%以上患者为过期儿及足月儿.病死率可高达19～34%据报道,在足月儿中,此症的病死率是其他死亡原因总和的20倍,山此可见其后果之严重。一、与发病有关的因素     

胎粪吸入综合征

胎粪吸入综合征(meconium aspiration synd-rome,MAS)是指胎儿在宫内或分娩时呼吸道内吸入胎粪而引起新生儿呼吸窘迫,一般多发生在足月或过月、体重>2500g 的新生儿。MAS 总的发生率约为1～3%,死亡率可高达19～34%,是新生儿一种常见而又严重的致命性并发症,因而具有很重要的临床意义。胎粪吸入与羊水污染有密切的关系。据文献     

Ⅲ度羊水胎粪污染新生儿74例脑组织氧饱和度研究

目的探讨Ⅲ度羊水胎粪污染与新生儿脑组织氧饱和度的关系及影响新生儿脑组织氧饱和度的围生因素。方法将2004年1月至2005年3月在暨南大学第二临床学院妇产科分娩的Ⅲ度羊水胎粪污染的足月新生儿,根据胎粪吸入综合征(MAS)诊断标准分为MAS组和无MAS组,羊水清的足月新生儿为对照组,在新生儿出生后2～8h,第2、3、5、7天测量脑组织氧饱和度。结果MAS组新生儿出生后2～8h,第2、3、5、7天脑组织氧饱和度与无MAS组、对照组比较明显降低,差异有极显著性意义(P<0.01),无MAS组新生儿在第2、3天脑组织氧饱和度与对照组比较明显降低,差异有极显著性意义(P<0.01)。顺产组新生儿出生后2～8h脑组织氧饱和度比剖宫产组低,差异有极显著性意义(P<0.01),在第2、3、5、7天比较差异则无显著性意义(P>0.05)。新生儿出生后脑组织氧饱和度持续异常的围生因素有:绒毛膜羊膜炎合并Ⅲ度羊水胎粪污染及Ⅲ度羊水胎粪污染伴随新生儿窒息。结论MAS组新生儿脑组织氧饱和度受到影响并发生脑损伤。Ⅲ度羊水胎粪污染应立即结束分娩。绒毛膜羊膜炎出现Ⅲ度羊水胎粪污染及Ⅲ度羊水胎粪污染伴随新生儿窒息可导致严重的围生期脑损伤。     

胎粪吸入综合征患儿血清肌钙蛋白Ⅰ和肌酸激酶同工酶检测45例分析

目的探讨胎粪吸入综合征（MAS）对血清肌钙蛋白Ⅰ（cTnⅠ）和肌酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）的影响。方法取确诊MAS的新生儿45例为观察组,同期出生的健康新生儿40例为对照组,分别测定血清cTnⅠ和CK-MB水平,并将结果进行统计分析。结果观察组cTnⅠ和CK-MB分别为（0.31±0.24）μg/L、（85.1±18.3）U/L,均高于对照组（0.03±0.19）μg/L、（34.2±12.5）U/L,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。观察组中血清cTnⅠ的异常率68.89%（31/45）,高于对照组5.00%（2/40）,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;观察组中血清CK-MB的异常率66.67%（30/45）,高于对照组50.00%（20/40）,但两组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论 MAS新生儿血清cTnⅠ和CK-MB水平较正常高,应常规对MAS患儿进行血清cTnⅠ和CK-MB检测,可以早期发现心肌损害,及时干预和治疗。     

胎粪吸入

惠灵顿医院二年半间出生的6,958例新生儿中,有758例(10.9%)发现羊水中有胎粪污染。120例婴儿在出生后因疑有胎粪吸入或其他并发症而入新生儿监护病房观察和治疗,其中66例经直接喉镜检查发现声带下有胎粪而确诊为胎粪吸入。从120例患婴及其母亲的病历,本文分析了可能与胎粪吸入有关的因素。根据羊水中胎粪的密度高低而人为分为“稠”和“稀”以表示胎粪量的多少。羊水粪染时抢救方法是在婴儿的头刚娩出或躯干娩出前,轻擦婴儿的口、鼻并用吸管经每侧鼻孔直到鼻咽水平进行吸取或经口、喉咽部吸取。常根据程度轻重,将胎粪吸入分为:①致命:因胎粪吸入严重,使用呼吸机无效。②严重:需长时间使用呼吸机及有气胸、脑水     

分娩期及新生儿期胎粪吸入综合征

新生儿胎粪吸入综合征是胎儿在子宫内吸入了胎粪污染的羊水。本文介绍克利福兰总医院妇产科1986年6～10月间羊水内有胎粪污染的活婴238例对其产前胎心率,产后脐动脉血pH值、PCO_2值和Apgar评分与分娩期,新生儿期胎粪吸入综合征的相关性予以分析,以尽早发现并确诊。选择羊水有胎粪污染的新生儿,体重>2300g,胎龄>37周,根据胎粪污染程度分轻、中、重三组。每例新生儿在头娩出后肩娩出前用DeLee器吸引咽部,在出生后做胸部加压并做气管内插管吸引,对     

肺表面活性物质对胎粪吸入综合征患儿氧合功能及血小板源性生长因子的影响

新生儿胎粪吸入综合征( meconium aspiration syndrome,MAS)系胎儿在官内或产时吸入混有胎粪的羊水,导致呼吸道和肺泡机械性阻塞、肺表面活性物质( pulmonary surfactant,PS)失活以及肺组织化学性炎症,临床以低氧血症、高碳酸血症和酸中毒为特征,同时伴有其他脏器受损的一组综合征.国内报道活产儿中MAS发生率为1.2％～2.2％,病死率为7％～15.2％[1];国外流行病学调查资料报道MAS的病死率为3％～12％[2].MAS患儿内源性PS受到严重损害,胎粪吸入引起的缺氧、酸中毒损害肺血管内皮细胞及肺泡上皮细胞,导致肺水肿、肺出血发生,使肺弥散功能降低,缺氧加重.血小板源性生长因子(platelet-derived growth factor,PDGF)是重要的促纤维化因子之一,能刺激各种细胞如成纤维细胞、血管内皮细胞、胶质细胞等增殖.本研究旨在观察MAS患儿应用PS前后血清中PDGF的水平,了解PS的应用对MAS患儿氧合功能及PDGF表达的影响,从而为重症MAS应用PS治疗提供理论依据.     

36例新生儿胎粪吸入综合征综合护理措施分析

目的：探讨新生儿胎粪吸入综合征的综合护理措施,以降低其发病率和病死率。方法对36例新生儿胎粪吸入综合征采取综合护理措施,总结临床护理经验。结果36例患儿经治疗及护理后,治愈出院34例,因其他原因转院1例,死亡1例,治愈率91．67％。结论保持新生儿胎粪吸入综合征患儿呼吸道通畅、给予合理的供氧以及正确治疗和护理是综合护理新生儿胎粪吸入患儿的关键。     

Incidence of meconium aspiration syndrome in term meconium-stained babies managed at birth with selective tracheal intubation.

The delivery room management of infants born through meconium stained amniotic fluid (MSAF) remains controversial. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate maternal and neonatal characteristics of MSAF infants and the incidence of meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) in routine delivery room management which reserved selective intubation for depressed/asphyxiated babies. Between October 1993 and September 1997, a consecutive sample of 3745 full-term infants was analyzed. Of these, 361 were MSAF infants. No significant difference in maternal age, parity, gestational age, sex, low 1 and 5 minute Apgar scores, metabolic acidemia, or need for endotracheal intubation was found between MSAF and non-MSAF infants. Only one of the MSAF infants (0.28%), who needed intubation, developed MAS. Identification of postterm pregnancy and prenatal asphyxia is the best prevention of MAS.     

Fatal meconium aspiration syndrome occurring despite airway management considered appropriate

A combined obstetric-pediatric approach to tracheal toilet is said to prevent serious cases of the potentially fatal meconium aspiration syndrome. After delivery of the head a DeLee trap is used to suction the oropharynx and nasopharynx. Immediately following delivery, endotracheal suction is performed in an effort to remove any remaining meconium-stained amniotic fluid. Although routinely using this approach, we continue to have occasional cases of fatal meconium aspiration syndrome. Therefore, we reviewed the outcome of infants born through meconium-stained fluid. During a 5-year period, 1420 (15%) of 9299 live-born infants had meconium-stained fluid. Thirty (2.1%) of these 1420 developed meconium aspiration syndrome and 12 (40%) died; eight received a postmortem examination. Four had unequivocal evidence of meconium aspiration, two had large numbers of intra-alveolar squamous cells, and two had no evidence of aspiration. We conclude that aggressive airway management during and immediately after delivery does not always prevent fatal meconium aspiration syndrome.     

Efficacy of bulb versus DeLee suction at deliveries complicated by meconium stained amniotic fluid

A combined obstetric-pediatric approach to the management of deliveries complicated by meconium-stained amniotic fluid has been recommended to decrease the incidence of meconium aspiration syndrome. Although pharyngeal suction with a DeLee catheter is generally recommended, many obstetricians prefer to use a bulb syringe for suction at the perineum. A thorough review of the literature reveals no prospective studies in humans comparing the two techniques. In the present study, these two techniques of pharyngeal suction were prospectively compared at deliveries complicated by meconium-stained amniotic fluid. Of the total 2874 deliveries, 127 (4%) were complicated by moderate or thickly meconium-stained amniotic fluid, and 107 of these were included in the study. There were 53 infants in the DeLee-suctioned group and 54 in the bulb-suctioned group. Of the 107 studied infants, four (4%) developed meconium aspiration syndrome, three in the DeLee group and one in the bulb group. There was no significant difference in the amount of meconium found below the vocal cords, comparing pharyngeal DeLee suction to bulb suction (0.22 cc versus 0.24 cc; p = NS). In conclusion, the data fail to support a significant difference in efficacy between bulb and DeLee suction in clearing the naso- and oropharynx of the neonate of meconium in cephalic-presenting vaginal or cesarean delivery.     

Meconium aspiration syndrome: intrapartum and neonatal attributes

To identify the fetus and newborn at risk for meconium aspiration syndrome the perinatal characteristics of 238 infants delivered through meconium-stained amniotic fluid were prospectively examined. All infants with meconium-stained amniotic fluid were routinely suctioned with a DeLee apparatus before tracheal intubation and suctioning. The type and presence of meconium in the trachea, neonatal breathing before intubation, and Apgar scores were recorded in the delivery room. Intrapartum fetal monitoring data were collected for 80% (190/238) of the mothers and umbilical artery pH for 74% (177/238) of the newborns. Despite suctioning with a DeLee apparatus and endotracheal suctioning, meconium was present in the trachea in 87/238 (37%) and meconium aspiration syndrome developed in 22 (9.2%). A total of 73% of newborns who had meconium aspiration syndrome were delivered through thick meconium. Thick meconium, the presence of fetal tachycardia, and absence of intrapartum fetal cardiac accelerations identified the fetus at high risk for meconium aspiration syndrome. The presence of these monitoring findings and thick meconium should alert obstetricians to the possibility of a fetus that requires intervention. Low umbilical artery pH, Apgar scores less than 5, and meconium in the trachea further characterized the newborn at high risk for meconium aspiration syndrome. The combination of these findings may best identify the infant delivered through meconium-stained amniotic fluid who requires close observation for meconium aspiration syndrome.     

ACOG Committee Opinion No. 379: Management of delivery of a newborn with meconium-stained amniotic fluid

In accordance with the new guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Heart Association, all infants with meconium-stained amniotic fluid should no longer routinely receive intrapartum suctioning. If meconium is present and the newborn is depressed, the clinician should intubate the trachea and suction meconium and other aspirated material from beneath the glottis.     

Does DeLee suction at the perineum prevent meconium aspiration syndrome?

OBJECTIVE: We attempted to determine the impact of "early" (before delivery of the chest) oronasopharyngeal DeLee suctioning at the perineum in the prevention of meconium aspiration syndrome and to confirm that meconium aspiration syndrome is a postnatal event. STUDY DESIGN: We compared infants with meconium-stained fluid who underwent "early" oronasopharyngeal DeLee suctioning with a similar group of infants whose airways were suctioned "late" (after chest delivery). Practicing obstetricians did not know the study was being conducted by the pediatric staff, and an independent observer documented whether obstetricians performed "early" or "late" oronasopharyngeal DeLee suctioning. Immediate postnatal tracheal suctioning was performed in both groups. The study was conducted in a private tertiary care center averaging 5800 deliveries annually. A consecutive sample of 438 infants with meconium-stained fluid was analyzed. Of these infants, 221 received "early" oronasopharyngeal DeLee suctioning, while 217 infants were suctioned "late". RESULTS: Of the 438 infants with meconium-stained fluid, meconium aspiration syndrome developed in 38 (9%). These infants had higher rates of fetal distress (i.e., abnormal fetal heart rates) and lower Apgar scores (< or = 6) than infants without meconium aspiration syndrome (58% vs 17% and 65% vs 13%, respectively; p < 0.001). Forty-five percent of the infants with meconium aspiration syndrome had renal failure during the first 20 hours of life. In spite of "early" oronasopharyngeal DeLee suctioning, 53% of the infants in this group had meconium below the vocal cords and meconium aspiration syndrome developed in 7%. The time of oronasopharyngeal DeLee suctioning did not affect the rate of meconium aspiration syndrome or the presence of meconium below the vocal cords. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that "early" oronasopharyngeal DeLee suctioning at the perineum does not affect the rate of meconium aspiration syndrome. We speculate that meconium aspiration syndrome is predominantly an intrauterine event associated with fetal distress and that meconium in the airways is merely a "marker" of previous fetal hypoxia.     

Delivery room risk factors for meconium aspiration syndrome

The objective of this study is to identify risk factors for meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) in newborns born through meconium-stained amniotic fluid (MSAF). From May 27, 1994 to June 9, 1997 maternal and neonatal data were prospectively collected on all infants born through MSAF. Development of MAS was the primary outcome. Using bivariate and logistic regression analysis we identified risk factors for MAS. There were 8,967 births during this period: 7.9% (708 of 8,967) were delivered through MSAF. Respiratory symptoms developed in 6.8% (48 of 708) of births. Of these, 50% (24 of 48) were excluded due to the diagnosis of transient tachypnea of the newborn (17), respiratory distress syndrome (4), group B streptococcus pneumonia (1), congenital cytomegalic inclusion disease (1), and supraventricular tachycardia (1). Of the 24 infants with respiratory symptoms consistent with MAS, 45.8% (11 of 24) required ventilatory support, one required extracorporeal-membrane oxygenation. Bivariate analysis identified six risk factors ( p <0.05): Apgar <7 at 1 minute, Apgar <7 at 5 minutes, thick meconium, fetal distress, suction of infant's stomach by delivery room team at <5 minutes of age, and need for resuscitation. Tracheal meconium was very prevalent in our population at 74% of all intubated infants, and was not significantly associated with MAS. Logistic regression analysis identified four independent risk factors. Looking at multiple prediction models, an infant with fetal distress, Apgar <7 at 1 and 5 minutes and thick meconium has a 79.8% probability of developing respiratory symptoms. If these risk factors are not present, there is a 0.8% risk. In our cohort, this group had 16.7% positive predictive value (4 of 24) and 99.6% negative predictive value (657 of 660). In meconium deliveries, infants with thick meconium, fetal distress, and Apgar scores <7 at 1 and 5 minutes are at high risk for development of respiratory symptoms. Infants delivered in the absence of all of these risk factors are at low risk for development of MAS.     

The relation between the need for intubation at birth, abnormal cardiotocograms in labour and cord artery blood gas and pH values

A consecutive series of 56 infants of 32 weeks gestation or more who were resuscitated at birth by endotracheal intubation was studied to determine the occurrence of abnormal cardiotocograph traces and acidosis as determined by cord artery blood measurements. Thirty-two infants (57%) had neither cardiotocographic abnormalities nor acidosis; in this group the factors associated with the need for intubation were meconium stained amniotic fluid, operative delivery, anaesthetic agents given to the mother, a tight nuchal cord, and traumatic vaginal delivery. The need for intubation at birth should not automatically be regarded as evidence of intrapartum hypoxia or disturbed acid-base balance.     

The need for delivery room intubation of thin meconium in the low-risk newborn: a clinical trial.

The delivery room management of meconium-stained amniotic fluid remains controversial. We attempted to determine if intubation of the low-risk newborn with thin meconium affects the incidence of respiratory symptoms. Exclusion criterion included moderate or thick meconium, fetal distress, neonatal depression, or prematurity. Eligible infants were randomized to either an intubation (group I) or to a nonintubation group (group II). The outcome was the presence of respiratory symptoms. Patients were studied from May 1994 to June 1997. There were 8967 births during this period: 7.9% (708/8967) were delivered through meconium. Thin meconium was noted in 50.3% (356/708) of all births. 24/356 infants with thin meconium were excluded for medical criterion. One hundred sixty-three infants were medically eligible but could not be randomized due to lack of consent, late arrival of the team, or obstetrician request. These were placed into intubation (group I B) and nonintubation (group II B) groups. Seventy-seven infants were randomized into group I and 92 infants into group II. From the intubation groups I and I B, one required supplemental oxygen and was weaned to room air in 7 hr. From the nonintubation groups II and II B, two infants required oxygen, weaning to room air in 11 and 46 hr. Comparing birth weight, gestational age, sex, mode of delivery and 5-min Apgar, there were no significant differences. However, the intubation groups had significantly lower 1-min Apgar scores. There was no airway morbidity reported in the intubation groups. In the infant with thin meconium and an otherwise low-risk pregnancy, we were unable to demonstrate a difference in respiratory symptoms with intubation and intratracheal suctioning.     

The relation between the need for intubation at birth, abnormal cardiotocograms in labour and cord artery blood gas and pH values

Summary. A consecutive series of 56 infants of 32 weeks gestation or more who were resuscitated at birth by endotracheal intubation was studied to determine the occurrence of abnormal cardiotocograph traces and acidosis as determined by cord artery blood measurements. Thirty-two infants (57%) had neither cardiotocographic abnormalities nor acidosis; in this group the factors associated with the need for intubation were meconium stained amniotic fluid, operative delivery, anaesthetic agents given to the mother, a tight nuchal cord, and traumatic vaginal delivery. The need for intubation at birth should not automatically be regarded as evidence of intrapartum hypoxia or disturbed acid-base balance.