双黄连雾化吸入治疗呼吸道合胞病毒所致急性下呼吸道感染

为评价双黄连雾化吸入对呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）所致急性下呼吸道感染的疗效，采用双盲随机对照方法对45例3岁以下有RSV感染的肺炎或毛细支气管炎病例进行了治疗研究。双黄连组17例，病毒哩组和对照组各14例。结果表明，治疗后双黄连组及病毒唑组在症状体征缓解天数方面均短于对照组（F=5.12，P＜0．01）；血氧分压的改善双黄连组显著高于其他两组（F=4.31，P＜0．05）；肺部X线检查结果双黄连组也短于其他两组（H=11.01，P＜0．01）。双黄连组病毒检出率较低，细胞免疫指标恢复正常者亦较其他两组多。双黄连组未见任何严重副作用。研究结果提示，双黄连雾化吸入治疗RSV引起的下呼吸道感染是安全有效的方法。     

Economic impact of community-acquired and nosocomial lower respiratory tract infections in young children in Germany

Data on the economic burden of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in young children are lacking in Germany. The objective of the cost-of-illness study was to estimate the economic impact of community-acquired LRTI and nosocomial LRTI as well as of infections due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza viruses (PIV) and influenza viruses (IV). The economic analysis is part of the PRI.DE study, a prospective, multi-centre, population-based epidemiological study on the impact of LRTI in children aged 0 to 36 months in Germany. The analysis includes children with community-acquired infections (1329 cases treated as outpatients, 2039 cases treated as inpatients) and nosocomial infections (90 cases). Medical services consumed were generated by chart abstraction and parental expenses data by telephone interviews within four weeks after physician visit or hospitalisation. Costs were evaluated from following perspectives: third party payer, parent and society. Total costs for outpatient treatment are €123 per LRTI case. Stratified by virus type, total costs per case are €163 (RSV), €100 (PIV) and €223 (IV). Total costs per hospitalised LRTI case amount to €2579. Stratified by virus type, total costs per case are €2772 (RSV), €2374 (PIV) and €2597 (IV). Total costs per nosocomial case are €2814. Economic burden due to LRTI is €213 million annually. It is concluded that treatment of LRTI in children up to age three causes a considerable economic burden in Germany. Presented results are the first data describing the economic burden of LRTI in young children assessed by means of the incidence data for Germany. This cost-of-illness study provides basic data for further decision-making, focusing on the economic assessment of preventive strategies for RSV, PIV and IV infections.     

北京地区儿童急性下呼吸道感染的病原学研究

目的 探讨儿童急性下呼吸道感染（ＡＬＲＩ）的病原学。方法 采用血培养及常用的抗原、抗体检测方法检测１０２例ＡＬＲＩ患儿常见的致病原。结果 ⑴１０２例儿童ＡＬＲＩ中,明确病原诊断的有６０例（５８．８％）。⑵在检出病原的６０例中,单纯细胞菌感染１５例（２５％）,单纯病毒感染１９例（３２％）,单纯支原体感染８例（１３％）,单纯衣原体感染１例（２％）,混合感染１７例（２８％）。⑶检出的主要病原：１０２例Ａ     

儿童下呼吸道流感嗜血杆菌感染的临床调查

为了解小儿急性下呼吸道感染中流感嗜血杆菌（ＨＩ）的致病情况，采用改良的哥伦比亚巧克力琼脂培养基，对１３８例门、急诊下呼吸道感染患儿痰标本和１８１名健康儿童咽拭子进行分离培养；对检出的４０株ＨＩ分离株作生化分型；随机选择１６例ＨＩ阳性患儿作自身ＨＩ分离株的血清凝集试验。结果痰标本中致病菌检出率４２．０％（５８／１３８），ＨＩ阳性率２９．０％居首位，其次为肺炎链球菌４．３％。学龄组中患儿ＨＩ感染率２３．９％，健康儿童ＨＩ携带率２０．９％，ＨＩ均以生物Ⅰ，Ⅱ，Ⅲ型为主；学龄前组中患儿ＨＩ感染率３３．８％，健康儿童ＨＩ携带率３７．９％，均以生物Ⅵ型占优势。凝集试验阳性率８１．２％，健康对照组均为阴性。提示小儿下呼吸道感染病原菌以ＨＩ为主，健康儿童口咽部ＨＩ具有致病倾向。     

儿童急性下呼吸道感染病毒病原学2007-2010年监测

目的 了解儿童急性下呼吸道感染( ALRTI)的病毒病原学构成及其流行的季节特征.方法 2007年3月-2010年3月首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院急救室就诊及内科住院的ALRTI患儿共1914例.采集每例患儿鼻咽吸取物1份,用(RT) PCR方法进行病毒核酸检测,包括呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV),人鼻病毒(HRV),副流感病毒(PIV)1 ～4型,流感病毒(IFA、IFB和IFC),腺病毒( ADV),肠道病毒(EV),冠状病毒(HCOV),偏肺病毒(HMPV)及博卡病毒(HBOV).结果 (1)总的病毒阳性检出率70.3％,其中＜1岁、1～＜3岁、3～＜6岁和≥6岁组分别为83.0％、80.1％、60.8％和27.7％,其差异有统计学意义(x2=2213.5,P=0.000).检出率高的前3种病毒依次为RSV、HRV和PIV,其在＜1岁组分别是50.9％、36.2％和12.0％.(2)RSV和HRV的流行季节在冬春,而PIV在春夏.(3)＜1岁、1～＜3岁、3～＜6岁和≥6岁组病毒阳性患儿中检出2种以上病毒的比例分别为38.2％、36.4％、30.2％和15.2％,其差异有统计学意义(x2=1346.00,P=0.000).结论 病毒是小年龄儿童ALRTI的主要病原,以RSV、HRV和PⅣ最为重要,其感染存在季节特征;ALRTI患儿存在多种病毒感染,其临床意义有待进一步研究.     

2000年冬-2006年春北京地区急性呼吸道感染患儿中呼吸道合胞病毒的监测

目的 对北京急性呼吸道感染患儿进行呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）的监测并进行亚型分析,探讨其流行规律。方法 2000年11月-2006年3月,于首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院采集因急性呼吸道感染就诊的门诊及住院的患儿咽拭子或鼻咽分泌物标本10048份,接种于Hep-2细胞进行病毒分离,同时用免疫荧光法对鼻咽分泌物标本进行呼吸道病毒抗原的快速检测,对部分RSV阳性的标本用RT-PCR进行了亚型鉴定。结果 （1）在10048份标本中,有2286份为RSV阳性,阳性检出率为22．8％。其中病房标本7176份,RSV阳性2153份,阳性检出率为30．0％;门诊标本2872份,RSV阳性133份,阳性检出率为4．6％。（2）2000～2001年冬春、2002-2003年冬春、2004-2005年冬春RSV的阳性检出率分别为14．0％、18．2％和20．4％,而2001—2002年冬春、2003—2004年冬春和2005-2006年冬春RSV的阳性检出率分别为42．3％、41．0％和40．5％。（3）对938份RSV阳性标本的亚型监测结果：A亚型691份,占73．7％,B亚型247份,占26．3％,2000-2001、2004-2005年冬春季RSV感染以B亚型为主;而2001-2002、2002-2003、2003-2004年冬春季以A亚型为主;2005—2006年为A、B亚型同时流行。结论 RSV是冬春季婴幼儿下呼吸道感染的主要病毒病原,RSV呈现出隔年高峰的流行趋势,RSVA、B亚型是交替出现的,并且有时以相近的比例同时出现。     

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??Immaturity of the immune system and exposure to infectious agents contribute to the susceptibility of RRTIs in children?? and RRTIs are usually treated with immunomodulating agents. The administration of probiotics plays a role in modulation of immune responses by various methods, including colonization resistance?? increased number and activity of natural killer cells?? release of cytokines?? and enhanced antibody response?? et al. Data show that probiotics may be bene?cial to preventing respiratory tract infections??RTIs???? reducing the number of episodes of RTIs?? diminishing the severity of infection symptoms?? and reducing duration of episodes?? antibiotic use and the number of days absent from day care/school. Probiotics appear to be a feasible way to decrease the incidence of RTIs in children??but further well-designed studies are needed to evaluate the strains?? dosing?? and frequency in the use of probiotics for RRTIs.     

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??Objective To investigate the clinical relevance of multiple viral infections in children with acute lower respiratory disease. Methods A total of 1722 children with clinical diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infection ??ALRTI?? during the period of October 2007 to September 2011 were involved in our study. One nasopharyngeal aspirate specimen was collected from each patient. ??RT?? PCRs were performed to detect common respiratory tract viruses including respiratory syncytial virus ??RSV?? ?? rhinovirus ??RV?? ?? influenza virus type A and B?? parainfluenza virus ??PIV?? type 1-4?? adenovirus ??enterovirus?? human coronavirus?? human metapneumonia virus and human bocavirus. Results Totally 206 children had single RSV infection?? 124 children had dual infections ??RSV co-infected with an additional virus?? and 40 children had multiple infections along with a RSV infection. Out of the 124 patients?? 68??54.8%?? were co-infected with RV?? 24 with PIV. There was a statistically significant difference between the dual viral infections group and the RSV-infected group in hospital stay??P??0.001??. Compared to patients in the single RSV infected group?? patients in the multiple viral infection group had significantly more frequency in fever ??P??0.017???? duration of fever longer??P??0.015???? hospital stay also longer??P??0.001????and they received more intravenous steroid therapy during hospitalization??P??0.005??. There was no significant difference in oxygen therapy?? respiratory support and use of bronchodilators. Conclusion Multiple viral infections are linked to more frequency in fever?? longer fever days?? longer hospital stay?? and more frequent use of intravenous steroid therapy during hospitalization. Mixed respiratory virus infection may affect the patient's disease severity and prognosis.     

急性呼吸道感染儿童两亚型呼吸道合胞病毒检测分析

目的 了解2006-2007年度重庆地区住院急性呼吸道感染(ARTIs)儿童两亚型呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)的感染特点及流行规律.方法 收集2006年4月至2007年3月全年在重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸科住院的部分ARTIs患儿的鼻咽深部吸取物390份,针对RSV G基因保守区序列设计分型引物,采用RT-PCR方法检测标本中RSV的基因组RNA.结果 390例标本中RSV阳性例数为133例(133/390,阳性率为34.10%).阳性标本中A亚型阳性129例,B亚型阳性4例.RSV阳性患儿中,84.9%为2岁以下小儿.2006年11月～2007年1月为RSV高发季节,RSV检测阳性率为55.6%～62.3%,2006年12月RSV检测阳性率最高.B亚型出现于本地区RSV感染低发季节(4、5、6月).RSV感染的临床表现主要为发热(56.4%)、咳嗽(98.5%)、喘息(63.9%)、气促(76.7%)、紫绀(84.9%).临床诊断依次为毛细支气管炎(33.1%),支气管肺炎(27.8%),间质性肺炎(18.1%),重症肺炎伴呼吸衰竭(10.5%),喘息性支气管炎(5.3%),支气管哮喘(4.5%).结论 本研究初步阐明了重庆地区两亚型RSV感染的流行病学特点,证实RSV是重庆地区冬春季婴幼儿ARI的重要病原,2006-2007年度以A亚型RSV流行为主.今后的研究将纳入门诊及社区惠儿并进行多年度连续监测以进一步阐明重庆地区两亚型RSV流行规律及病毒进化特点.     

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??Objective??In order to understand the epidemiological and virologic characteristics of WU Polyomaviruses ??WUPyV?? and KI Polyomaviruses ??KIPyV?? infection in hospitalized children with acute respiratory tract infection ??ARTI?? in Changsha. Methods??A total of773 nasopharyngeal aspirates ??NPA?? specimens were collected from hospitalized children with ARTI between September 2007 and March 2008 inChangsha. Specimens were screened for WUPyV and KIPyV by nested polymerase chain reaction. All positive amplification products were confirmedby sequencing and compared with those in GenBank. Results??Polyomaviruses were detected in 53 patients ??6.8%?? out of the 773 children ??WUPyV was 5.0%??KIPyV was 1.8%??. The patients were from 20 days to 5 years. Similarity of WUPyV and KIPyV with those published in the GenBank at nucleotide levels was 93%??100% and 95%??100%?? respectively. Conclusion??WUPyV and KIPyV may be important pathogens in children with acute lower respiratory tract infection and associated with lower respiratory diseases.     

7岁以下儿童急性下呼吸道感染病原学研究

目的 探讨苏州地区7岁以下儿童急性下呼吸道感染的痛原学分布.方法 对2007年10月至2008年3月间苏州大学附属儿童医院呼吸科住院患儿中7岁以下急性下呼吸道感染住院患儿810例,采用无菌负压吸引法采集新鲜痰液,进行细茵培养,直接免疫荧光法检测病毒,酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法检测血清支原体、衣原体抗体.结果 810例患儿中556例病原栓测阳性(68.6%),单纯病毒感染181例(22.3%),单纯细菌感染124例(15.3%),单纯支原体感染72例(8.9%),单纯衣原体感染10例(1.2%),混合感染169例(20.9%).病毒以呼吸道合胞病毒为主(35.8%),细菌则以肺炎链球菌为主(13.8%),其次为流感嗜血杆菌(4.6%).结论 苏州地区7岁以下儿童急性下呼吸道感染最常见痛原是病毒,其次是细菌、支原体、衣原体.支原体感染多见于1岁以上儿童,混合感染则多见于3岁以下儿童.     

儿童急性下呼吸道感染病毒病原学分析

目的了解儿童急性下呼吸道感染病毒病原学特点。方法采用直接免疫荧光法(DIF),对2007年9月—2009年9月住院的5480例0～12岁下呼吸道感染患儿鼻咽分泌物进行8种病毒检测。结果5480例患儿中,2710例检出至少1种病毒,总检出率49.5%。呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)检出最多,为1386例,占51.1%,其余,依次是偏肺病毒(hMPV)513例(18.9%),副流感病毒Ⅲ(PIVⅢ)338例(12.5%),腺病毒(ADV)192例(7.1%);流感病毒A(IFA)128例(4.7%),流感病毒B(IFB)79例(2.9%),副流感病毒Ⅰ(PIVⅠ)41例(1.5%),副流感病毒Ⅱ(PIVⅡ)33例(1.2%)。6个月以下年龄组阳性率最高,为43.5%。RSV、hMPV季节性较明显,主要集中在冬春季节(11月至次年4月)。肺炎、毛细支气管炎、支气管炎(伴喘息)、支气管炎(不伴喘息)和哮喘患儿病毒阳性率分别为47.4%、63.6%、50.5%、30.1%和43.5%。结论病毒是儿童急性下呼吸道感染的主要病原。发病年龄主要在婴幼儿,其中RSV和hMPV最常见。     

北京地区儿童急性下呼吸道感染的病毒病因学研究

目的分析1997年3月至1999年3月北京地区儿童急性下呼吸道感染(ALRI)的病毒病因.方法对因ALRI住院患儿,取鼻咽分泌物做免疫荧光检测筛查7种呼吸道病毒抗原,阳性病例入选,分析其病历资料.结果所有794例患儿送检标本共796份,阳性228份(28.6%).其中资料完整的阳性病历共203例,男性144例,女性59例.203例中呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)最多,共179例(88.2%),其次为流感病毒A(IA)型19例(9.4%),腺病毒(ADV)3例(1.4%),副流感病毒3型(PIV3)2例(0.98%).RSV和IA感染呈季节性分布.76例患儿(37.4%)有并发症.小年龄组病情明显重于大年龄儿,＜2个月需要吸氧者明显多于≥2个月的患儿(88.9%对74%,P＜0.05).结论北京地区两年来ALRI患儿的病毒学病因为RSV、IA、ADV和PIV3,以RSV为主,并有一定的季节变化.     

重庆地区急性下呼吸道感染住院患儿人偏肺病毒感染的流行病学研究

目的了解重庆地区急性下呼吸道感染(ALRTI)住院患儿人偏肺病毒(hMPV)感染的流行病学特点和临床特征。方法收集2006年4月至2008年3月重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸科病房每周一、三、五因ALRTI住院患儿住院当日白天的鼻咽吸取物(NPA),采用荧光定量PCR方法检测hMPV基因组RNA,阳性标本采用传统PCR方法扩增F基因,进一步确定是否存在hMPV感染,扩增G基因用于遗传进化分析。同时采用传统PCR方法检测呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)和冠状病毒NL-63(HCoV-NL63),直接免疫荧光法(DFA)检测流感病毒A、B亚型,副流感病毒1、2、3型和腺病毒。分析hMPV感染的流行病学特点和临床特征。结果研究期间共收集878份标本,占同期ALRTI入院病例的13.9%(878/6296例)。hMPV阳性227/878例(25.9%)。男∶女为1.9∶1。hMPV阳性227例中,6个月119例(52.4%),～2岁72例(31.7%),～6岁34例(15.0%),6岁2例(0.9%)。hMPV流行特点为全年散发,好发季节为冬春季。hMPV阳性率2006年4月至2007年3月为18.5%(72/390例),2007年4月至2008年3月为31.8%(155/488例)。227例hMPV阳性患儿临床诊断以肺炎(148例,65.2%)和毛细支气管炎(65例,28.6%)为主。hMPV可与常见呼吸道病毒协同感染,其中与RSV协同感染率最高(41.9%,95/227例)。遗传进化分析显示,研究期间重庆地区hMPVA和B基因型均流行,以A2亚型为优势株。结论 hMPV是重庆地区ALRTI住院患儿重要的呼吸道病毒病原之一,以6个月婴儿为主要感染人群。     

2000年秋冬至 2002年夏北京地区急性呼吸道感染病毒病原学研究

为了解北京地区婴幼儿急性呼吸道感染的病毒病原。对2000年秋冬至2002年夏收集的1402份临床标本进行了病原分析。所有标本接种Hep-2和MDCK细胞进行病毒分离；鼻咽洗液脱落细胞涂片后经间接免疫荧光检测7种呼吸道病毒。RT-PCR鉴定RSV亚型；血凝及血凝抑制试验鉴定流感病毒型别；nested-PCR检测肠道病毒。1402份标本中672份咽拭子标本取自门诊患儿，730份鼻咽洗液标本取自住院患儿，结果：共有614份标本为病毒阳性，阳性率为43.8%。病毒阳性标本中呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）占66.1%。并以A亚型为主；RSV阳性标本中91.4%来自诊断为毛细支气管炎的住院患儿。2001-2002年冬春季RSV感染比2000-2001年同期高25.1%。流感病毒阳性标本占总阳性标本的24.4%，其中89.3%来自门诊患儿；2000-2001年以乙型流感病毒为主，2001-2002年以甲3型为主，在冬春季还可检测到腺病毒和副流感病毒，夏季检测不到以上几种呼吸道病毒，利用nested-PCR方法检测2002年夏季收集的标本，发现7月份肠道病毒感染率相当高。提示RSV是北京地区冬春季婴幼儿急性下呼吸道感染首要病毒病原。流感病毒是婴幼儿急性上呼吸道感染首要病毒病原，肠道病毒是夏季婴幼儿呼吸道感染主要病毒病原，病毒分离，免疫荧光和PCR等方法的并用提高了病毒检出率，病毒病原的诊断可为临床诊断和治疗提供可靠依据。     

Frequency of lower respiratory tract infections in relation to adaptive immunity in children with Down syndrome compared to their healthy siblings

Aim: Children with Down syndrome (DS) experience respiratory tract infections (RTIs) more frequently than healthy children. We investigated whether this is related to different immunological characteristics associated with DS. Methods: The study group consisted of 22 children with DS and 22 of their healthy, age‐range matched siblings. Data were collected on infections and hospitalizations because of lower RTIs. Immunoglobulin and IgG subclass levels in blood, as well as lymphocyte and T cell (subset) counts, were determined. Results: The children with DS had a significantly higher frequency of lower RTIs and related hospitalization than their siblings. We also found significantly reduced IgG2 levels as well as significantly lower counts of total lymphocytes, CD4⁺ T lymphocytes, CD4⁺ invariant natural killer (iNKT) cells and regulatory T cells in the DS group. Conclusion: In children with DS, reduced levels of IgG2, total lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, iNKT cells and regulatory T cells might contribute to their higher susceptibility to lower RTIs.     

6岁以下儿童急性下呼吸道感染的病毒病原及临床研究

目的　了解北京地区 6岁以下儿童中急性下呼吸道感染 (ALRI)患儿的病毒感染状况 ;探讨人类偏肺病毒 (hMPV)感染在儿童ALRI中的作用及所致支气管肺炎的临床特征。方法　 (1)采集 2 0 0 1年 2月至 2 0 0 3年 3月就诊于首都儿科研究所 4 4 6例年龄 1个月至 5岁的ALRI住院患儿的鼻咽分泌物 ,同时应用间接免疫荧光 (IFA)及病毒分离方法进行人类呼吸道合胞病毒 (hRSV)、流感病毒 (甲、乙型 )、副流感病毒 (Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型 )及腺病毒等 7种常见呼吸道病毒的病原检测。 (2 )采用逆转录聚合酶链反应 (RT PCR)方法对 2 0 0 2年 11月至 2 0 0 3年 3月住我院内科的ALRI患儿中经 7种呼吸道常见病毒病原检测阴性的 2 16份鼻咽洗液 ,进行了hMPV基因检测 ,并分析hMPV感染患儿的临床资料。结果　 (1) 4 4 6例患儿中 7种常见呼吸道病毒总阳性例数为 2 0 9例 (46 86 % ) ,hRSV阳性者最多为 16 3例 (36 5 5 % )。 (2 )在 2 16份上述 7种呼吸道病原检测阴性的标本中 6 9份测到hMPV阳性扩增产物 (31 9% ) ,占同期送检标本的 19 17%。结论　 (1)hRSV是北京地区冬春季节婴幼儿ALRI的主要病原。 (2 )2 0 0 2年 11月至 2 0 0 3年 3月我院ALRI住院患儿中有 19 17%与hMPV感染有关     

上海地区急性呼吸道感染患儿病毒病原学研究

目的探讨上海地区近5年来急性呼吸道感染患儿病毒病原和支原体病原感染状况。方法采用系列呼吸道病毒单克隆抗体桥联酶标法或聚合酶链反应技术,对上海地区5年中的急性呼吸道感染患儿5496例标本进行病毒学或肺炎支原体-DNA检测。结果检出病毒阳性2257例,阳性率41.07％以上,肺炎支原体-DNA检出率16.2％(572／3538)。结论连续5年中上海地区有2次急性呼吸道病毒感染发病高峰(1994年和1998年),病毒性感染流行季节主要在每年1～2月和11～12月。     

Metabolites of nitric oxide in the lower respiratory tract of children

Nitric oxide (NO) is produced in the upper and lower respiratory tract and can be detected in exhaled air of both healthy individuals and subjects with pulmonary diseases. Recent studies have shown that exhaled NO is mainly derived from the upper airways. There is, however, evidence that in aqueous solutions NO is rapidly converted to distinct oxides of nitrogen. We therefore studied the stable NO metabolites nitrate and nitrite in broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and serum as indicators of NO formation in the lower respiratory tract. The study population consisted of 31 healthy children undergoing elective surgery for nonpulmonary illnesses and 13 immunosuppressed children with pneumonia. Nitrate and nitrite were determined photometrically. Nitrate was found in BAL fluid of all children. In children with pneumonia, nitrate concentrations in BAL fluid were significantly higher than in healthy children. A significant correlation was observed between nitrate in BAL fluid and serum of immunosuppressed children with pneumonia. Nitrite was not detected in any of the BAL fluid or serum samples. Conclusions Our results suggest that in the lower airways significant amounts of NO are metabolised to nitrate. Studies on NO in pulmonary diseases should therefore include determination of nitrate in lower airway fluids. Received: 21 August 1996 / Accepted: 12 December 1996