超声双重造影对进展期胃癌Lauren分型的初步研究

目的 探讨超声双重造影(DCUS)在进展期胃癌Lauren分型中的应用价值.方法 对58例胃癌患者术前行DCUS检查,术后对胃癌标本行HE染色及AB-PAS黏液染色,并据此进行Lauren分型.回顾性分析不同亚型胃癌的超声造影特点.结果 58例胃癌标本组织学诊断为肠型34例,弥漫型24例.DCUS检查肠型胃癌表现为整体均匀增强者30例,不均匀增强者4例;弥漫型胃癌表现为不均匀增强者22例,整体均匀增强者2例.以不均匀增强诊断弥漫型胃癌的灵敏度为91.7%,特异度为88.2%;DCUS对进展期胃癌进行Lauren分型的Youden指数为0.8.结论 DCUS对进展期胃癌Lauren分型中不同亚型具有不同的增强特点,可作为术前判断胃癌Lauren分型,评价肿瘤侵袭、转移及预后的一种有效方法.     

声触诊组织定量技术在桥本甲状腺炎中的应用

目的探讨声触诊组织定量(VTQ)技术在桥本甲状腺炎诊断及鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法 102例桥本甲状腺炎患者根据声像图特征分为不均质型、斑片型、弥漫型及结节型,50例甲状腺正常者作为对照组。VTQ技术测量甲状腺剪切波速度(SWV)。结果桥本甲状腺炎患者SWV为(2.32±0.43)m/s,对照组SWV为(2.04±0.38)m/s,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);不均质型、斑片型、弥漫型及结节型SWV分别为(2.07±0.37)m/s、(2.25±0.40)m/s及(2.33±0.40)m/s、(2.64±0.48)m/s。斑片型、弥漫型、结节型的SWV较对照组亦增大,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。桥本甲状腺患者不均质型、斑片型、弥漫型的SWV值较结节型小,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 VTQ技术对于桥本甲状腺炎诊断与鉴别诊断有一定的临床价值。     

声脉冲辐射力成像声触诊组织定量技术鉴别诊断颈部淋巴结良恶性的价值

目的探讨声脉冲辐射力成像(ARFI)声触诊组织定量(VTQ)技术在颈部淋巴结良恶性鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法对65例100个颈部淋巴结肿大患者进行VTQ检查,测量并记录其横向剪切波速度(SWV),比较良恶性颈部淋巴结间SWV的差异;以病理诊断为金标准,绘制ROC曲线图,获取区分颈部淋巴结良恶性SWV的临界值。结果非特异性反应性淋巴结组SWV值为(1.72±0.89)m/s,恶性淋巴结组SWV值为(2.68±0.48)m/s,二者比较差异有统计学意义(T=4.7141,P0.001)。构建SWV的ROC曲线后,其曲线下面积分别为0.862,根据ROC曲线选取鉴别良恶性淋巴结的SWV值的临界值为1.90 m/s,其对应的敏感性、特异性、准确性为82.2%、90.0%、90.0%。结论 ARFI的VTQ技术可定量反映组织弹性特征,有助于鉴别颈部淋巴结的良恶性。     

声触诊组织量化技术无创评估乙型肝炎肝硬化食管静脉曲张程度

目的 探讨声触诊组织量化(virtual touch tissue quantification,VTQ)技术无创评估乙肝肝硬化食管静脉曲张(esophageal varices,EV)程度的可行性.方法 应用VTQ技术对135例乙型肝炎后肝硬化患者分别测量肝、脾剪切波速度值(shear wave velocity,SWV);同时行胃镜检查,分为无食管静脉曲张组与食管静脉曲张组(按食管静脉曲张程度分为轻、中、重三级);检查肝生化指标;将所得的肝SWV及脾SWV值进行对比分析.结果 乙肝肝硬化患者的肝SWV均值为(2.48±0.50) m/s;肝SWV值与食管静脉曲张分级间无相关性(P=0.167).乙肝肝硬化患者的脾SWV均值为(3.25±0.44)m/s;脾SWV值与食管静脉曲张分级高度相关,相关系数为0.66(P＜0.001);诊断存在食管静脉曲张的临界值为3.16m/s,灵敏度、特异度分别为0.83,0.80,ROC曲线下面积为0.83;诊断重度食管静脉曲张的临界值为3.39m/s,灵敏度、特异度分别为0.83,0.77,ROC曲线下面积为0.84.结论 VTQ技术测定的脾SWV值可无创评估乙肝肝硬化患者食管静脉曲张程度,但未发现肝SWV值可用于评估食管静脉曲张程度.     

声触诊组织量化技术评估慢性乙型肝炎肝纤维化分期的研究

目的 探讨声触诊组织量化(VTQ)技术评估慢性乙型肝炎肝纤维化分期的价值.方法 应用VTQ测量40例正常对照组和64例经肝穿活检病理证实的慢性乙型肝炎肝剪切波速度(SWV),比较各组间差异及其与肝纤维化程度的相关性,通过ROC曲线确定界值.结果 对照组肝SWV为(1.04±0.13)m/s,慢性乙型肝炎S0组的SWV为(1.17±0.08)m/s,S1组为(1.33±0.32)m/s,S2组为(1.53±0.32)m/s,S3组为(2.09±0.54)m/s,S4组为(2.18±0.70)m/s.正常组与慢性乙型肝炎组的SWV对比差异具有统计学意义(F=34.97,P=0.00),其中S0～S2与S3～S4组比较差异具有统计学意义(F =8.87,P=0.00).肝SWV与肝纤维化分期呈正相关(r=0.67,P=0.00).以SWV 1.43 m/s为截点诊断S≥S3的曲线下面积0.875,敏感性100％,特异性62.5％.结论 SWV与肝纤维化分期具有良好的相关性,且其对S3～S4的纤维化能作出较准确评估,可作为慢性肝炎肝纤维化分期的无创性诊断指标.     

声辐射脉冲成像技术对进展期胃癌临床病理分型的初步研究

目的 探讨声触诊组织定量分析(VTQ)对进展期胃癌临床病理类型的评估价值.方法 应用声辐射力脉冲成像技术(ARFI)对56例胃癌患者进行超声弹性量化检测,所有病例按临床病理类型分为高中分化腺癌(14例)、非高中分化腺癌(42例)两组.将VTQ测值与临床病理类型进行对照,分析进展期胃癌VTQ值与其临床病理类型的关系.结果 高中分化腺癌组VTQ值明显低于非高中分化腺癌组[(1.49±0.44)m/s对(2.12±0.45)m/s],差异有统计学意义(t=-4.53,P＜0.05).根据ROC曲线计算曲线下最大面积,以胃癌组织VTQ＞1.795 m/s作为胃癌非中高分化类型的诊断标准,其灵敏度为78％,特异度为86％,Youden指数为0.64,且具有较高的重复可靠性(Kappa=0.81).结论 VTQ技术对术前评估进展期胃癌的临床病理类型有一定帮助.     

声触诊组织定量技术诊断结节性甲状腺肿的初步研究

目的 探讨结节性甲状腺肿的声脉冲辐射力(ARFI)弹性成像声触诊组织定量(VTQ)特征.方法 应用ARFI弹性成像VTQ技术检测结节性甲状腺肿病灶44个,记录病灶的横向剪切波速度(SWV)并与其周围相同深度甲状腺组织的SWV比较.并计算每个病灶与其周围甲状腺组织的SWV比值.结果 结节性甲状腺肿的SWV为0.61～4.02 m/s,平均值为(2.24±0.83)m/s;周围甲状腺组织的SWV为1.18～3.32 m/s,平均值为(2.05±0.46)m/s,两者比较差异无统计学意义(t=1.37,P=0.174).病灶与其周围甲状腺组织SWV比值为0.31～2.59,平均值为(1.17±0.45).结论 AFRI弹性成像VTQ技术能定量反映结节性甲状腺肿病灶与周围甲状腺组织的弹性特征,可对结节性甲状腺肿的诊断提供一定的帮助.     

声触诊组织量化技术对肝局灶性小病变定性诊断价值的初步研究

目的 初步探讨声触诊组织量化(VTQ)技术在肝局灶性小病变定性诊断中的应用价值.方法 对77例89个肝局灶性小病变(病灶最大径≤3 cm)进行VTQ检测,测量病灶及其周围背景肝组织剪切波速度(SWV),并与40例健康志愿者肝右叶SWV进行对比.分析不同病理类型病灶SWV的差异,并与背景肝组织、正常肝组织进行比较,采用ROC曲线找出SWV预测肝恶性局灶性小病变的最佳截点.结果 恶性病灶SWV值明显高于良性病灶,两者差异有统计学意义[(2.56±0.67)m/s对(1.70±0.55)m/s,P=0.000],转移性肝癌组中肺癌及乳腺癌肝转移者SWV值高于胃肠道肿瘤肝转移者(P=0.000),良、恶性病灶的硬度均大于正常肝组织(P＜0.01).以SWV 1.93m/s为截点诊断肝恶性病变的灵敏性、特异性、准确性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为82.0％、84.6％、83.15％、87.23％、78.57％.结论 VTQ技术有助于肝局灶性小病变的定性诊断.     

声触诊组织量化技术无创评估急性肝炎患者肝损害程度及预测预后的临床研究

目的应用声触诊组织量化(VTQ)技术动态检测肝脏剪切波速度(SWV)变化,探讨其无创评估急性肝炎患者肝损害程度及预测预后的临床应用价值。方法选取42例急性肝炎患者(实验组)和55例慢性乙肝病毒携带者(对照组)作为研究对象,检测两组谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、总胆红素、谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)及凝血酶原活动度(PTA),并于同日行VTQ检查测量肝脏SWV,计算超声评分;分析SWV与肝功能血清学指标的相关性。随访12周,根据临床结局或实验室指标分为好转组(治疗后好转出院)和恶化组(持续进展总胆红素正常值上限10倍且PTA≤40%),比较两组肝SWV的变化。以随访12周结束时临床结局为标准,绘制SWV预测急性肝炎预后不良的受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,确定其截断值并计算曲线下面积。结果两组肝脏SWV总检测成功率为92.78%,7例检测失败(实验组3例、对照组4例),实际纳入统计者共90例,实验组39例,对照组51例。实验组基线水平肝脏SWV值为(1.95±0.78)m/s,高于对照组(1.13±0.15)m/s,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。实验组基线水平肝脏SWV值与AST、ALT、总胆红素均呈正相关(r=0.303、0.415、0.512,均P0.05),与GGT、ALP、PTA均无相关性。动态检测肝脏SWV,好转组维持在1.87 m/s以下并呈下降趋势。恶化组的肝脏SWV为(2.35±0.89)m/s,高于实验组基线水平,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。以2.18 m/s作为肝脏SWV预测急性肝炎预后不良的截断值,其诊断敏感性为0.82,特异性为0.75,ROC曲线下面积为0.891。结论应用VTQ技术检测肝脏SWV可无创评估急性肝炎患者肝损害程度;急性肝炎患者肝脏SWV值持续高于2.18 m/s者预后较差。     

声触诊组织定量技术取样部位及探头扫查方向的变化对肾脏弹性测值的影响

目的探讨声触诊组织定量(VTQ)技术测量肾脏弹性时,取样部位和探头扫查方向变化对测值的影响。方法选取102例健康志愿者,使用VTQ技术对其肾脏弹性进行测量,记录剪切波速度(SWV),分析不同取样部位和探头扫查方向对肾脏实质SWV测量的影响。结果①同一肾脏不同取样部位其肾脏实质SWV测值:上极(2.25±0.48)m/s,中部(2.32±0.54)m/s,下极(2.10±0.43)m/s,差异无统计学意义;②肾脏中部实质、肾窦SWV平均值分别为(2.41±0.52)m/s和(1.73±0.44)m/s,差异有统计学意义(P=0.000);③肾脏实质SWV采用纵向或横向扫查测值分别为(2.08±0.29)m/s和(1.98±0.47)m/s,差异无统计学意义(P=0.324),左侧肾中部实质SWV为(2.41±0.52)m/s,右侧为(2.42±0.45)m/s,差异无统计学意义;④左侧肾中部实质SWV为(2.41±0.52)m/s,右侧为(2.42±0.45)m/s,差异无统计学意义。结论不同部位和探头扫查方向对肾脏实质SWV测量无影响,临床检查时可根据实际情况灵活取样,并可转动探头获得最佳显示效果。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."