孟鲁司特钠对小儿毛细支气管炎TH17/Treg的调节作用及疗效研究

目的：观察孟鲁司特钠对小儿毛细支气管炎Th17/Treg的调节作用及疗效。方法：选取2013年6月至2015年4月我院儿科治疗的毛细支气管炎患儿124例,随机分为对照组和观察组各62例。对照组给予常规综合治疗,包括吸氧、利巴韦林抗病毒、沙丁胺醇气雾剂平喘、合并细菌感染时抗感染、氯丙嗪镇静等;观察组在对照组治疗基础上加用孟鲁司特钠片4 mg/d,每天睡前顿服,连续治疗7 d。流式细胞仪检测Th17和Treg细胞水平,ELISA法测定IL-17和IL-10表达水平,评价疗效。结果：治疗前,两组Th17、Treg、IL-17、IL-10水平比较差异无统计学意义（P均>0.05）;治疗后,两组Th17、IL-17水平均降低且观察组低于对照组,Treg、IL-10水平均升高且观察组高于对照组（P均<0.05）。观察组总有效率90.32%,高于对照组的72.58%,且症状消失时间和住院时间均短于对照组（P均<0.05）。结论：孟鲁司特钠可以调节毛细支气管炎患儿体内Th17/Treg平衡,对小儿毛细支气管炎具有一定的临床应用价值。     

药物流产出血模型小鼠雌、孕激素水平与Th17/Treg亚群的关系#br#

摘要：目的　研究药物流产出血模型小鼠的雌、孕激素水平与Th17/Treg亚群的关系。方法　选取清洁级Balb/c雌性小鼠32只,通过随机数字表法分为正常妊娠组（A组）、小剂量米非司酮组（B组）、大剂量米非司酮组（C组）、米非司酮+宫清颗粒组（D组）,每组8只。B、C、D组小鼠于妊娠第6天时分别使用米非司酮0.88 mg·kg-1·d-1、1.5 mg·kg-1·d-1及米非司酮（1.5 mg·kg-1·d-1）+宫清颗粒组（308.16 mg·kg-1·d-1）灌胃。采用改良碱性正铁血红素法检测子宫出血量;采用放射免疫法检测血清雌二醇（E2）、孕酮（P）水平;采用流式细胞术双染色法检测子宫组织Th17（CD3+CD4+IL-17A+）、Treg（CD4+CD25+Foxp3+）及Th17/Treg亚群比值;采用逆转录聚合酶链式反应（RT-PCR）法检测子宫组织白细胞介素（IL）-17A、IL-10、转化生长因子（TGF）-β mRNA水平。结果　B、C、D组子宫出血量依次减少。药物流产后,A、B、C、D组小鼠E2水平依次升高,而P水平依次降低。Th17亚群依次升高,Treg亚群依次降低,Th17/Treg亚群比值依次升高（均P＜0.05）。IL-17A mRNA相对表达量依次升高,而IL-10、TGF-β mRNA相对表达量依次降低（均P＜0.05）。血清E2与Th17、Th17/Treg和IL-17A水平呈正相关,与Treg、IL-10和TGF-β水平呈负相关;血清P与Treg、IL-10和TGF-β水平呈正相关,与Th17、Th17/Treg和IL-17A水平呈负相关（均P＜0.05）。结论　药物流产后的异常子宫出血血清E2、P水平变化与Th17/Treg亚群比值变化关系密切,诱导Th17/Treg亚群向Th17偏移有助于减少子宫出血。     

CNI induced Th17/Treg imbalance and susceptibility to renal dysfunction in renal transplantation

Calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) prevent graft rejection by blocking interleukin-2 (IL-2), which was required for development and function of Foxp3⁺CD4⁺CD25⁺ regulatory T cells (Treg). Recently, IL-2 was reported to play a part in the inhibition of Th17 cells. The renal transplantation recipient who used CNI regularly might have Th17/Treg imbalance with increased Th17 cells and decreased Treg cells, which would cause renal dysfunction even rejection. To assess the effect of CNI on Th17 cells and Treg cells, we included 123 renal transplantation recipients (101 in a stable stage and 22 with renal dysfunction) and 27 healthy volunteers. Among all the recipients, 103 recipients used CNI and 20 recipients used sirolimus without CNI. The recipients who used CNI were further classified into four groups according to the blood levels of CNI: Of all these subjects, Th17 and Treg frequencies in the peripheral blood were analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM). Serums IL-17, IL-23, IL-6, IFN-r, and TGF-β were analyzed by ELISA. The results demonstrated that the transplantation recipient treated by CNI revealed an obvious increase in peripheral Th17 frequencies and a significant decrease in Treg frequencies when compared with the sirolimus group and healthy people (P < 0.05). Even more, the transplantation recipient with renal dysfunction had the highest level of Th17 cells (P < 0.05) while the lowest Treg cells compared with stable recipient and healthy control, with increased serums IL-6 and IL-17. Our results indicated that CNI was associated with Th17/Treg imbalance in peripheral blood, which supported the followed generation of renal dysfunction after transplantation.     

Therapeutic effect of dioscin on collagen-induced arthritis through reduction of Th1/Th2

The aim of this study was to detect the therapeutic effect of dioscin on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Mice model of CIA was induced by chicken collagen II and arthritis index was assessed. After suspension of dioscin (100 mg/kg/d) or triptolide was intragastrically administered, the left paw swelling and body weight of each mouse were measured. Then tissue samples were assayed by histopathological analysis. The levels of Th1 and Th2 were detected by flow cytometry. The expression of p-STAT1, p-STAT4 and p-STAT6 was demonstrated by western blot analysis, and T-bet and GATA-3 expression was detected by RT-PCR. The paw swelling and arthritis index were decreased and body weight was increased in the high dose of dioscin group compared to the model group (P < 0.05). Histopathological analysis revealed that the damage of synovium tissue in dioscin and triptolide group alleviated. The ratio of Th1/Th2 in the dioscin group (0.82 ± 0.24) and triptolide group (0.99 ± 0.44) was lower than that in the model group (1.84 ± 0.70, P < 0.05). Additionally, p-STAT4 expression was decreased, and both p-STAT6 and GATA3 expression was increased in the dioscin group than that in the model group (P < 0.05). Dioscin might have some therapeutic effects on CIA through regulating the proportion of Th1/Th2 cells, which could reduce the expression of p-STAT4, increase the expression of p-STAT6 and GATA3 in the synovial tissue.     

LL-37对COPD模型大鼠Th17/Treg平衡及炎症反应的调节作用

摘要：目的 观察人源抗菌肽LL-37对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)大鼠辅助性T细胞17(Th17)/调节性T细胞(Treg)平衡、炎症 反应的影响,并探讨可能机制。方法 40只Wistar大鼠随机分为正常组、COPD组、LL-37组、LL-37联合DAPT(Notch1/Jagged1 信号通路抑制剂)组。正常组室温下正常喂养,COPD组、LL-37组、LL-37联合DAPT组采用烟熏法建立COPD模型。LL-37组大 鼠经鼻滴入LL-37(10 μg) 50 μL,LL-37联合DAPT组大鼠经鼻滴入总体积50 μL的LL-37(10 μg)+DAPT(10 μg)。正常组、COPD 组大鼠分别经鼻滴入等体积的生理盐水。检测外周血Th17、Treg细胞占比;检测肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中白介素-8(IL-8)、白三烯 B4(LTB4)含量;HE染色检测气道重塑指标;Western Blot法检测肺组织Notch1、Jagged1、发状分裂相关增强子1(Hes1)蛋白表 达量。结果 与COPD组比较,LL-37组外周血Th17占比和Th17/Treg、BALF中IL-8、LTB4含量、管壁厚度/外径(MT%)及管壁 面积/气管总面积(MA%)均降低,Treg占比升高(P＜0.05);与LL-37组比较,LL-37联合DAPT组外周血Th17占比和Th17/Treg、 BALF中IL-8、LTB4含量、MT%及MA%均升高,Treg占比降低(P＜0.05)。与COPD组比较,LL-37组Notch1、Jagged1、Hes1蛋 白表达量升高(P＜0.05);与LL-37组比较,LL-37联合DAPT组Notch1、Jagged1、Hes1蛋白表达量降低(P＜0.05)。结论 人源抗 菌肽LL-37可调节COPD大鼠外周血Th17/Treg失衡,抑制炎症反应及气道重塑,激活Notch1/Jagged1信号通路可能是其发挥治疗 作用的机制之一。     

Th17 cells in inflammation

Na?ve T cells are multipotential precursors that differentiate into various effector subsets, such as T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 cells, which are characterized by their distinct functions. The IL-17-producing T helper (Th17) cell has been recently identified as a new subset of the T helper cell and a mediator of inflammation associated with various autoimmune diseases. Although several cytokines participate in Th17 cell development, IL-6 and TGF-β are key factors for the generation of Th17 cells from na?ve T cells. On the other hand, IL-6 inhibits TGF-β-induced regulatory T (Treg) cells, which suppress adaptive T cell responses and prevent autoimmunity. Recent studies suggest that it is an effective approach in the treatment of various autoimmune and inflammatory diseases to normalize the balance between Treg and Th17 cell development. Here, we review the discovery of the Th17 subset, its properties and relationship with several autoimmune diseases.     

Immunoregulatory Cordyceps sinensis increases regulatory T cells to Th17 cell ratio and delays diabetes in NOD mice

Cordyceps sinensis (CS) is a parasitic fungus, and it has been used widely in traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) for centuries. Many studies have shown that CS has immunoregulatory activity in many disease models, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. We studied whether CS could suppress the onset of diabetes by altering T lymphocyte subsets in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. We found that the onset of type1 diabetes in NOD mice was associated with an imbalance of CD4⁺CD25⁺FoxP3⁺ regulatory T (Treg) cells and IL-17 producing Th17 cells. Oral administration of CS resulted in reduction in the overall incidence of diabetes, and this was due to an increase in the ratio of Treg cells to Th17 in the spleen and pancreatic lymph nodes (PLNs). Taken together, these data imply that CS is able to modulate Treg to Th17 cell ratio in vivo, thus contributing to the inhibition of diabetes.     

The JAK2 inhibitor AG490 regulates the Treg/Th17 balance and alleviates DSS-induced intestinal damage in IBD rats

The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains unclear, and it is currently believed that an imbalance in regulatory T (Treg) cells/T helper 17 cells (Th17 cells) is related to the occurrence and development of IBD. Recently, the JAK2 inhibitor AG490 has been used in animal models such as rheumatoid arthritis and bronchial asthma models and shown to exert immunoregulatory functions that improve disorder in the Treg/Th17 cell balance. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of AG490 on the intestinal inflammatory process in an IBD rat model. A dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced IBD rat model was established, and disease activity index (DAI) scores were calculated. The histopathological damage score was determined by haematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. Treg/Th17 cells in the spleen were detected by flow cytometry. The levels of interleukin (IL)-10, IL-6 and IL-17A were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). AG490 attenuated DSS-induced IBD injury by regulating the Treg/Th17 balance and related cytokine secretion to reduce the DAI and colonic tissue damage. Thus, AG490 may be a new method for effective treatment of IBD.     

Butyrate inhibit collagen-induced arthritis via Treg/IL-10/Th17 axis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder demanding the development of novel therapeutic strategy. Butyrate is a functional short-chain fatty acid produced by the anaerobic intestinal microbiota. This study aimed to investigate the attenuation of butyrate on RA. The collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model was established and butyrate was administered in drinking water along with the collagen immunization. The histopathological features, clinical score, paw swelling, as well as the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and IL-17A were measured to determine the amelioration of butyrate on arthritis. The differentiation of Treg cells and Th17 cells in the splenic cells was assessed by flow cytometry. The expression of Foxp3, IL-10, Rorγt and IL-17A were detected by RT-PCR and FACS immunostaining. Anti-IL10R antibody was used in the CIA and CD4⁺ cell cultures to mediate the effects of butyrate. Butyrate significantly inhibited expressions of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-17A, but promoted the expression of IL-10. Butyrate also increased systematical Treg cells and reduced Th17 cells. Mechanism study revealed that butyrate directly enhanced the polarization of Treg cells but not Th17 cells. All effects of butyrate on RA were inversed by the co-administered anti-IL10R antibody. This study showed that butyrate administration inhibited arthritis in CIA mice model, suppressed the expression of inflammatory cytokines. The modulation may be mediated the differentiation of CD4 T cells towards Treg cells, which produce anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, and thus influenced the function of Th17 cells.     

3, 3′-diindolylmethane alleviates steatosis and the progression of NASH partly through shifting the imbalance of Treg/Th17 cells to Treg dominance

This study was designed to discuss the effects of 3, 3′-diindolylmethane (DIM) on methionine–choline-deficient (MCD)-diet induced mouse nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and the potential mechanisms. NASH mice were administrated with or without DIM at different concentrations for 8 weeks. Both the in-vivo and in-vitro effects of DIM on Treg/Th17 imbalance during NASH progression were analyzed. The in-vivo blocking of CD25 or IL-17 was performed to respectively deplete respective function of Treg or Th17 subset. Besides, with the assistance of AhR antagonist CH223191 and anti-TLR4 neutralizing antibody, we designed the in-vitro DIM-incubation experiments to discuss the roles of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) (CYP1A1, CYP1B1) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) on DIM's effects when shifting Treg/Th17 imbalance. Notably, in NASH mouse models, DIM alleviated hepatic steatosis and inflammation, and shifted the Treg/Th17 imbalance from MCD diet-induced Th17 dominance to Treg dominance. In-vitro, DIM not only significantly up-regulated the mRNAs of Foxp3 (Treg-specific) in purified spleen CD4⁺ T cells, but also enhanced the immunosuppressive function of these Treg cells. Besides, DIM significantly up-regulated the proteins of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 whereas down-regulated those of TLR4 on CD4⁺ T cells from MCD-diet mice. Moreover, blocking AhR attenuated while blocking TLR4 enhanced the effects of DIM when regulating Treg/Th17 imbalance. Conclusively, DIM could be used as a potential therapeutic candidate to treat NASH based on its dramatic induction of Treg dominance to alleviate intra-hepatic inflammation, suggesting us a clue that the dietary cruciferous vegetables (containing abundant DIM) might exist as a protective factor for patients with NASH-related liver diseases.     

Baicalin inhibits IgG production by regulating Treg/Th17 axis in a mouse model of red blood cell transfusion

This study was conducted to evaluate whether baicalin inhibits red blood cell (RBC) immunization and elucidate the underlying mechanism. We used human RBCs with adjuvant lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and transfused mice to induce antibodies as an experimental system for studying the effect of baicalin on RBC immunization. Mice were divided into a human RBC transfused positive control group administered with human RBC and LPS intravenously once or weekly for 4 weeks, control group administered dexamethasone (DEX) intraperitoneally daily for 4 weeks, and treatment group administered baicalin intraperitoneally daily for 4 weeks. Assessment of human RBC immunization was performed by measuring serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) against human RBC weekly. Lymphocyte changes in spleen were monitored by flow cytometry. We found that baicalin treatment significantly decreased serum IgG but not IgM production in a time and does dependent manner, with a concomitant reduction in Th17 cells and increase in CD4 regulatory T cells in the spleen. The percentage of CD4-positive cells in the spleen was not decreased in the baicalin-treated group but was decreased in the dexamethasone-treated group. In conclusion, baicalin inhibited RBC immunization, particularly IgG production by regulating the Treg/Th17 axis without damaging spleen function.