人脐血间充质干细胞移植改善肝硬化大鼠的肝功能

背景：人脐血间充质干细胞移植治疗肝硬化的可行性及机制有待深入探讨。目的：观察经门静脉移植人脐血间充质干细胞对肝硬化大鼠肝功能及组织病理学改变的影响。方法：采用四氯化碳法制备肝硬化大鼠模型,造模成功后,细胞移植组经门静脉注射1 mL BrdU 标记的人脐血间充质干细胞(5×106个),模型组注射等体积的 PBS;以经门静脉移植1 mL 人脐血间充质干细胞的正常大鼠作为对照。细胞移植后4周,取大鼠尾静脉血及肝脏组织进行检测。结果与结论：细胞移植后4周,与模型组比较,细胞移植组大鼠血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、总胆红素明显降低,而白蛋白明显升高(P <0.01);肝细胞炎性坏死、脂肪变及肝纤维化程度明显改善(P <0.05或 P <0.01)。免疫组化及免疫荧光染色显示细胞移植组和对照组大鼠肝组织中均有人脐血间充质干细胞的定植,但细胞移植组 BrdU 阳性细胞数目明显多于对照组。RT-PCR 检测结果显示,细胞移植组大鼠肝组织表达人源性细胞角蛋白18和白蛋白 mRNA,而模型组未见。可见人脐血间充质干细胞移植可在一定程度上改善肝硬化大鼠的肝功能及病理损伤,其机制可能与移植细胞在肝硬化大鼠肝内归巢定植并向肝样细胞分化有关。     

人胚胎骨髓间充质干细胞大鼠脾脏移植后向肝脏的迁移与分化

目的:研究人胚胎骨髓间充质干细胞在大鼠体内移植后向肝脏迁移和在肝内的分化.方法:将人胚胎骨髓间充质干细胞移植到肝损伤合并自身肝细胞再生抑制大鼠的脾脏,术后分时段取肝脏进行免疫组化染色,了解人白蛋白(ALB)、人角蛋白8(CK8)、CK18、CK19的表达情况.结果:人胚胎骨髓间充质干细胞移植后10 d大鼠肝脏可见人CK8、CK18、CK19阳性细胞,移植后15 d大鼠肝脏组织内可见人ALB阳性细胞.移植后90 d仍有阳性细胞检出.结论:人胚胎骨髓间充质干细胞大鼠脾脏移植后能够向肝脏迁移并分化为人肝细胞.     

人羊膜间充质干细胞在大鼠受损肝组织中分化为肝细胞

背景：羊膜间充质干细胞在体外适当的诱导条件下可分化为肝细胞样细胞,而在受损肝脏原位是否可分化为肝细胞值得探讨。目的：观察人羊膜间充质干细胞在大鼠肝损伤原位植活及分化情况。方法：采用胰酶-胶原酶二酶消化法从羊膜组织中分离人羊膜间充质干细胞。采用腹腔注射D-氨基半乳糖建立大鼠肝损伤模型,随机分为2组,人羊膜间充质干细胞移植组造模后注射L-DMEM悬浮的人羊膜间充质干细胞悬液,对照组注射等量L-DMEM。结果与结论：①FCM分析结果显示,所分离的人羊膜间充质干细胞表达CD29、CD44和CD166;免疫荧光染色显示人羊膜间充质干细胞表达波形蛋白,不表达CK19。②与对照组比较,人羊膜间充质干细胞移植后肝病理无明显差异,均呈急性肝坏死病理改变。③免疫荧光双染色结果显示,人羊膜间充质干细胞移植后1周主要定植于肝小叶且表达CK19,至2周表达CK18,至3周表达Alb。结果表明,人羊膜间充质干细胞在大鼠受损肝组织中能被植活,且可分化为肝细胞,提示人羊膜间充质干细胞移植在临床肝病的治疗方面可能具有潜在应用价值。     

人羊膜间充质干细胞在大鼠受损肝组织中分化为肝细胞

背景:羊膜间充质干细胞在体外适当的诱导条件下可分化为肝细胞样细胞,而在受损肝脏原位是否可分化为肝细胞值得探讨。目的:观察人羊膜间充质干细胞在大鼠肝损伤原位植活及分化情况。方法:采用胰酶-胶原酶二酶消化法从羊膜组织中分离人羊膜间充质干细胞。采用腹腔注射D-氨基半乳糖建立大鼠肝损伤模型,随机分为2组,人羊膜间充质干细胞移植组造模后注射L-DMEM悬浮的人羊膜间充质干细胞悬液,对照组注射等量L-DMEM。结果与结论:①FCM分析结果显示,所分离的人羊膜间充质干细胞表达CD29、CD44和CD166;免疫荧光染色显示人羊膜间充质干细胞表达波形蛋白,不表达CK19。②与对照组比较,人羊膜间充质干细胞移植后肝病理无明显差异,均呈急性肝坏死病理改变。③免疫荧光双染色结果显示,人羊膜间充质干细胞移植后1周主要定植于肝小叶且表达CK19,至2周表达CK18,至3周表达Alb。结果表明,人羊膜间充质干细胞在大鼠受损肝组织中能被植活,且可分化为肝细胞,提示人羊膜间充质干细胞移植在临床肝病的治疗方面可能具有潜在应用价值。     

脐血间充质干细胞移植后帕金森病大鼠纹状体内多巴胺含量的变化

背景:目前干细胞移植对帕金森病动物模型的研究多集中在骨髓间充质干细胞和胚胎干细胞方面,关于脐血间充质干细胞移植对帕金森病动物模型的研究相对较少,且未见测量脐血间充质干细胞移植前后多巴胺含量变化的报道.目的:观察脐血干细胞移植对帕金森病大鼠纹状体内多巴胺含量的影响.方法:帕金森病模型大鼠随机分成实验组和对照组.将第3代脐血间充质干细胞用Hoechst33258标记后植入实验组大鼠纹状体内,对照组注射磷酸盐缓冲溶液.移植后2,4,8周用免疫荧光双标法检测间充质干细胞的存活、迁移以及胶质纤维酸性蛋白、神经元特异性烯醇化酶、酪氨酸羟化酶和突触素的表达.移植后8周利用高效液相色谱-电化学检测仪检测纹状体多巴胺含量.结果与结论:脐血间充质干细胞移植后可在大鼠脑内存活,随时间延长迁移范围扩大,分布于纹状体、胼胝体和皮质;胶质纤维酸性蛋白、神经元特异性烯醇化酶、酪氨酸羟化酶都有表达,突触素无表达.多巴胺水平与对照组相比有明显提高 (P < 0.05).     

不同来源间质干细胞移植治疗大鼠肝纤维化简

背景：近年来研究表明间充质干细胞可分泌多种生长因子,在肝纤维化的治疗方面有一定的应用前景。目的：探讨不同来源的间充质干细胞对大鼠肝纤维化的治疗作用。方法：四氯化碳腹腔注射构建SD大鼠肝纤维化模型50只,另取10只正常SD大鼠作为正常对照组,将SD模型大鼠随机分为5组,每组10只,根据移植不同来源的间质干细胞命名为模型对照组、生理盐水组、骨髓间充质干细胞组、脐带间充质干细胞组、脐血间充质干细胞组。分离不同来源的间充质干细胞,造模8周后,取不同来源的间质干细胞2＆#215;106经尾静脉输注至SD大鼠模型体内,12周后处死各组大鼠,检测血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶和白蛋白水平,荧光定量PCR法检测肝组织中Ⅰ型胶原和胶质纤维酸性蛋白的表达。结果与结论：成功建立了 SD 大鼠肝纤维化模型,骨髓间充质干细胞加重纤维化水平,脐血间充质干细胞与脐带间充质干细胞能降低大鼠的肝纤维化水平,脐带间充质干细胞的作用最明显,能明显降低谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶及Ⅰ型胶原和胶质纤维酸性蛋白的表达。结果可见不同来源的间质干细胞对于大鼠纤维化具有不同的作用,骨髓间充质干细胞促进肝纤维化,脐带和脐血间充质干细胞能缓解大鼠的肝纤维化。     

人脐血间充质干细胞移植治疗大鼠肝硬化模型

背景：研究表明,脐血间充质干细胞可在特定环境下诱导为肝样细胞,移植入体内能行使正常肝细胞的功能.目的：应用四氯化碳诱导制作大鼠肝硬化模型,观察脐血间充质干细胞移植对肝硬化模型大鼠的治疗作用.方法：经四氯化碳诱导制作大鼠肝硬化模型,将20只肝硬化SD大鼠随机分为2组,对照组经尾静脉注射0.5 mL生理盐水,治疗组经尾静脉注射氯甲基苯甲酰胺标记的脐血间充质干细胞混悬液,干细胞量为1×106个.2周后处死所有大鼠,取大鼠静脉血检测肝功能指标,并行肝脏组织切片观察.结果与结论：肝硬化模型大鼠肝细胞疏松、浊肿,部分细胞变性、坏死,肝小叶结构模糊不清,有多个大小不等的假小叶形成,符合肝硬化诊断标准.与对照组相比,治疗组大鼠血清白蛋白质量浓度显著增高（P〈0.05）,胆红素浓度显著降低（P〈0.05）,转氨酶活性显著降低（P〈0.05）.治疗组大鼠肝脏内有大量氯甲基苯甲酰胺标记的红色脐血间充质干细胞.提示脐血间充质干细胞可通过肝硬化模型大鼠尾静脉有效改善肝组织的生理功能.     

间充质干细胞对急性肾小管坏死模型大鼠的修复作用

目的 观察标记的人脐带间充质干细胞经外周静脉移植后在急性肾小管坏死模型大鼠体内的分布及归巢,并研究其对肾小管损伤的修复作用.方法 SD大鼠120只随机平均分为三组.移植组:将总量900 mg/kg的庆大霉素,首次300 mg/kg,12 h后200 mg/kg,余400 mg/kg分2次每隔24 h皮下注射,共3 d,建立急性肾小管坏死的大鼠模型,采用经尾静脉注射法移植体外分离培养并用DAPI标记的人脐带间充质干细胞.模型组:造模方法同移植组,造模成功后不予任何干预措施.空白组:正常大鼠.分别于造模成功后1、4、7、14及28 d处死大鼠,留取尿、血做生化检测,取肾组织标本光镜下观察肾小管的病理变化,荧光显微镜下观察人脐带间充质干细胞植入实验动物体内后的存活情况.将肾组织做石蜡切片,做免疫组化检测iNOS表达水平.结果 ①经DAPI标记的人脐带间充质干细胞移植的大鼠,肾组织仅在肾小管中见到DAPI阳性细胞,而肾小球中为阴性;②免疫组化检测,移植组肾脏中iNOS表达较模型组晚,且表达值较模型组低.且于14、28 d移植组与ATN组相比显著降低(P<0.05).结论 ①人脐带间充质干细胞移植后可在急性肾小管坏死肾脏内存活;②人脐带间充质干细胞移植可下调iNOS表达,为局部肾组织的细胞再生提供适宜的微环境.     

脐血干细胞移植对帕金森病大鼠旋转行为的影响

背景：目前帕金森病的临床治疗还是以药物为主,细胞移植实验也多见于骨髓间充质干细胞,脐血来源干细胞移植能否改善帕金森病的旋转行为报道较少。目的：观察脐血间充质干细胞移植对帕金森病大鼠旋转行为的影响。方法：帕金森病模型大鼠随机分成实验组和对照组。实验组大鼠纹状体内植入用Hoechst33258标记的第4代脐血间充质干细胞,对照组注射PBS。此后每周腹腔注射阿扑吗啡以观察大鼠的旋转行为;并在移植后3,6,9周用免疫荧光双标法检测间充质干细胞的存活、迁移情况以及胶质纤维酸性蛋白、神经元特异性烯醇化酶、酪氨酸羟化酶和突触素的表达。结果与结论：移植脐血间充质干细胞后大鼠的旋转行为与对照组相比有明显改善（P〈0.05）;间充质干细胞可在大鼠脑内存活,随时间延长迁移范围扩大,分布于纹状体、胼胝体和皮质;胶质纤维酸性蛋白、神经元特异性烯醇化酶、酪氨酸羟化酶都有表达,突触素无表达。结果可见移植脐血间充质干细胞后能明显改善帕金森病大鼠旋转行为,有望成为治疗帕金森病的种子细胞。     

人脐带间充质干细胞移植对急性肾小管坏死大鼠肾脏组织中BMP-7 Bcl-2的影响

目的 观察经DAPI标记后的人脐带间充质干细胞经急性肾小管坏死模型大鼠尾静脉移植后在体内的分布及归巢,并研究其修复急性肾小管坏死(ATN)时对肾脏组织BMP-7、Bcl-2的影响.方法 SD大鼠120只,随机平均分为三组:移植组,将总量900 mg/kg庆大霉素,首次300 mg/kg,12 h后200 mg/kg,余400 mg/kg分两次每隔24 h皮下注射,共3 d,建立急性肾小管坏死的大鼠模型,采用经尾静脉静脉注射法移植体外分离培养并用DAPI标记的人脐带间充质干细胞;模型组,造模方法同移植组,造模成功后不予任何干预措施;空白组,正常大鼠.分别于造模成功后1 d、4 d、1周、2周及4周处死大鼠,三组均取肾组织标本荧光显微镜下观察人脐带间充质干细胞植入实验动物体内后的存活情况.免疫组化方法检测肾脏组织BMP-7、Bcl-2等细胞因子表达水平.结果 ①荧光显微镜观察移植组大鼠肾小管部位显示绿色荧光,而肾小球部位呈阴性.②相比ATN组和正常组,移植组肾脏组织BMP-7明显上调(P<0.05 ),Bcl-2在移植组肾脏组织局部表达明显增加(P<0.05 ).结论 ①人脐带间充质干细胞移植后可在ATN肾脏内存活;②rUCMSCs移植可以上调Bcl-2,减少肾小管损伤后的细胞凋亡,并增加肾小管上皮细胞的增生,从而促进肾小管和肾功能的恢复;③rUCMSCs移植可上调BMP-7表达,促进干细胞向肾小管上皮细胞分化.     

Evaluation of the blood-brain barrier transport,population pharmacokinetics,and brain distribution of benztropine analogs and cocaine using in vitro and in vivo techniques

The N-substituted 3alpha-[bis(4'-fluorophenyl)methoxy]tropanes (AHN 2-003, AHN 1-055, AHN 2-005, and JHW 007) bind with high affinity to the dopamine transporter and inhibit dopamine uptake more potently than cocaine, but they demonstrate behavioral profiles in animal models of psychostimulant abuse that are unlike that of cocaine. The objective of this study was to characterize the in vitro permeability, brain distribution, and pharmacokinetics of the benztropine (BZT) analogs. Transport studies of cocaine and the BZT analogs (10-4 M) were conducted across bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (approximately 300 g) were administered BZT analogs (10 mg/kg) or cocaine (5 mg/kg) via the tail vein. Blood and brain samples were collected over 36 h and assayed using UV-high-performance liquid chromatography. Transport of both AHN 1-055 (2.15 x 10-4 cm/s) and JHW 007 (2.83 x 10-4 cm/s) was higher (p < 0.05) than that of cocaine (1.63 x 10-4 cm/s). The volume of distribution (12.3-30.5 l/kg) of the analogs was significantly higher than cocaine (0.9 l/kg). The BZT analogs displayed a > or =8-fold higher elimination half-life (4.12-16.49 h) compared with cocaine (0.49 h). The brain-to-plasma partition coefficients were at least two-fold higher for the BZTs versus cocaine, except for AHN 2-003. The BZT analogs are highly permeable across the blood-brain barrier and possess a pharmacokinetic profile different from that of cocaine. These characteristics, in addition to their distinctive behavioral profiles, suggest that the BZT analogs may be promising candidates for the treatment of cocaine abuse.     

Effects of N-substituted analogs of benztropine: diminished cocaine-like effects in dopamine transporter ligands

Previous studies demonstrated that analogs of benztropine (BZT) possess high affinity for the dopamine transporter, inhibit dopamine uptake, but generally have behavioral effects different from those of cocaine. One hypothesis is that muscarinic-M(1) receptor actions interfere with cocaine-like effects. Several tropane-nitrogen substitutions of 4',4"-diF-BZT have reduced M(1) affinity compared with the CH(3)-analog (AHN 1-055; 3alpha-[bis-(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]tropane). All of the compounds displaced [(3)H]WIN 35,428 (2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane) binding with affinities ranging from 11 to 108 nM. Affinities at norepinephrine ([(3)H]nisoxetine) and serotonin ([(3)H]citalopram) transporters ranged from 457 to 4810 and 376 to 3260 nM, respectively, and at muscarinic M(1) receptors ([(3)H]pirenzepine) from 11.6 (AHN 1-055) to higher values, reaching 1030 nM for the other BZT-analogs. Cocaine and AHN 1-055 produced dose-related increases in locomotor activity in mice, with AHN 1-055 less effective than cocaine. The other compounds were ineffective in stimulating activity. In rats discriminating cocaine (29 micromol/kg i.p.) from saline, WIN 35,428 fully substituted for cocaine, whereas AHN 1-055 produced a maximal substitution of 79%. None of the other analogs fully substituted for cocaine. WIN 35,428 produced dose-related leftward shifts in the cocaine dose-effect curve, whereas selected BZT analogs produced minimal changes in the effects of cocaine. The results suggest that reducing M(1) affinity of 4',4"-diF-BZT with N-substitutions reduces effectiveness in potentiating the effects of cocaine. Furthermore, although the BZT-analogs bind with high affinity at the dopamine transporter, their behavioral effects differ from those of cocaine. These compounds have reduced efficacy compared with cocaine, a long duration of action, and may serve as leads for the development of medications to treat cocaine abuse.     

Neuroprotection (focal ischemia) and neurotoxicity (electroencephalographic) studies in rats with AHN649, a 3-amino analog of dextromethorphan and low-affinity N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist.

AHN649, an analog of dextromethorphan (DM) and a relatively selective low-affinity N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist, was evaluated for neuroprotective effects using the rat intraluminal filament model of temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion. Rats were subjected to 2 h of focal ischemia followed by 72 h of reperfusion. In vehicle-treated rats, middle cerebral artery occlusion resulted in neurological deficits and severe infarction measuring 232 +/- 25 mm(3), representing approximately 25% contralateral hemispheric infarction. Post-treatment with AHN649 (0.156-20 mg/kg i.v.) or DM (0.156-10 mg/kg i.v.) significantly reduced cortical infarct volume by 40 to 60% compared with vehicle-control treatments. AHN649 neuroprotection was linear and dose dependent (ED(50) = 0.80 mg/kg), whereas DM neuroprotection (ED(50) = 1.25 mg/kg) was nonlinear and less effective at the higher doses (2.5-10 mg/kg). Although impaired neurological function scores improved in all groups by 24 to 72 h, the most dramatic improvement was associated with AHN649 treatments. In a rat electroencephalographic model of brain function, separate neurotoxicity experiments revealed that acute i.v. doses of DM caused seizures (ED(50) = 19 mg/kg) and death (LD(50) = 27 mg/kg). In contrast, AHN649 failed to induce seizure activity at doses up to 100 mg/kg (LD(50) = 79 mg/kg). Collectively, AHN649 is described as a potent, efficacious neuroprotective agent devoid of serious central nervous system neurotoxicity and possessing potential therapeutic value as antistroke treatment. Furthermore, the feasibility of targeting low-affinity N-methyl-D-aspartate-site ligands as postinjury therapy for ischemic brain injury has been confirmed.     

AHN 683: a fluorescent ligand for peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors.

AHN 683 [1-(2-fluoro-5-N[1,3-dihydrol-1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-oxo- 5-isobenzofurancarboxamide]-phenyl)-N-methyl-N-(1-methylpropyl)-3- isoquinoline carboxamide] is a fluorescein-derived ligand at peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors structurally related to the isoquinoline carboxamide, PK 14105. The binding of AHN 683 to rat renal membranes measured by fluorescence techniques was saturable with a maximum number of binding sites of 2.3 +/- 0.3 pmol/mg of protein. The KD (40.4 +/- 2.2 nM) estimated by fluorescence was in good agreement with the Ki (77.4 +/- 13.5 nM) obtained in competition studies with [3H] Ro 5-4864. AHN 683 exhibited rapid and reversible binding which was significantly reduced by the histidine modifying reagent, diethylpyrocarbonate. The potencies of a pair of isoquinoline carboxamide enantiomers as well as other structurally diverse peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor ligands estimated by inhibition of AHN 683 binding were in good agreement with values obtained using radioligand binding techniques. AHN 683 binding was unaffected by compounds that do not recognize peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors. Moreover, a significant increase in the maximum number of binding sites of AHN 683 to rat renal membranes after chronic furosemide treatment (29.2%, P less than .02) was comparable to the increase measured using [3H]PK 11195 (35.6%, P less than .001). These findings demonstrate the feasibility of using fluorescent ligand binding techniques to quantitatively characterize peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors.     

A new topical treatment for acute herpetic neuralgia and post-herpetic neuralgia: the aspirin/diethyl ether mixture. An open-label study plus a double-blind controlled clinical trial.

Topical aspirin/diethyl ether (ADE) mixture was used to treat 45 consecutive patients with acute herpetic neuralgia (AHN) (n = 28) and with post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) (n = 17) in an open-label study. Good-to-excellent results were achieved by 93% of AHN patients and by 65% of PHN patients. Earlier treatment yielded better results for the AHN but not the PHN group. The topical treatment seemed to accelerate the healing of acute herpetic skin lesions and possibly modulate the severity of the herpetic infection. Furthermore, a striking reduction in the percentage of AHN patients developing PHN was observed in the treated group, as compared with the disease natural history reported in the literature (4 vs. 50-70%). Treatment tolerance was excellent with no adverse effect observed. In addition to the open trial, a pilot double-blind crossover placebo-controlled study (n = 11) compared the analgesic efficacy of ADE with two other NSAID (indomethacin and diclofenac) drug/ether mixtures. Aspirin (but not indomethacin and diclofenac) was significantly superior to placebo as regards pain relief (P less than 0.05).     

彩色多普勒能量图对小肝癌与肝腺瘤样增生结节的鉴别诊断研究

目的　探讨彩色多普勒能量图 (CDE)对小肝癌与肝腺瘤样增生结节的鉴别诊断价值。方法　对2 1例小肝癌和 8例肝腺瘤样增生结节进行了CDE检查 ,并与数字减影血管造影 (DSA )对照。结果　小肝癌动脉肿瘤输入血管检出率 85 .7% ,门静脉肿瘤输入血管检出率 42 .9% ;肝腺瘤样增生结节门静脉肿瘤输入血管检出率 62 .5 % ,无一例存在动脉肿瘤输入血管 ,两组相比差异有非常显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1)。此外CDE可显示11例 (5 2 .4% )小肝癌有肿瘤输出静脉血管 ,其中 10例 (4 7.6% )为门静脉肿瘤输出血管 ,1例为肝静脉肿瘤输出血管 ,而肝腺瘤样增生结节无一例有肿瘤输出静脉血管 ,两组相比差异有非常显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　彩色多普勒能量图对小肝癌与肝腺瘤样增生结节的鉴别诊断具有一定的意义 ,输入肿瘤的动脉血管和输出肿瘤的静脉血管可作为小肝癌区别于肝腺瘤样增生结节的主要鉴别点     

Place conditioning and locomotor effects of N-substituted, 4',4''-difluorobenztropine analogs in rats

Previous studies demonstrated that analogs of benztropine [3alpha-(diphenyl-methoxy)tropane (BZT)] bind to the dopamine (DA) transporter with high affinity, inhibit DA uptake, but do not maintain rates of responding in self-administration procedures comparable with those maintained by cocaine. Some BZT analogs have an onset of action that is slower than that for cocaine that may contribute to this decreased effectiveness. In addition, some BZT analogs have affinity for muscarinic-M1 receptors that may interfere with reinforcing effects. The present study assessed effects of BZT analogs in place-conditioning procedures designed to accommodate variations in onset of effect. BZT analogs with variations in relative affinities for the DA transporter over M1 receptors from equal [AHN 1-055 (3alpha-[bis(4'-fluorophenyl)methoxy]-tropane)] to 16-fold [JHW 007 (N-(n-butyl)-3alpha-[bis(4'-fluorophenyl)methoxy]-tropane)] were compared with cocaine and the muscarinic antagonist, atropine. Cocaine (10-20 mg/kg) but not atropine (1.0-5.6 mg/kg) produced dose-related place conditioning. The N-methyl-substituted BZT analog, AHN 1-055, was without significant effects at doses that ranged from 0.3 to 3.0 mg/kg and when administered up to 90 min before conditioning trials. In contrast, effects of AHN 2-005 (N-allyl-3alpha-[bis(4'-fluorophenyl)methoxy]-tropane; 0.1-10.0 mg/kg) were significant, and those of JHW 007 approached significance when administered 45 min but not immediately or 90 min before trials. Atropine blocked the effect of AHN 2-005 and approached significant antagonism of cocaine. The present study further supports and extends previous results showing minimal preclinical indications of abuse liability of BZT analogs and suggests that these differences from cocaine are not entirely accounted for by a slower onset of action or muscarinic M1 receptor affinity.     

Relationship between in vivo occupancy at the dopamine transporter and behavioral effects of cocaine, GBR 12909 [1-{2-[bis-(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl}-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine], and benztropine analogs

Analogs of benztropine (BZT) bind to the dopamine (DA) transporter and inhibit DA uptake but often have behavioral effects that differ from those of cocaine and other DA-uptake inhibitors. To better understand these differences, we examined the relationship between locomotor-stimulant effects of cocaine, 1-{2-[bis-(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl}-4-(3-phenylpropyl)-piperazine (GBR 12909), and BZT analogs [(3alpha-[bis(4'-fluorophenyl)methoxy]-tropane) (AHN 1-055) and (N-allyl-3alpha-[bis(4'-fluorophenyl)methoxy]-tropane) (AHN 2-005)] and their in vivo displacement of the DA transporter ligand [125I]3beta-(4-iodophenyl)-tropan-2beta-carboxylic acid isopropyl ester hydrochloride (RTI-121) in striatum. Cocaine, GBR 12909, and BZT analogs each displaced [125I]RTI-121 and stimulated locomotor activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The time course revealed a slower onset of both effects for AHN 1-055 and AHN 2-005 compared with cocaine and GBR 12909. The BZT analogs were less effective than cocaine and GBR 12909 in stimulating locomotor activity. Locomotor stimulant effects of cocaine were generally greater than predicted by the regression of displacement of [125I]RTI-121 and effect at short times after injection and less than predicted at longer times after injection. This result suggests that the apparent rate of occupancy of the DA transporter, in addition to percentage of sites occupied, contributes to the behavioral effects of cocaine. The present results suggest that among drugs that act at the DA transporter, the slower apparent rates of occupancy with the DA transporter by the BZT analogs may contribute in an important way to differences in their effectiveness.     

肝硬变的MRI诊断

笔者复习了我院９４年３～１１月经临床及ＭＲＩ诊断为肝硬变５０例，其中３７例伴有肝癌（７４％），提出肝硬变的ＭＲＩ特点：①肝内弥漫性结节，按结节大小分为小结节型．大结节型及大小结节混合型；②肝普遍增大；③肝表面凸凹不整．各叶比例失调；④肝内静脉细，稀少；⑤脾静脉扩张，胃底及脾门静脉曲张；⑥脾肿大；⑦腹水。文中着重分析肝内再生结节、脉瘤性增生结节及小肝癌三者的ＭＲＩ信号特点及其演变过程。提出ＭＲＩ诊断肝硬变的价值。     

Acute normovolemic hemodilution

Acute normovolemic hemodilution (AHN) is a well known but poorly used “blood saving” method. The authors, based on their own experience and on the “low hematocrit” physiology, present some concepts on AHN and a clinical experience to demonstrate the usefulness and affordability of this method. Consequently we offer several tools concerning both the realization of AHN and the safe use of such dilution, suggesting simple and exciting methods to determine if, when and how to apply this blood saving system.