Menstrual and reproductive factors and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among Connecticut women

Several recent studies have suggested a potential role of menstrual and reproductive factors in the risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. To further examine the relation, the authors analyzed data from a population-based case-control study of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in Connecticut women between 1996 and 2000. A total of 601 histologically confirmed cases and 717 randomly selected population-based controls were included in this study. An in-person interview was conducted using a standardized and structured questionnaire to collect information on menstrual and reproductive factors and potential confounding factors. Compared with nulliparous women, women who had four or more pregnancies during their lifetime were found to have a significantly reduced risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (odds ratio (OR) = 0.6, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.4, 0.9). Risk appeared to decrease with increasing number of pregnancies (p(trend) = 0.03). The authors also observed an increased risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma overall (OR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.0, 2.2) and of diffuse non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (OR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.1, 2.7) for women who started their first menstrual period at age 15 or more years compared with those who started their first menstrual period before age 12 years. These findings support a reduced risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma associated with multiple pregnancies and an increased risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma associated with later age at menarche.     

The prevalence of and risk factors for reproductive morbidities among women in Oman

Drawing from a sample of 1365 ever-married nonpregnant women in Oman who underwent a gynecological examination and laboratory tests as part of the 2000 National Health Survey, this study examines the prevalence of and risk factors associated with reproductive morbidities among women in Oman. Of the respondents, 4 percent had a sexually transmitted infection (STI), 25 percent had a reproductive tract infection (RTI), 10 percent suffered from genital prolapse, and 11 percent had a urinary tract infection (UTI). Younger women were two times more likely than older women to have an STI. More empowered women were more likely to have any RTI. Women with six or more children were more than three times more likely to have experienced genital prolapse, compared with those who had fewer children. UTIs were significantly associated with urban residence, being empowered, and having six or more children. A comparative analysis with other countries in the Arab world showed some variations in prevalence and risk factors. In light of the wide prevalence of reproductive morbidities, reproductive health services in Oman should be strengthened.     

沈阳市妇女生殖道感染现状及影响因素分析

目的 了解妇女生殖道感染患病现状及危险因素.方法 采用分层随机抽样方法对沈阳地区1 260例妇女生殖道感染患病状况进行问卷调查,同时采用1:1配比病例对照研究方法,应用条件Logistic回归对生殖道感染的影响因素进行分析.结果 沈阳市妇女生殖道感染患病率为35.16%,其中阴道炎的患病率为15.48%,宫颈炎患病率为11.75%,慢性盆腔炎和附件炎的患病率分别为4.13%和3.65%.多因素条件Logistic回归分析妇女生殖道感染的危险因素主要有节育环避孕、药物流产史、泌尿系感染史、生育胎数多和人均月收入低.结论 生殖道感染与节育环避孕、药物流产史、泌尿系感染史、多产、人均月收入少等危险因素有关,应采取相应措施控制生殖道感染.     

Occupational risk factors and reproductive health of women

BACKGROUND: This in-depth review summarizes and interprets the available recent epidemiologic evidence on the relationship between occupational exposures and negative reproductive outcome among women workers. METHODS: The studies examined by the review include those published in the international scientific literature since 1990, and were identified through the search of relevant data banks using selected keywords. RESULTS: From the examination of studies dealing with exposures of women to chemical agents, pesticides, physical agents, ergonomic factors and stress, it appears that at present the evidence is sufficient to warrant the maximum protection of pregnant women to several well-documented occupational risk factors. These include exposures to anaesthetic gases, antineoplastic drugs, heavy metals, solvents, heavy physical work and irregular work schedules. For other work risks, such as exposure to non-ionizing radiation and psychosocial work stress, the evidence is often suggestive but not conclusive. CONCLUSIONS: Policy makers and health professionals should advise women and employers to avoid exposure to the well-known occupational risk factors, while epidemiologic research should pursue methodological improvements and provide more insight into the magnitude of exposures responsible for detrimental effects.     

Major dietary patterns and their associations with cardiovascular risk factors among women in West Bengal, India

Few studies have examined dietary patterns in relation to cardiovascular risk factors in Asian populations, particularly in India. The present study was undertaken to explore dietary patterns in a general urban Bengalee population of women in West Bengal, India, and their association with cardiovascular risk factors. We performed a cross-sectional study of 701 women (aged 35 years and above) selected by cluster sampling from twelve different wards of the Kolkata Municipal Corporation (Kolkata, India). The following three major dietary patterns were identified: the 'vegetable, fruits and pulses' pattern (characterised by higher intakes of dark-yellow and green leafy vegetables, sweets, fruits, pulses, nuts, poultry and eggs, and lower intake of mustard oil); the 'hydrogenated and saturated fat and vegetable oil' pattern (characterised by higher intakes of butter, hydrogenated oil, ghee, vegetable oil, mustard oil, condiments, sweets, fish, high-fat dairy and refined grain); the 'red meat and high-fat dairy' pattern (characterised by higher intakes of red meat, high-fat dairy products, whole grain, high-energy drinks and condiments, and lower intakes of fish, refined grain and low-fat dairy products). The vegetable, fruits and pulses pattern was inversely associated with serum total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol and non-HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations (P < 0·05 for all). The hydrogenated and saturated fat and vegetable oil pattern was positively associated with BMI, waist circumference (WC) and HDL-C concentration (P < 0·05 for all). In this Bengalee population, these three major dietary patterns were observed, and the dietary patterns were independently associated with BMI, WC and serum TC concentrations in women.     

农村已婚育龄妇女生殖道感染及危险因素分析

目的了解农村已婚育龄妇女的生殖道感染（RTIs）情况,分析相关危险因素。方法自2010-2012年抽取北仑区5 400名已婚妇女进行妇女病普查及行白带常规检查。采用SPSS软件包处理相关数据,分析引起RTIs的相关危险因素。结果 5 400名妇女中细菌性阴道病的发病率约为34.22%;外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病的发病率约为4.26%;滴虫性阴道炎的发病率约为2.91%,萎缩性阴道炎的发病率为1.18%。细菌性阴道病的发病率最高,且RTIs总发病率为42.57%。结论北仑区农村妇女的RTIs的发病率较高,且危险因素较复杂。应加大相关知识的宣传力度,提高生殖健康水平。     

育龄妇女生殖道感染及影响因素分析

目的了解我国育龄妇女生殖道感染情况及其主要的社会人口学影响因素，为生殖道感染防治策略提供依据。方法于2003年10～12月，采用分层、三阶段容量比例（育龄妇女人数）抽样方法获得调查对象。调查员入户进行面对面的问卷调查。结果过去6个月中39．2％的调查对象至少出现过其中1种症状，12．8％的妇女出现3种及以上症状。因素分析显示，民族、婚姻状况、文化程度、家庭年收入、职业、生活地区、怀孕及人工流产，对妇女生殖道感染有一定影响，尤其婚姻状况、地区、文化程度和怀孕次数对生殖道感染的影响较大。结论我国育龄妇女中生殖道感染非常普遍，应加强妇女病的普查普治工作，工作重点以已婚妇女为主，特别是文化程度低、少数民族地区以及有过孕产史和人工流产史的妇女应给予更多的关注；同时，不同地区妇女病普查普治时的策略应有所不同。     

河南省项目地区农村育龄妇女孕前危险因素暴露情况调查

目的:了解农村育龄人群暴露于妊娠危险因素的状况,为完善和建立简便、经济、可行、真实可靠的筛查-评估工具和流程提供科学依据.方法:采取多阶段随机抽样方法抽取河南省项目县农村已婚育龄妇女2011人,对其可能暴露的危险因素进行间卷调查,应用SPSS13.0统计学软件对资料进行分析.结果:调查妇女中,有家族遗传病史者占8.22...     

Common genetic variants have associations with human cortical brain regions and risk of schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a highly heritable mental disorder and is reported to be associated with measurements in cortical regions of the human brain. In this study, we considered genome-wide association studies to uncover genetic effects on cortical regions and prodromal symptoms of schizophrenia. Specifically, area, thickness, and volume of 66 cortical regions derived from magnetic resonance imaging scans of 1,445 children and adolescents from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort were studied. Two common variants were identified as being associated with two prefrontal cortical regions (one significant variant rs11601331 on chromosome 11p11 for right rostral middle frontal gyral area, p = 1.97 × 10 ⁻⁸; one suggestive variant rs2345981 on chromosome 6q11 for left frontal pole gyral volume, p = 2.07 × 10 ⁻⁷), where the significance of rs11601331 was independently replicated on the Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics study of size 1,239 (p = 9.19 × 10 ⁻³). Moreover, genetic effects on schizophrenia were investigated based on a sample of 8,719 subjects. The two identified variants rs11601331 and rs2345981 showed significant association with the longest prodromal symptoms duration (p = 0.048 and p = 0.027, respectively).     

妊娠妇女甲状腺功能减退症及危险因素分析

目的 探讨妊娠妇女甲状腺功能减退症的流行病学特征及危险因素.方法 选取妊娠妇女2 076人及育龄妇女266人进行问卷调查和甲状腺功能、甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)和尿碘测定.结果 妊娠妇女及育龄妇女甲状腺功能减退症患病率分别为5.3%及6.8%;妊娠妇女甲状腺功能减退症在高尿碘组占7.6%,高于足量尿碘组及超足量尿碘组(P=0.026),甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)阳性率为23.9%,高于甲状腺功能正常者(P=0.000);多因素Logistic分析表明,高尿碘、TPOAb阳性为甲状腺功能减退症的独立危险因素,OR值分别为2.21(95%CI=1.36～3.60)及4.68(95%CI=2.74～7.98).结论 自身免疫性甲状腺疾病和过量碘摄入是妊娠妇女甲状腺功能减退症的重要因素且密切相关.     

Interactions between genetic and reproductive factors in breast cancer risk in a population-based sample of African-American families

Incidence of breast cancer (BC) varies among ethnic groups, with higher rates in white than in African-American women. Until now, most epidemiological and genetic studies have been carried out in white women. To investigate whether interactions between genetic and reproductive risk factors may explain part of the ethnic disparity in BC incidence, a genetic epidemiology study was conducted, between 1989 and 1994, at the Howard University Cancer Center (Washington, DC), which led to the recruitment of 245 African-American families. Segregation analysis of BC was performed by use of the class D regressive logistic model that allows for censored data to account for a variable age of onset of disease, as implemented in the REGRESS program. Segregation analysis of BC was consistent with a putative dominant gene effect (P < 0.000001) and residual sister-dependence (P < 0.0001). This putative gene was found to interact significantly with age at menarche (P = 0.048), and an interaction with a history of spontaneous abortions was suggested (P = 0.08). A late age at menarche increased BC risk in gene carriers but had a protective effect in non-gene carriers. A history of spontaneous abortions had a protective effect in gene carriers and increased BC risk in non-gene carriers. Our findings agree partially with a similar analysis of French families showing a significant gene x parity interaction and a suggestive gene x age at menarche interaction. Investigating gene x risk factor interactions in different populations may have important implications for further biological investigations and for BC risk assessment.     

Hormonal and reproductive factors and the risk of bladder cancer in women

Gender and cigarette smoking are among the most consistent predictors of bladder cancer risk. After adjustment for known risk factors, an excess risk remains for males, suggesting that other factors may be responsible for the gender differences. Given limited data on hormonal or reproductive factors and bladder cancer risk, the authors examined these factors among women in the US Nurses' Health Study cohort. During 26 years of follow-up (1976-2002), 336 incident cases of bladder cancer were diagnosed. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate incidence rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals between hormonal and reproductive factors and bladder cancer risk. Postmenopausal women, compared with premenopausal women, were at increased risk (incidence rate ratio = 1.93, 95% confidence interval: 0.99, 3.78). For postmenopausal women, early age at menopause (/=50 years) was associated with a statistically significant increased risk of bladder cancer (incidence rate ratio = 1.63, 95% confidence interval: 1.20, 2.23). The association between age at menopause and bladder cancer risk was modified by cigarette smoking status (p for interaction = 0.01). The authors observed no significant associations of age at menarche, parity, age at first birth, and exogenous hormone use with bladder cancer risk. Findings suggest that menopausal status and age at menopause may play a role in modifying bladder cancer risk among women.     

Correlation between dietary glycemic index and cardiovascular disease risk factors among Japanese women

OBJECTIVE: To examine the correlation between dietary glycemic index (GI) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among subjects who consume white rice as a staple food. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the associations between dietary GI, dietary glycemic load (GL) and dietary intakes, and CVD risk factors. Dietary GI and GL were calculated from a 3-day (including two consecutive weekdays and one holiday) dietary records. SETTING: A weight-reduction program at a municipal health center in Tokyo, Japan. SUBJECTS: A total of 32 women aged 52.5+/-7.2 y participated in the weight-reduction program. RESULT: The GI food list made for the current study calculated for 91% of carbohydrate intakes measured. The mean dietary GI was 64+/-6, and the mean dietary GL was 150+/-37. Individuals in the highest tertile of GI consumed more carbohydrate, mostly from white rice (P<0.001), and less fat (P<0.01). Individuals in all three groups by tertile of GL showed similar tendencies. In the lowest GI tertile, the highest concentration of HDL-cholesterol and lowest concentration of triacylglycerol and immunoreactive insulin were observed (P<0.01). In the lowest GL tertile, the highest concentration of HDL-cholesterol and the lowest concentration of triacylglycerol were observed (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Calculated dietary GI and GL were positively associated with CVD risk factors among the Japanese women who consumed white rice as a staple food.     

Oral contraceptives, reproductive factors, and risk of colorectal cancer among women in a prospective cohort study

Previous findings on the associations between oral contraceptive (OC) use and reproductive factors and risk of colorectal cancer have been inconclusive. The authors evaluated associations of OC use and reproductive factors (including parity, age at first birth, age at menarche, and age at menopause) with risk of colorectal cancer among women in a large-scale prospective cohort study. The analysis included 39,680 participants in the Women's Health Study who had usable information on ever use of OCs and potential risk factors for colorectal cancer. Relative risks and 95% confidence intervals were estimated from Cox proportional hazards regression models. All p values were two-sided. During an average of 11 years of follow-up (1992-2004), 267 incident cases of colorectal cancer were documented. Ever use of OCs was associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer (relative risk = 0.67, 95% confidence interval: 0.50, 0.89). Women who had used OCs for 6 months-<3 years had a relative risk of 0.61 (95% confidence interval: 0.40, 0.94) relative to never users, with little additional decreased risk being seen with longer duration of use (p for multivariate trend = 0.09). No significant association was observed between reproductive factors and colorectal cancer risk. These findings provide some support for a potential role of OCs in reducing risk of colorectal cancer.     

Menstrual and reproductive factors for salivary gland cancer risk in women.

Several observations suggest that salivary gland cancer may be, in part, a hormonally dependent disease. We examined associations between hormonally mediated life events and salivary gland cancer risk in a population-based case-control study. Of 76 women diagnosed between 1989 and 1993, 63 (83%) were interviewed. Of 111 population controls, 83 (75%) were interviewed. Early menarche (OR = 4.1, 95% CI = 1.4-12.1) and nulliparity (OR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.0-6.7) were associated with increased risk whereas late age at first full-term pregnancy (OR = 0.19, 95% CI = 0.3-1.2) and longer duration of oral contraceptive use (OR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.10-1.0) were associated with diminished risk. These findings are consistent with a hormonal component in salivary gland cancer risk.