缓慢连续性血液透析抢救伴有肾功能衰竭的多器官功能衰竭

多脏器功能衰竭(MODS)合并肾功能衰竭时应尽早施行透析治疗。作者采用血泵行床边缓慢连续性血液透析，对8例合并肾功能衰竭的MODS患者进行抢救，现报告如下。     

先天性心脏病术后急性肾功能衰竭患儿腹膜透析疗效分析

目的探讨腹膜透析对先天性心脏病患儿术后急性肾功能衰竭的治疗效果。方法 :16例先天性心脏病心脏直视术后并发急性肾功能衰竭患儿行腹膜透析治疗,记录透析前、后血尿素氮、血清肌酐、血清K+及HCO3-浓度。结果腹膜透析1~3 d血钾恢复正常,3~6 d血HCO3-恢复正常,1~7 d尿量恢复正常,血肌酐及尿素氮下降明显;16例患儿均院内存活;透析期间出现腹透液外渗、引流不畅、低蛋白血症、血性腹腔积液等并发症,经及时处理后恢复正常。结论小儿先天性心脏病术后急性肾功能衰竭及时腹膜透析治疗可取得良好治疗效果。     

腹膜透析抢救中毒致急性肾功能衰竭25例

腹膜透析抢救中毒致急性肾功能衰竭２５例刘虎育，刘霄近年来，我们应用腹膜透析成功地抢救了各种中毒所致急性肾功能衰竭（ＡＲＦ）２５例，现报道如下。１临床资料２５例急性肾功能衰竭（ＡＲＦ）患者的诊断，依据１９８２年全国危重病急救医学学术会议拟定的诊断标准。...     

肾综合征出血热急性肾功能衰竭血液净化治疗

目的 探讨血液净化对肾综合征出血热急性肾功能衰竭的治疗效果。方法 12例肾综合征出血热急性肾功能衰竭患者分别给予血液透析或腹膜透析。结果 12例患者经血液透析或腹膜透析后随访半年至一年，尿量及肾功能均恢复正常。结论 早期血液净化是救治肾综合征出血热急性肾功能衰竭的有效治疗手段。     

腹膜透析在颅脑损伤合并急性肾功能衰竭中的临床应用

目的回顾性分析腹膜透析在颅脑损伤合并急性肾功能衰竭中的临床应用。方法取腹膜透析组作为实验组 ,常规药物治疗组作为对照组。分别观察它们的疗效并加以比较。结果腹膜透析组良好率 5 1.8% ,病死率 35 .7% ;对照组良好率 38.9% ,病死率 5 2 .7%。结论基层医院在抢救颅脑损伤合并急性肾功能衰竭时 ,腹膜透析是一种值得推广的方法     

脑出血并急性肾功能衰竭的腹膜透析治疗

目的观察腹膜透析治疗脑出血合并急性肾功能衰竭的疗效。方法将40例脑出血合并急性肾功能衰竭患者随机分成两组,腹膜透析组与无肝素血液透析组,对疗效进行观察。结果两种透析方法对溶质的清除和酸碱平衡的影响差异无统计学意义,但腹膜透析组的存活率明显高于无肝素血液透析组,且腹膜透析组的日平均透析费也明显低于无肝素血液透析组。结论脑出血合并急性肾功能衰竭采用腹膜透析治疗是一种安全有效经济的方法。     

腹膜透析治疗重症急性肾衰竭15例

目的：观察腹膜透析治疗伴多器官功能不全综合征（MODS）的重症急性肾衰竭（ARF）的疗效。方法：回顾性分析15例行腹膜透析治疗的伴MODS的重症ARF患者的临床资料。结果：腹膜透析前后摄入水量、透析治疗头3日血尿素氮、血肌酐、pH无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。腹膜透析7日后有统计学差异（P＜0.05）：死亡5例，存活10例。结论：腹膜透析治疗伴MODS的ARF患者氮质血症可得到控制；对非高分解型重症ARF患者，早期腹膜透析治疗能改善预后。     

11例药物致急性肾功能衰竭患者的腹膜透析治疗

１１例药物致急性肾功能衰竭患者的腹膜透析治疗江旭初江兴华余小燕药物致急性肾功能衰竭（急性肾衰）日益受到医护人员的关注，我院１９８６～１９９５年用腹膜透析（ＰＤ）方法治疗１１例药物致急性肾衰患者。报告如下。１病例与方法１．１病例：１１例患者中男８例，女...     

连续性血液滤过救治急性肾衰的护理

目的：通过对32例急性肾功能衰竭（ARF）合并多脏器衰竭（MODS）的患者进行连续性血液滤过（CVVH）治疗，了解CVVH对重要脏器功能和预后的影响，提高护士对伴有多脏器衰竭的急性肾功能衰竭患者抢救护理技术。方法：收集2005／2006年来我院对32例重症ARF合并多脏器衰竭的患者采用CVVH治疗前后的BUN、Scr及血流动力学的数据的比较。结果：CVVH有利于改善重症ARF患者的肾功能，纠正电解质紊乱，对心、脑等重要脏器无明显副作用。结论：重症ARF患者的死亡率取决于治疗开始时的疾病严重性，CVVH治疗中临床的护理抢救技术和监测非常重要，可以保证治疗的进行，提高患者的生存率。     

腹膜透析治疗肾功能衰竭的新理念

目的探讨腹膜透析治疗肾功能衰竭植管手术方法、注意事项、个体化治疗的实施方案及其长期维持性腹膜透析成败的关键因素。方法30例急、慢性肾功能衰竭患者在不同条件下手术植入腹膜透析管，均采取解剖法植管、选用直形标准Tenckhoff腹膜透析管及腹膜透析双联系统装置。结果均成功植入腹膜透析管，术后无论是立即行连续不卧床腹膜透析，或是由间歇性腹膜透析过渡到连续不卧床腹膜透析者均未出现手术切口、隧道口渗液和感染等。除4例患者未及拆线期死亡外，其余26例手术切口均一期愈合。结论某些急、慢性肾功能衰竭患者的治疗，腹膜透析显示出其独到的优越性、可行性及有效性。遵守个体化腹膜透析治疗，严格控制蛋白质及水、盐的摄入，保持体内的平衡稳态是能否长期维持腹膜透析的关键。     

床边置管腹膜透析治疗特殊人群急性肾功能衰竭的护理

总结床边置管腹膜透析(PD)治疗特殊人群急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)的临床护理.PD过程各环节的精心护理和对病人或家属详细的宣教,是确保PD顺利进行的前提,是提高ARF抢救成功率的关键.     

Peritoneal dialysis for management of pediatric acute renal failure.

BACKGROUND: While the use of continuous renal replacement therapies in the management of children with acute renal failure (ARF) has increased, the role of peritoneal dialysis (PD) in the treatment of pediatric ARF has received less attention. DESIGN: Retrospective database review of children requiring PD for ARF over a 10-year period. SETTING: Pediatric intensive care unit at a tertiary-care referral center. PATIENTS: Sixty-three children without previously known underlying renal disease who required PD for treatment of ARF. RESULTS: Causes of ARF were congestive heart failure (27), hemolytic-uremic syndrome (13), sepsis (10), nonrenal organ transplant (7), malignancy (3), and other (3). Mean duration of PD was 11 +/- 13 days. Children with ARF were younger (30 +/- 48 months vs 88 +/- 68 months old, p < 0.0001) and smaller (11.9 +/- 15.9 kg vs 28 +/- 22 kg, p < 0.0001) than children with known underlying renal disease who began PD during the same time period. Percutaneously placed PD catheters were used in 62% of children with ARF, compared to 4% of children with known renal disease (p < 0.0001). Hypotension was common in patients with ARF (46%), which correlated with a high frequency of vasopressor use (78%) at the time of initiation of PD. Complications of PD occurred in 25% of patients, the most common being catheter malfunction. Recovery of renal function occurred in 38% of patients; patient survival was 51%. CONCLUSIONS: Peritoneal dialysis remains an appropriate therapy for pediatric ARF from many causes, even in severely ill children requiring vasopressor support. Such children can be cared for without the use of more expensive and technology-dependent forms of renal replacement therapies.     

血液净化技术在危重病人急性肾功能衰竭中的应用

目的：总结危重病人急性肾功能衰竭（ARF）血液净化治疗的经验。方法：采用血液透析（HD）治疗者69例,持续性非卧床腹透析（CAPD）治疗者45例,连续性动静脉血液滤过（CAVH）治疗者2例。结果：应用HD治疗者69例,治愈52例（75．4％）,死亡17例;应用CAPD治疗者45例,治愈32例（71．1％）,死亡13例;HD和CAPD两种透析方法,治愈率和病死率两者之间差异均无显著性（P＞0．05）;应用CAVH治疗者2例,死亡1例,死于多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）。结：血液净化技术是治疗危重病人ARF的重要措施之一,但必须注意综合治疗,在积极治疗原发性疾病的基础上,加强对重要脏器功能的监测,正确评估和对其它“易衰竭器官”进行保护,以防止MODS的发生,对降低危重病患者ARF病死率有重要意义。     

Intensive therapy for multiple organ dysfunction in neonatal infants after cardiosurgical interventions

This study was undertaken to evaluate the efficiency of complex intensive therapy for multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) after cardiosurgical interventions at the resuscitative and intensive care unit of the A. N. Bakulev Research Center of Cardiovascular Surgery, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. In 2003-2004, MODS developed in 70 (37%) of the neonatal infants operated on the heart and vessels. The babies' age ranged from 6 hours of life to 1 month (8.3 +/- 2.1 days of life, their body weight was from 1.7 to 4.1 kg (3.0 +/- 0.49 kg). All the patients were found to have significant renal and respiratory failures. There were more than 4 (4.1 +/- 0.5) failing vital viscera. The use of phosphodiesterase (III) inhibitors in therapy for acute left ventricular insufficiency significantly improved the performance of the left heart whereas nitric oxide inhalation significantly lowered pulmonary pressure in babies with acute right ventricular insufficiency and improved oxygenation in patients with MODS. The efficiency of nitric oxide inhalation in MODS significantly increased when it was used in combination with endotracheal administration of a surfactant and high-frequency oscillatory ventilation. Peritoneal dialysis effectively replaced renal function when acute renal failure (ARF) developed. Nevertheless, the development of ARF in the pattern of MODS is a marker of high mortality (89% in ARF versus 46% in MODS without ARF).     

医院获得性急性肾功能衰竭原因分析及预防对策

目的分析医院获得性急性肾功能衰竭(HA-ARF)的各种易患因素,探讨其治疗及预防的特殊性,以提高HA-ARF的抢救成功率。方法回顾性分析在我院诊治及进行血液净化的HA-ARF 56例,其中进行血液透析30例,连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过(CVVH)5例,腹膜透析(CAPD)3例,内科保守治疗18例。结果所有患者均经积极治疗原发病、抗感染、输血、补液、利尿、控制血压等对症治疗,肾功能完全恢复32例(57%),部分恢复11例(20%),不能恢复需维持性血液透析5例(9%),死亡5例(9%),中途放弃治疗3例(5%)。结论HA-AHF病情变化快,早期积极治疗,根据病情需要选择不同的血液净化疗法可提高治疗成功率。     

腹膜透析治疗小儿先心病术后急性肾功能衰竭

目的 探讨腹膜透析(PD)对小儿先天性心脏病术后急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)的治疗效果。方法 对36例先心病术后ARF行腹膜透析治疗患儿的临床资料进行透析效果、转归合并症进行回顾性分析。结果 单纯ARF的死亡率12.5％,显著低于合并其它系统器官衰竭组的45％(P<0.05),腹膜透析3～30天内肾功能恢复,其中1～2天内血钾[K~ ]恢复正常,2～5天内血碳酸氢根[HCO_3~-]恢复正常,4～6天内血尿素氮(BUN)下降49.2％,血肌酐(Cr)下降42.6％。结论 对小儿先心病术后ARF,及早进行腹膜透析具有较好的治疗效果。     

连续性血液净化对MODS合并ARF患者炎性因子和凝血功能的影响

目的探讨连续性血液净化对多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)合并急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)患者炎性因子和凝血功能的影响。方法对2011年2月至2012年11月收治的89例MODS合并ARF的患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,观察患者的炎症因子和凝血功能的变化。结果 89例患者治疗后12 h、24 h K+、尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)、心率(HR)的水平明显低于治疗前(0 h),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);而Na+、葡萄糖(Glu)及平均动脉压(MAP)治疗前后无明显变化,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后12 h、24 h白介素6(IL-6)、白介素10(IL-10)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)的水平明显优于治疗前(0 h),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后12 h、24 h纤溶酶原活化抑制物(PAI-1)、C反应蛋白(CRP)的水平明显优于治疗前(0 h),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 MODS合并ARF患者给予连续性血液净化治疗,可改善患者的血纤溶紊乱,稳定血流动力学,清除血液中的炎症因子。     

多器官功能障碍综合征中急性肾衰竭高病死率风险因素探讨

目的探讨多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）中急性肾衰竭（ARF）的病死率、死亡危险因素及有效治疗措施。方法回顾性分析694例MODS患者，其中发生ARF者441例的临床资料。结果MODS中ARF者发生率为63．5％，病死率达59．7％。本研究的单因素分析显示，MODS中ARF组与非ARF组比较，年龄、呼吸次数、血钠、血糖、心输出量较高，血压、CVP、pH、BE、外周血管阻力值较低，血液净化技术、胃肠内营养两组间比较差异有显著性。经Logistic回归分析，年龄、血BUN、收缩压、CVP、氧合指数、动脉血二氧化碳分压是主要死亡危险因素，血液净化技术、胃肠内营养是保护性因素。结论MODS中ARF者病死率较高，胃肠内营养、血液净化技术能降低死亡率。     

High volume peritoneal dialysis for acute renal failure.

BACKGROUND: Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is still widely used for acute renal failure (ARF) in developing countries despite concerns about its inadequacy. Continuous PD has been evaluated in ARF by analyzing the resolution of metabolic abnormality and normalization of plasma pH, bicarbonate, and potassium. Methodology: A prospective study was performed on 30 ARF patients who were assigned to high-dose continuous PD (Kt/V = 0.65 per session) via a flexible catheter (Tenckhoff) and automated PD with a cycler. Fluid removal, pH and metabolic control, protein loss, and patient outcome were evaluated. RESULTS: Patients received 236 continuous PD sessions; 76% were admitted to ICUs. APACHE II score was 32.2+/-8.65. BUN concentrations stabilized after 3 sessions, creatinine after 4, and bicarbonate and pH after 2. Fluid removal was 2.1+/-0.62 L/day. Creatinine and urea clearances were 15.8+/-4.16 and 17.3+/-5.01 mL/minute respectively. Normalized creatinine clearance and urea Kt/V values were 110.6+/-22.5 L/week/1.73 m(2) body surface area and 3.8+/-0.6 respectively. Solute reduction index was 41%+/-6.5% per session. Serum albumin values remained stable in spite of considerable protein losses (median 21.7 g/day, interquartile range 9.1-29.8 g/day). Regarding ARF outcome, 23% of patients presented renal function recovery, 13% remained on dialysis after 30 days of follow-up, and 57% died. CONCLUSION: High-dose continuous PD by flexible catheter and cycler was an effective treatment for ARF. It provided high solute removal, allowing appropriate metabolic and pH control, and adequate dialysis dose and fluid removal. Continuous PD can therefore be considered an alternative to other forms of renal replacement therapy in ARF.     

Integrated hemodynamic response to hemofiltration and peritoneal dialysis in patients with acute renal failure

Central hemodynamics was studied by integral polyrheography in 24 patients with acute renal failure (ARF) during hemofiltration (HF) and in 18 patients with ARF during peritoneal dialysis. All central hemodynamic parameters improved by the end of HF. However stroke volume decreased by 26.6%, stroke index by 24.4%, minute volume by 25.7%, and cardiac index by 24.8% as early as at the moment of extracorporeal contour filling. This was paralleled by an increase of total peripheral vascular resistance from 1321 +/- 124 to 1586 +/- 106 din/(cm*c-5) (by 16.7%). Hence, clear-cut signs of centralization of circulation were seen during the initial period of HF in patients with ARF. Peritoneal dialysis did not lead to centralization of circulation in patients with ARF; moreover, minute heart volume increased by 9% during some stages of the procedure, stroke volume increased significantly (p < 0.05), other parameters increased, but total peripheral vascular resistance was virtually unchanged. After removal of dialysis solution from the abdominal cavity all hemodynamic parameters returned to the initial values. Hence, both hemofiltration and peritoneal dialysis ameliorate the central hemodynamics. However peritoneal dialysis does not involve even temporary centralization of circulation, which has a positive impact on the course of acute tubular necrosis.