植入式静脉输液港与PICC导管在恶性肿瘤患者化疗中的效果比较

目的比较植入式静脉输液港(VAP)与经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管(PICC)导管在恶性肿瘤化疗患者中的效果。方法 287例恶性肿瘤患者根据治疗意愿分为两组,PICC组(n=140例)经PICC化疗治疗,VAP组(n=147例)经VAP化疗治疗,比较两组患者不同时间导管留置率、意外拔管率、留置时间、生活质量及导管并发症发生情况。结果 VAP组患者置管后第6、12个月导管置管率及留置时间、生活质量评分均明显高于PICC组(P<0.05),而意外拔管率明显低于PICC组(P<0.05);VAP组患者导管堵塞、导管相关性血流感染等并发症发生率均明显低于PICC组(P<0.05)。结论 VAP具有并发症发生率低、留置时间长、对恶性肿瘤患者生活质量影响小等优点,可作为化疗理想的深静脉通道。     

连续性护理干预对PICC置管患者自我护理依从性的影响

经外周静脉置入的中心静脉导管（peripherally inserted central catheter,PICC）,是较为先进的静脉输液技术[1],在临床上得到广泛的应用,尤其是对肿瘤化疗患者显得尤为重要。它具有减少反复静脉穿刺痛苦、对静脉刺激小、保护外周静脉等优点。由于置管留置时间长,患者在完成治疗后,需带管回家,为防止导管堵塞、非计划拔管、导管相关血流性感染等并发症,家居环境中导管自我护理相当重要。     

乳腺癌患者深静脉置管血栓形成与出凝血相关因素分析

2011年1月至2012年12月军事医学科学院附属医院乳腺肿瘤内科共收治乳腺癌患者3822例,静脉置管913例,均为女性,年龄29～69岁（中位年龄46岁）,其中经外周中心静脉置管（PICC）430例,经颈内或锁骨下静脉置管368例,经股静脉置管105例,输液港10例。     

CVC与双腔PICC在造血干细胞患者应用比较

目的：探索比较双腔PICC与CVC导管对于造血干细胞移植患者的不同效果。方法将收治的接受造血干细胞移植患者作为研究对象并实施分组研究,对照组实施CVC（锁骨下中心静脉导管）,研究组实施PICC置管,将两组置管时间、一次置管成功率、留置时间以及并发症情况进行对比。结果研究组患者的置管安全性、留置时间以及一次置管成功率均显著优于对照组（ P＜0.05）。结论同CVC静脉导管方式相比,PICC导管置管相对安全、留置时间较长,可以有效减轻患者多次静脉置管的痛苦,具有极大的推广应用价值。     

外周静脉留置针与外周置入中心静脉导管在肿瘤化疗中的应用价值比较

目的比较外周静脉留置针与外周中心静脉置管(PICC)在肿瘤化疗过程中的应用价值。方法将2006年1月—2007年4月60例首次化疗的肿瘤患者分为两组,40例外周静脉留置针为A组,20例PICC置管为B组,两组基本情况无明显差异。治疗中观察记录留管时间、并发症发生情况及日常生活能力。结果A组留置针保留时间为1~5 d,中位时间3.7 d,B组PICC置管保留时间为15~280 d,中位时间157.5 d;两组比较差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.001)。两组主要并发症有局部渗出、静脉炎及管腔堵塞。A组发生局部渗血18例、静脉炎29例及管腔堵塞10例,B组发生局部渗血4例、静脉炎1例及管腔堵塞0例。A组日常生活需人照顾,B组日常生活无需人照顾。结论PICC置管安全、保留时间长,不影响病人的生活质量,在肿瘤病人的化疗中的临床价值显著高于外周静脉留置针。     

我院PICC护理专科门诊的建立及实施体会

我院于2007年开展外周静脉置人中心静脉导管术（PICC）,至今已成功置管260余例,导管留置6d～1年,确保了静脉治疗的顺利进行,深受广大患者的好评。随着置管患者的日益增多,治疗间隙（出院后）的导管维护问题已成为日渐突出的问题,存在患者等候时间长。     

脑损伤昏迷患者术后PICC与锁骨下静脉置管的疗效观察

目的：探讨PICC与锁骨下静脉置管在脑损伤昏迷患者术后置管输液治疗的疗效。方法回顾性分析79例行PICC及63例行锁骨下静脉置管输液治疗的脑损伤昏迷患者的临床资料,比较2种治疗方法的一次性置管成功率及导管置入相关并发症的发生率。结果 PICC一次穿刺成功率94.9％（75／79）,锁骨下静脉置管一次穿刺成功率为74.5％（47／63）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;PICC组发生机械性静脉炎、堵管高于锁骨下静脉组（P＜0.05）,而导管脱落、非计划性拔管的机率小于锁骨下静脉组（P＜0.05）,两组在导管位、导管相关性感染的发生率上差异无统计学意义（ P＞0.05）。结论 PICC与锁骨下静脉置管在脑损伤昏迷患者术后输流治疗中有简单易行、护理方便,留置时长等优点,相比较而言,PICC更具有优势。     

浅谈经外周静脉留置中心静脉导管的并发症原因及应对措施

使用PICC管的患者大多为深静脉营养支持、化疗、危重症等需要进行特殊药物治疗的患者。由于其病理生理特点,经外周静脉留置中心静脉导管（PICC）并发症发生率较高,给患者造成了极大的痛苦,同时也增加了患者的经济负担。为有效降低患者PICC并发症的发生率,维持有效的中心静脉通路,保证治疗的顺利进行,对2006年1月至2007年10月使用PICC管的患者进行了随访,现报告如下。     

1例肝硬化患者PICC相关性上肢静脉血栓护理

外周中心静脉置管（PICC）具有留置时间长,能减少反复穿刺痛苦等优势,临床中被长期输液、静脉营养和肿瘤化疗等患者广泛接受.但术后也存在感染、静脉炎、导管栓塞和血栓形成等诸多并发症.其中上肢静脉血栓形成是PICC 最严重的并发症,轻者致患肢静脉回流障碍,增加患者痛苦; 作者单位：陈燕（610083,成都,成都军区总医院消化内科）     

深静脉置管在血液透析患者中的运用

目的评价深静脉留置导管作为血液透析通路的效果。方法采用Seldinger技术穿刺深静脉,将留置导管送入血管。结果共计72例患者,其中颈内静脉27例,锁骨下静脉2例,股静脉43例。2例患者因感染无法控制而拔管并放弃治疗,1例置管栓塞改腹膜透析,58例患者应用置管透析直到其它血管通路的建立,其余11例继续应用至今。结论深静脉导管使用时间较长,在短期内栓塞率、感染率低,可满足血液透析要求,值得推广应用。     

Managing peripherally inserted central catheter-related venous thrombosis: How I do it

Imaging-guided insertion of central venous catheters, either in the form of a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) or through a subclavian or a jugular approach, is becoming the preferred method of acquiring long-term venous access for a variety of therapeutic purposes. The most significant complication from central venous catheters is thrombosis of the catheterized vein. Venous thrombosis related to the insertion of PICC lines is conventionally treated with line removal followed by anticoagulation. Direct thrombolysis with urokinase, using the lumen of the PICC line to facilitate the insertion of the infusion catheter is a simple, safe and effective treatment option. In this article, we describe our experience with this procedure and the technique used.     

血透用临时中心静脉置管相关感染的临床研究

目的探讨血液透析(血透)用临时中心静脉留置导管并发感染的相关因素及临床表现特征,寻求预防感染的有效措施。方法对104例建立中心静脉导管的血透患者进行观察。(1)对不同部位(颈内或锁骨下静脉组及股静脉组)置管的感染发生率进行比较分析。(2)对相同部位不同预防方法感染发生率的比较:从样本中筛取80例经颈内或锁骨下静脉途径的临时性中心静脉置管的患者,前期37例为对照组,采用常规措施预防导管感染;后期43例为试验组,使用抗生素多途径联合给药的试验方法,两组的感染率进行比较。结果 (1)常规预防感染方法的61例临时中心静脉导管中,共发生与静脉导管相关的感染12例(19.6%),股静脉置管感染发生率(29.2%)显著高于颈内及锁骨下静脉(13.5%)(P<0.05);(2)致病菌主要为葡萄球菌属和大肠杆菌属;(3)两组采用不同的预防感染方法感染率分别为13.5%和2.3%,其差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论股静脉置管易发生感染,而抗生素多途径联合用药有助于降低感染率,延长置管后抗生素使用时间可能减少重新置管的几率。     

Hemopericardium resulting from attempted internal jugular vein catheterization: A case report and review of complications of central venous catheterization

An unusual case of hemopericardium and presumed fatal cardiac tamponade complicating attempted right internal jugular vein catheterization by the posterior approach is reported. Reports of complications in a series of internal jugular vein catheterizations using various approaches (posterior, central, anterior, supraclavicular) and subclavian vein catheterizations are reviewed. Internal jugular vein catheterization is not necessarily safer than subclavian vein catheterization: numerous factors determine success rate and complication rate in central venous catheterizations.     

Malpositions and complications following central venous catheterization in relation to the access site

Malpositions and complications following central venous catheterization largely depend on the site of venous approach. Malpositions are very common after subclavian vein catheterization, and even more common after left jugular vein catheterization. On the contrary, their incidence after right jugular puncture is very low. Among complications, pneumothorax is quite common after subclavian vein catheterization, and migration of the catheter towards the heart after right jugular puncture. Vascular damages may occur in any approach: their early detection on chest radiographs very much depends on a rigorous technique. Radiology plays an important role in the early detection of malpositions and complications, which is greatly facilitated by a few ml of contrast medium injected through the catheter.     

前斜角肌-锁骨间隙入路行锁骨下静脉穿刺置管的临床应用

目的探讨前斜角肌-锁骨间隙入路行锁骨下静脉穿刺置管的可行性及其特点。方法选择需行中心静脉置管的患者120例,随机分为2组(n=60):实验组采用前斜角肌-锁骨间隙入路行锁骨下静脉穿刺置管,对照组采用颈内静脉穿刺置管。观察两组穿刺置管的总成功率、一次穿刺成功率、完成时间及并发症。结果试验组总成功率及一次穿刺成功率显著高于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01),完成时间及并发症显著少于对照组(P<0.05)。结论前斜角肌-锁骨间隙入路行锁骨下静脉穿刺置管是一种高效、安全的中心静脉置管途径。     

Spontaneous intrajugular migration of long-term central venous access catheters.

Two patients with long-term central venous access catheters introduced via the right subclavian vein demonstrated catheter migration into the right internal jugular vein several months after satisfactory catheter placement. One patient developed internal jugular vein thrombosis, which was treated with direct infusion of urokinase before catheter removal. In the other patient, the catheter was repositioned by using an intravascular snare loop, which was introduced via the femoral vein. In the first patient, an interim chest radiograph suggested the mechanism by which the catheter had migrated and provided a clue for early detection of catheter migration.     

Unconventional venous access

Venous access is commonly thought of as the bread and butter of interventional radiologic procedures. However, in those patients who have undergone multiple previous central venous catheter placements, venous access can be a technical challenge for even the most seasoned interventional radiologist. Conventional access sites include the internal jugular veins (IJV) and subclavian veins (SCV). The former should be considered as the primary access site for all patients who will be catheter dependent for whatever reason. Before utilization of the SCV, the external jugular veins (EJV) should be used, especially in the dialysis population. Only after surgical hemodialysis access is no longer an option in the upper extremity should cannulation of the SCV be entertained. Once these usual access sites are no longer available, it may necessary to use an unconventional access method, including catheterization of the common femoral vein, catheterization of enlarged collateral vessels, recanalization of occluded veins, translumbar inferior vena cava (IVC) catheter placement, and transhepatic catheter placement. This chapter serves as a review of these techniques.