调强放射治疗在子宫颈癌治疗中的剂量学分析

 目的　比较调强放疗（IMRT）、三维适形放疗（3D-CRT）在子宫颈癌放疗中危及器官（OAR）的剂量学差异。方法　对36例子宫颈癌患者均同时制定IMRT放疗计划和3D-CRT放疗计划,临床靶区（CTV）包括子宫、子宫颈、阴道等原发肿瘤区域及其以下的淋巴结引流区域。淋巴结引流区的勾画主要以盆腔伴行血管外放1.0 cm 得到,闭孔淋巴结从骨盆内缘内外扩1.8 cm,CTV不包括骨盆组织。比较计划靶区（PTV）在45 Gy和50 Gy情况下各敏感组织的受照剂量-体积情况。PTV由CTV 边界在三维头脚方向外放1.0 cm,其他方向外放0.7 cm得到。结果　通过剂量体积直方图比较两组计划敏感组织的受照体积变化,在处方剂量45 Gy剂量时,30、40、45 Gy的敏感组织剂量体积IMRT计划均优于3D-CRT计划。在盆壁淋巴结引流区剂量达到50 Gy时,IMRT计划敏感组织受量亦优于45 Gy时3D-CRT计划。结论　子宫颈癌IMRT可以使周围OAR得到较好的保护,具备临床应用的剂量学优势。     

Clinical outcome in posthysterectomy cervical cancer patients treated with concurrent Cisplatin and intensity-modulated pelvic radiotherapy: comparison with conventional radiotherapy

PURPOSE: To assess local control and acute and chronic toxicity with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) as adjuvant treatment of cervical cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between April 2002 and February 2006, 68 patients at high risk of cervical cancer after hysterectomy were treated with adjuvant pelvic radiotherapy and concurrent chemotherapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy consisted of cisplatin (50 mg/m(2)) for six cycles every week. Thirty-three patients received adjuvant radiotherapy by IMRT. Before the IMRT series was initiated, 35 other patients underwent conventional four-field radiotherapy (Box-RT). The two groups did not differ significantly in respect of clinicopathologic and treatment factors. RESULTS: IMRT provided compatible local tumor control compared with Box-RT. The actuarial 1-year locoregional control for patients in the IMRT and Box-RT groups was 93% and 94%, respectively. IMRT was well tolerated, with significant reduction in acute gastrointestinal (GI) and genitourinary (GU) toxicities compared with the Box-RT group (GI 36 vs. 80%, p = 0.00012; GU 30 vs. 60%, p = 0.022). Furthermore, the IMRT group had lower rates of chronic GI and GU toxicities than the Box-RT patients (GI 6 vs. 34%, p = 0.002; GU 9 vs. 23%, p = 0.231). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that IMRT significantly improved the tolerance to adjuvant chemoradiotherapy with compatible locoregional control compared with conventional Box-RT. However, longer follow-up and more patients are needed to confirm the benefits of IMRT.     

A dosimetric analysis of dose escalation using two intensity-modulated radiation therapy techniques in locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma

PURPOSE: To perform an analysis of three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT), sequential boost intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRTs), and integrated boost IMRT (IMRTi) for dose escalation in unresectable pancreatic carcinoma. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Computed tomography images from 15 patients were used. Treatment plans were generated using 3D-CRT, IMRTs, and IMRTi for dose levels of 54, 59.4, and 64.8 Gy. Plans were analyzed for target coverage, doses to liver, kidneys, small bowel, and spinal cord. RESULTS: Three-dimensional-CRT exceeded tolerance to small bowel in 1 of 15 (6.67%) patients at 54 Gy, and 4 of 15 (26.7%) patients at 59.4 and 64.8 Gy. 3D-CRT exceeded spinal cord tolerance in 1 of 15 patients (6.67%) at 59.4 Gy and liver constraints in 1 of 15 patients (6.67%) at 64.8 Gy; no IMRT plans exceeded tissue tolerance. Both IMRT techniques reduced the percentage of total kidney volume receiving 20 Gy (V20), the percentage of small bowel receiving 45 Gy (V45), and the percentage of liver receiving 35 Gy (V35). IMRTi appeared superior to IMRTs in reducing the total kidney V20 (p < 0.0001), right kidney V20 (p < 0.0001), and small bowel V45 (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Sequential boost IMRT and IMRTi improved the ability to achieve normal tissue dose goals compared with 3D-CRT. IMRTi allowed dose escalation to 64.8 Gy with acceptable normal tissue doses and superior dosimetry compared with 3D-CRT and IMRTs.     

子宫颈癌术后盆腔转移三维适形与调强放疗剂量学对比研究

目的 比较三维适形放疗(3DCRT)和调强放疗(IMRT)在子宫颈癌术后盆腔转移病灶靶区(PTY)剂量覆盖和危及器官(OAR)保护方面的差异,探讨子宫颈癌术后盆腔转移病灶的最佳治疗方案.方法 选择10例子宫颈癌根治术后盆腔转移患者,行CT模拟定位后将数据上传至Varian三维计划系统,勾画靶区,进行放疗计划设计后做下列研究:3DCRT计划与IMRT计划对计划靶区PTV的影响及比较;3DCRT计划与IMRT计划中危及器官受最比较分析.结果 采用95%可信区间,CTV至PTV的外放边界定为1 cm.3DCRT计划中3、4、5和6个射野下PTV适形指数分别为0.46、0.67、0.68、0.68,4个以上射野数日的增加不再显著改善靶区分布和减少正常组织受照射体积百分比.IMRT计划中5、7、9、11和13个射野下PTV适形指数分别为0.75、0.83、0.84、0.85、0.85,9个以上射野数目增加不再显著改善靶区分布和减少正常组织受照体积百分比.比较OAR最高照射剂量,IMRT计划中小肠脊髓的最高照射剂量低于3DCRT,直肠膀胱及股骨头的最大剂量差异无统计学意义.结论 子宫颈癌术后盆腔转移放疗者3DCRT以4个射野数计划为优,IMRT以9个射野数计划为优.高剂量范围内IMRT较3DCRT对脊髓及小肠的保护作用明显,IMRT较3DCRT减少了高剂量区直肠、膀胱的受照体积,从而有望减少OAR放射治疗并发症的发生概率.

Abstract：

Objective To compare the differences of target-volume(PTV) coverage and organ at risk (OAR) protection between three dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) and intensity-modulated radiotherapy(IMRT) for patients with pelvis metastasis of cervical cancer underwent radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. To explore the optimal treatment methods for pelvis metastasis of cervical cancer.Methods 10 patients with pelvis metastasis of cervical cancer underwent radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy were selected for this study. The images scanned by CT were transferred to treatment planning system to generate 3DCRT and IMRT plans. The impacts of 3DCRT on PTV were compared with those of IMRT. Isodose line and dose volume histograms(DVH) were used to evaluate to the dose-distribution in PTV and OAR. Results For 95 % confidence interval, the margin from CTV to PTV was 1 cm. Conformal indexs (CIs) of PTV for 3, 4, 5 and 6 fields 3DCRT were 0.46, 0.67, 0.68 and 0.68, respectively. When beyond 4 fields, the advantage of adding fields was not significant. CIs of PTV for 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13 fields IMRT were 0.75, 0.83 0.84, 0.85 and 0.85, respectively. When beyond 9 fields, the advantage of adding fields was not significant. The maximum dose of the bowl and spine cord in IMRT plans were lower than that in the 3DCRT plans (P <0.05). Maximum dose of OAR had no significant differences (includingt the bone, recttum and bladder) between IMRT and 3DCRT plans. Conclusion For patients with pelvis metastasis of cervical cancer after radical surgery, 4 fields planning in 3DCRT and 9 fields planning in IMRT are feasible. At high dose levels, the IMRT plans can more significantly protect the bowl and spine cord and decrease the radiation volume of colorectal and urinary bladder at risk than 3DCRT, so IMRT may potentially diminish probability of the normal tissue complications.     

子野面积对宫颈癌IMRT剂量分布的影响

目的 在不影响治疗靶区剂量和OAR受量前提下,调整宫颈癌IMRT计划的最小子野面积,优化治疗方案。方法 选择经病理证实的12例宫颈癌资料,PTV处方剂量为50 Gy分25次。使用Pinnacle 8.0mTPS,每例设计16个IMRT计划,均采用9个均匀分布的固定入射方向(200°、240°、280°、320°、0°、40°、80°、120°、160°),最小子野数设定为80个,最小子野跳数设定为5 MU。最小子野面积分别选择2~81 cm²,采用DMPO逆向优化计算,所有计划均达到临床处方剂量要求,通过DVH评价靶区及OAR剂量分布。结果 随着最小子野面积从2 cm²增大至81 cm²,IMRT计划的总跳数从(1 405±170) MU降至(490±47) MU (P=0.000),子野面积>6 cm×6 cm后、总子野数明显减少(P=0.000)。最小子野面积为2~49 cm²的IMRT计划,靶区及OAR剂量学均相近(P>0.05);不同最小子野面积的IMRT计划间,直肠、膀胱和双侧股骨头受照剂量均相近(P>0.05)。结论 使用Pinnacle 8.0mTPS设计宫颈癌IMRT计划时,最小子野面积放大至7 cm×7 cm仍可满足临床剂量要求,且子野数和总跳数均明显减少。     

宫颈癌调强放射治疗靶区设计的临床研究

目的探讨宫颈癌盆腔调强放射治疗（IMRT）的计划靶区变化对危险器官受照容积百分比的影响。方法常规体外和腔内放射治疗的10例IIb～Ⅲb宫颈癌患者,放疗前行CT扫描并勾画靶区,临床靶区（CTV）包括子宫、宫颈、阴道等原发肿瘤区域及髂总、髂外、髂内、闭孔、骶前淋巴结等区域及其周围组织,计划靶区（PTV）以CTV为基础向外放不同距离形成PTVA、PTVB、PTVC和PTVD,通过DVH图与传统前后两野等中心照射技术对比,了解随着计划靶区的变化,危险器官受照容积的变化。结果膀胱和小肠接受30GY、40GY、45GY剂量的容积采用IMRT技术均小于前后两野照射技术,随着靶区的扩大,受照容积随之增加（P=0．000）。但是,与前后两野对比,IMRT计划并非均能很好地保护直肠,靶区向后扩大≤10mm,直肠受照容积的变化才具有统计学差异（P=0．001）,靶区扩大至15mm时,直肠受照容积无论是低剂量或是高剂量IMRT计划均大于前后两野照射。结论采用IMRT技术代替常规体外放疗能减少膀胱、小肠和直肠受照容积,其优势随着计划靶区的扩大而减少,靶区的精确勾画和定位的高度重复性,以及对内在器官运动的了解,是IMRT的基础。     

Feasibility of synchronization of real-time tumor-tracking radiotherapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy from viewpoint of excessive dose from fluoroscopy

PURPOSE: Synchronization of the techniques in real-time tumor-tracking radiotherapy (RTRT) and intensity-modulated RT (IMRT) is expected to be useful for the treatment of tumors in motion. Our goal was to estimate the feasibility of the synchronization from the viewpoint of excessive dose resulting from the use of fluoroscopy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Using an ionization chamber for diagnostic X-rays, we measured the air kerma rate, surface dose with backscatter, and dose distribution in depth in a solid phantom from a fluoroscopic RTRT system. A nominal 50-120 kilovoltage peak (kVp) of X-ray energy and a nominal 1-4 ms of pulse width were used in the measurements. RESULTS: The mean +/- SD air kerma rate from one fluoroscope was 238.8 +/- 0.54 mGy/h for a nominal pulse width of 2.0 ms and nominal 100 kVp of X-ray energy at the isocenter of the linear accelerator. The air kerma rate increased steeply with the increase in the X-ray beam energy. The surface dose was 28-980 mGy/h. The absorbed dose at a 5.0-cm depth in the phantom was 37-58% of the peak dose. The estimated skin surface dose from one fluoroscope in RTRT was 29-1182 mGy/h and was strongly dependent on the kilovoltage peak and pulse width of the fluoroscope and slightly dependent on the distance between the skin and isocenter. CONCLUSION: The skin surface dose and absorbed depth dose resulting from fluoroscopy during RTRT can be significant if RTRT is synchronized with IMRT using a multileaf collimator. Precise estimation of the absorbed dose from fluoroscopy during RT and approaches to reduce the amount of exposure are mandatory.     

鼻咽癌调强放射治疗计划的多序列平面剂量仪（Mapcheck）验证

目的:采用多序列平面剂量仪(Mapcheck)对鼻咽癌调强放射治疗计划进行逐野通量验证,探讨其替代胶片验证的可行性.方法:2007年8月-2008年3月共18例病理确诊为鼻咽癌的患者接受了9个照射野的调强放疗.18例患者的调强放疗计划经点剂量验证通过后,对每例患者的调强放疗计划进行逐野0度角通量计算、实施0度角6 MV X线计划、逐野加速器照射、Mapcheck测量和γ辐射相对剂量的比对.每一个调强放疗照射野剂量符合率均≥90%后,再行面剂量胶片验证,并计算通过率.结果:18例患者的调强放疗计划经点剂量验证通过后,其Mapcheck验证的平均每野符合率为(95.5±2.07)%,100%通过验证.随后行面剂量胶片验证的结果显示,平均符合率达(97.8±1.0)%,也全部获得验证通过.结论:本初步研究的结果表明,应用Mapcheck对鼻咽癌调强放疗计划进行逐野通量验证以替代胶片验证是可行的.     

Hazards of dose escalation in prostate cancer radiotherapy

PURPOSE: To assess the benefit of escalating the dose in definitive prostate cancer radiotherapy vs. the associated risk of complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1987 and 1999, 1087 patients with clinical Stage T1b-T3 adenocarcinoma of the prostate were definitively irradiated without hormonal therapy and had a pretreatment serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and Gleason score recorded. The median follow-up was 65 months. Doses ranged from 64 to 78 Gy, with the treatment techniques corresponding to the year of therapy and the prescribed dose. A total of 301 patients were treated on a randomized protocol to either 70 or 78 Gy. Also, 163 patients were treated with three-dimensional conformal therapy and had dose-volume histograms available for review. RESULTS: Tumor stage, grade, pretreatment PSA level, and radiation dose were all independent predictors of PSA disease-free survival (PSA-DFS) in multivariate analysis. The hazard rate for biochemical failure peaked at 1.5-3 years after radiotherapy. Although a statistically significant dose effect on PSA-DFS was found in the pretreatment PSA levels of those with both < or =10 ng/mL and >10 ng/mL, in those with a pretreatment PSA < or =10 ng/mL, the improvement in outcome was only seen going from a dose level of 64-66 Gy to 68-70 Gy with a 5-year PSA-DFS rate of 66% vs. 81% (p <0.0001). This was also confirmed by the data from the randomized patients who showed no difference in outcome whether treated to 70 Gy or 78 Gy. In patients with a pretreatment PSA level >10 ng/mL, a statistically significant improvement was found in disease-free outcome among the 64-66-Gy, 68-70-Gy, and 78-Gy levels. PSA-DFS was approximately 50% better at each higher dose level at 5 and 8 years after treatment. The dose had a statistically significant impact in both intermediate- and high-risk groups. Rectal morbidity was both dose and volume related. Although at 5 years after therapy, the Grade 2-3 rectal complication rate was twice as high for patients treated to 78 Gy than to 70 Gy, 26% vs. 12%, this risk could be markedly diminished by adhering to dose-volume constraints. CONCLUSIONS: In intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer patients, although it appears that radiation-dose escalation may improve PSA-DF outcome, the price paid in treatment morbidity can be high without adequate attention to dose-volume constraints of normal tissue. Care must be taken to consider not only the hazard of tumor recurrence but also that of complications.     

Positron emission tomography-guided, focal-dose escalation using intensity-modulated radiotherapy for head and neck cancer

PURPOSE: To assess the feasibility of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) using positron emission tomography (PET)-guided dose escalation, and to determine the maximum tolerated dose in head and neck cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A Phase I clinical trial was designed to escalate the dose limited to the [(18)-F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography ((18)F-FDG-PET)-delineated subvolume within the gross tumor volume. Positron emission tomography scanning was performed in the treatment position. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy with an upfront simultaneously integrated boost was employed. Two dose levels were planned: 25 Gy (level I) and 30 Gy (level II), delivered in 10 fractions. Standard IMRT was applied for the remaining 22 fractions of 2.16 Gy. RESULTS: Between 2003 and 2005, 41 patients were enrolled, with 23 at dose level I, and 18 at dose level II; 39 patients completed the planned therapy. The median follow-up for surviving patients was 14 months. Two cases of dose-limiting toxicity occurred at dose level I (Grade 4 dermitis and Grade 4 dysphagia). One treatment-related death at dose level II halted the study. Complete response was observed in 18 of 21 (86%) and 13 of 16 (81%) evaluated patients at dose levels I and II (p < 0.7), respectively, with actuarial 1-year local control at 85% and 87% (p = n.s.), and 1-year overall survival at 82% and 54% (p = 0.06), at dose levels I and II, respectively. In 4 of 9 patients, the site of relapse was in the boosted (18)F-FDG-PET-delineated region. CONCLUSIONS: For head and neck cancer, PET-guided dose escalation appears to be well-tolerated. The maximum tolerated dose was not reached at the investigated dose levels.     

宫颈癌根治性放疗中三维适形调强放疗技术的应用

目的:探讨三维适形调强技术在宫颈癌放射治疗中的应用.方法:应用PubMed检索系统,以"宫颈癌、调强放疗"为关键词,检索2000-01-2009-10相关宫颈癌调强治疗文献.进一步筛选有关调强放疗在宫颈癌根治性放疗中降低胃肠道及骨髓毒性、靶区的勾画原则及调强放疗在后程推量中的应用的文献有26篇.结果:盆腔、盆腔延伸野适形调强放疗可以降低小肠、骨髓、直肠、膀胱和肾脏在高剂量区的受照射体积,降低严重急性毒性的发生率.膀胱、直肠充盈状态及肿瘤体积的变化,导致子宫体、子宫颈位移.每周进行CT或MR定位扫描并进行靶区勾画及计划设计可以减少危及器官在计划靶体积(PTV)中的受照射体积.在宫颈癌根治性放疗中建议使用调强技术与腔内技术结合进行后程推量治疗.结论:三维适形调强放射治疗在宫颈癌根治性治疗中具有重要的意义,临床治疗结果仍在观察中.     

颈段及胸上段食管癌调强放疗不同照射方式预后分析

目的 分析接受根治性调强放疗(IMRT)±化疗对颈、胸上段食管鳞癌患者的预后,并探讨选择性淋巴结照射(ENI)在其治疗中的意义。方法 收集河北医科大学第四医院放疗科接受IMRT±化疗的颈段和胸上段食管鳞癌患者 309例进行回顾性研究,分析预后影响因素,并对接受不同照射方式患者进行分组,分析其疗效、不良反应等情况。结果 全组患者1、3、5年总生存(OS)率和无进展生存(PFS)率分别为76.7%、37.4%、19.3%和59.7%、27.4%、14.4%,中位数分别为26.8个月和15.5个月。多因素分析结果显示患者性别、cTNM分期、化疗为影响全组患者OS的因素(P=0.003、P<0.001、P=0.022);性别、cTNM分期、照射方式为影响全组患者PFS的因素(P=0.016、P<0.001、P=0.008)。倾向得分匹配后患者1、3、5年OS和PFS分别为77.2%、39.3%、20.0%和62.0%、29.3%、15.4%,中位数分别为27.1个月和18.2个月。多因素分析结果显示患者性别、cTNM分期和化疗为影响其OS的因素(P=0.026、P<0.001、P=0.017);cTNM分期和照射方式为影响其PFS独立性预后因素(P<0.001、P=0.008)。化疗亚组分析显示患者接受 3~4周期化疗为佳。患者不良反应均以 0-2级为主且可以耐受。结论 IMRT±化疗对颈段和胸上段食管鳞癌患者治疗有效;ENI可以提高患者的PFS。     

Prognostic analysis of intensity-modulated radiotherapy for cervical and upper thoracic esophageal carcinoma

Objective To analyze the clinical prognosis of patients with cervical and upper thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma treated with radical intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) with or without chemotherapy, and to explore the significance of elective lymph node irradiation (ENI). Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on 309 patients with cervical and upper thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma who underwent IMRT with or without chemotherapy in the Department of Radiology, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University. The prognostic factors were analyzed and patients receiving different irradiation methods were assigned into different group. The curative effect, toxicity and side effects were analyzed among different groups. Results The 1-, 3-and 5-year overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were 76.7%, 37.4%, 19.3% and 59.7%, 27.4% and 14.4%, respectively, with median values of 26.8 and 15.5 months. Multivariate analysis showed that gender, cTNM staging and chemotherapy were the prognostic factors affecting the OS (P=0.003, P<0.001, P=0.022), and gender, cTNM stage and radiation mode were the prognostic factors affecting the PFS (P=0.016, P<0.001, P=0.008). After propensity score matching (PSM), the 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS and PFS were 77.2%, 39.3%, 20.0%, and 62.0%, 29.3%, and 15.4%, respectively, with median values of 27.1 and 18.2 months. Multivariate analysis showed that gender, cTNM staging and chemotherapy were the prognostic factors affecting the OS (P=0.026, P<0.001, P=0.017);cTNM staging and irradiation mode were the prognostic factors affecting the PFS (P<0.001, P=0.008). A subgroup analysis of chemotherapy showed that patients receiving 3-4 cycles of chemotherapy were preferred. The side effects of the patients were mainly grade 0 to 2, which could be tolerated. Conclusions IMRT combined with or without chemotherapy is an efficacious treatment for patients with cervical and upper thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma;ENI can improve the PFS of patients.     

鼻咽癌调强放疗中解剖结构改变对剂量分布影响研究

目的 利用变形融合与配准技术观察和分析鼻咽癌调强放疗(IMRT)过程中患者体形和几何结构改变及对治疗剂量分布的影响.方法 随机选取实际接受IMRT的鼻咽癌患者10例,利用疗程中重复CT图像,根据初始计划轮廓和变形融合配准软件自动勾画疗程中鼻咽和转移淋巴结大体肿瘤体积(GTVnx、GTVnd)、临床靶体积和危及器官(OAR).分别计算和评估GTVnx、GTVnd 、 OAR体积改变和变化规律,以及剂量参数相对原计划的改变.结果 与治疗前相比,治疗2、4、6周时GTVnx体积分别缩小6.44%、10.23%、9.72%(F=1.34,P=0.278),GTVnd的分别缩小16.59%、30.98%、35.13%(F=9.22,P=0.000),CTV1的分别缩小0.73%、1.86%、1.41%(F=0.33,P=0.722),CTV2的分别缩小-1.78%、-6.47%、-9.34%(F=16.89,P=0.000),左腮腺的分别缩小13.96%、32.97%、37.77%(F=17.17,P=0.000),右腮腺的分别缩小13.56%、29.57%、35.63%(F=13.49,P=0.000).与计划的分次剂量相比,治疗2、4、6周时GTVnx平均剂量变化率分别为-0.39%、0.08%、0.32%(F=0.15,P=0.860),GTVnd的分别为0.53%、1.19%、0.69%(F=0.81,P=0.455),脊髓的分别为1.95%、2.70%、3.78%(F=0.61,P=0.552),脑干的分别为0.32%、0.81%、0.62%(F=0.03,P=0.975),左腮腺的分别为4.50%、4.66%、7.20%(F=0.33,P=0.725),右腮腺的分别为2.20%、7.17%、7.12%(F=1.24,P=0.306).结论 鼻咽癌IMRT时GTVnd、CTV2和左右腮腺体积随治疗时间增加明显退缩,而GTV、CTV、脊髓、脑干、腮腺分次剂量随治疗时间增加变化不大,但最终还须加大样本量研究证实.     

宫颈癌术后盆腔调强放疗计划方法的剂量学比较研究

目的 比较两种调强放疗(IMRT)方法 (对骨髓进行单独限最的BMS-IMRT,未对骨髓进行单独限量的IMRT)在宫颁癌靶体积剂量覆盖及危及器官保护方面的差异,探讨宫颈癌患者术后盆腔外照射骨髓保护的合理方法 .方法 对10例宫颈癌术后患者进行模拟CT增强扫描,在计划系统内勾画临床靶体积(CTV),CTV均匀外扩1.0 cm生成计划靶体积(PTV),同时勾画小肠、直肠、膀胱、骨髓.进而设计出BMS-IMRT和IMRT的2种治疗计划,处方剂量为45 Gy分25次,1.8 Gy/次.所有计划都使95%靶区体积达到处方剂量要求.并用ADAC Pinnacle~3计划系统提供的卷积或迭加算法对两种放疗技术的治疗计划进行剂量计算,比较靶区及危及器官剂量分布、剂量体积直方图参数.结果 BMS-IMRT计划的靶区剂量均匀性不如IMRT,但其适形度优于IMRT计划,BMS-IMRT放疗计划中骨髓的V_5、V_(10)、V_(20)、V_(30)、V_(40)分别比IMRT降低1.81%、8.61%、31.81%、29.50%、28.29%,而小肠、膀胱、直肠等危及器官的受量差别不大.结论 对于宫颈癌术后患者BMS-IMRT降低了骨髓低剂量受照体积,从而有助于降低急性骨髓抑制发生概率、提高患者生活质量,值得在临床工作中推广应用.     

宫颈癌IMRT计划独立三维剂量验算的初步应用与探讨

目的 评估自动计划验证系统Mobius3D (M3D)在宫颈癌IMRT中进行独立三维剂量验算的可行性。方法 随机选取20例宫颈癌病例,将其分别在Pinnacle 9.2和Eclipse13.5计划系统中进行7个野均分IMRT计划设计,达到临床要求后将两套计划系统中优化计划分别导入M3D中。观察两套TPS在传输计划过程中ROI体积变化、靶区及OAR剂量计算差异,结合γ通过率评估M3D验算计划的精确性。结果 Pinnacle9.2传输至M3D中各ROI体积差异远远小于Eclipse13.5,其最大变化差异为0.22%±0.69%,Eclipse13.5中最大变化差异为3.50%±1.89%。M3D中显示两套TPS的靶区及OAR剂量计算值差异在±1%内,经过3D重新计算后Pinnacle9.2与M3D计算结果差异小于Eclipse13.5,但其平均差异均在±3%内。靶区和OAR的γ通过率均值>95%。结论 利用自动计划验证系统进行计划验证,过程方便快捷。目前可作为计划的二次检查应用,提高IMRT计划验算精确性。     

Conformal and intensity-modulated radiotherapy for cervical cancer

Three-dimensional radiotherapy planning techniques, including conformal radiotherapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy, have potential for improving outcomes in cervical cancer. Accurate target volume definition is essential in order to maximise normal tissue sparing while minimising the risk of a geographical miss. This reduction in toxicity provides the option of dose escalation, particularly with simultaneous integrated boost intensity-modulated radiotherapy. The evidence for the current use and potential applications of these techniques in the treatment of cervical cancer are discussed.