亚急性重型肝炎患者TNF-α和IL-1表达及IL-4对其的调控

目的：分析ＩＬ－４对亚急性重型肝炎（亚重肝）患者外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣＳ）ＴＮＦ－α和ＩＬ－１的调控作用,评价ＩＬ－４在亚重肝治疗中的潜在价值。方法：应用细胞生物学、免疫组化和ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ等方面测定ＰＢＭＣＳ ＴＮＦ－α、ＩＬ－１的表达。结果：亚重肝患者ＰＢＭＣＳ ＴＮＦ－α、ＩＬ－１表达水平均较正常人显著增高血糖素含量和虽然ＩＬ－４ ＭＲＮＡ及蛋白质的表达与正常人比较一差异无但ＩＬ－４ ＭＲ     

再生障碍性贫血患者细胞因子水平观察

为进一步探讨细胞免疫对ＡＡ发病的影响，阐明细胞因子在ＡＡ患者中变化的基础与临床意义，采用酶联免疫试剂盒ＥＬＩＳＡ法对３８例ＡＡ患者及２０例正常人外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＮＣ）培养上清诱生Ｇ－ＣＳＦ，ＩＬ－６，ＴＮＦα，ＩＦＮα及ＩＬ－８水平进行测定，同时采用改良ＡＰＡＡＰ法观察外周血Ｔ细胞亚群及ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ抗原表达，结果ＡＡ患者ＰＢＭＮＣ培养上清中Ｇ－ＣＳＦ阳性率减低，ＩＬ－６，ＴＮＦαＩＦＮα及     

慢性肝病患者血清细胞因子变化与临床意义

目的：为探讨慢性乙型肝炎病毒性肝病患者血清细胞因子ＴＮＦ－α、ＩＬ－１、ＩＬ－６、ＩＬ－８活性变化及其在慢性肝病发生发展中的作用及临床意义。方法：采用ＥＬＩＳＡ法对慢性乙型肝炎（ＣＨ）、慢性乙型重型肝炎（ＣＳＨ）、乙型肝炎性肝硬化（ＨＣ）患者血清中细胞因子ＴＮＦ－α、ＩＬ－１、ＩＬ－６、ＩＬ－８活性进行了测定。结果：慢肝患者血清ＴＮＦ－α、ＩＬ－１、ＩＬ－６、ＩＬ－８水平明显高于健康对照组（Ｐ〈０     

不同病期支气管哮喘血清及PBMC条件培养液IL-8、TNF-α变化

目的：探讨ＩＬ－８、ＴＮＦ－α在儿童支气管哮喘发病中的作用。方法：采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ＥＬＩＳＡ）检测３５例发作期、１８例稳定期哮喘患儿血清及外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ）条件培养液中ＩＬ－８、ＴＮＦ－α水平。结果：哮喘发作期血清ＩＬ－８及ＴＮＦ－α明显增高,随病情缓解逐渐降低,达到或接受对照组水平。与对照组比较,哮喘发作期、稳定期ＰＢＭＣ条件培养液ＩＬ－８、ＴＮＦ－α水平显著增高;无论发作期抑或     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病细胞因子的变化及临床意义

目的：研究新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病（ＨＩＥ）患儿细胞因子ＩＮＦ－α、ＩＬ－１β和ＩＬ－６的变化及其与ＨＩＥ严重程度的关系和临床意义。方法：用ＥＬＩＳＡ方法测定了５０例ＨＩＥ患儿血浆及外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ）体外培养产生的细胞因子ＴＮＦ－α、ＩＬ－１β和ＩＬ－６的水平。结果：ＨＩＥ患儿血浆及ＰＢＭＣ体外培养产生的ＴＮＦ－α、ＩＬ－１β水平均显著高于对照组；而且重度ＨＩＥ患儿急性期血浆及ＰＢＭＣ体外培养产生的ＴＮＦ－α、ＩＬ－β和ＩＬ－６水平均显著高于对照组和轻度ＨＩＥ组，其恢复期血浆ＴＮＦ－α、ＩＬ－１β则显著降低，但血浆ＩＬ－６水平仍明显高于对照组。结论：ＨＩＥ患儿血浆及激活的ＰＢＭＣ产生的ＴＮＦ－α和ＩＬ－１β水平与ＨＩＥ的严重程度有关，ＩＬ－６的产生可能与脑损伤后的修复机制有关，测定这些细胞因子对病情的监测具有一定意义。     

重型乙型肝炎患者TNF和IL－1的检测及意义

检测３０例重型乙型病毒性肝炎（重型肝炎）患者血清和外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ）培养上清中肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）水平及ＰＢＭＣ诱生的白细胞介素１（ＩＬ－１）活性，结果：重型肝炎患者ＴＮＰ和ＩＬ－１水平均增高，且二者呈正相关。提示ＴＮＦ和ＩＬ－１在重型肝炎的发病机制中起重要作用。     

重组干扰素—γ对哮喘患者外周血单个核细胞IL—8和IL—10的作用研究

目的 研究重组干扰素－γ对哮喘患者体外单个核细胞ＩＬ－８和ＩＬ－１０释放的影响以及与血清ＥＣＰ水平的关系。方法 取哮喘患者８例、正常人５例的外周静脉血,分离单个核细胞培养,６６ｈ后将哮喘患者的ＰＢＭＣ上清液分为重组干扰素－γ干预组、氟美松干预组、未加干预物组,７２ｈ收集上清液测定ＩＬ－８和ＩＬ－１０的浓度。同时留取血清测ＥＣＰ。结果 哮喘者血清ＥＣＰ值与ＰＢＭＣ培养细胞上清液中ＩＬ－８值呈现显著正相关（ｒ＝０．７０１）,与ＩＬ－１０值呈显著负相关（ｒ＝０．６３８）。者喘患者血清中ＥＣＰ和ＰＢＭＣ上清液ＩＬ－８和ＩＬ－１０浓度与正常相比有显著性差异（Ｐ〈０．０５）。ｒＩＦＮ－γ干预后ＰＢＭＣ上清中ＩＬ－８较未干预组显著下降（Ｐ〈０．０５）,而ＩＬ－１０显著增高（Ｐ〈０．０５）;氟美松干预组则无明显差异性。结论 ｒ     

再生障碍性贫血患者免疫调节剂治疗前后TNF和IL—2水平变化及意义

为了探讨再生障碍性贫血（ＡＡ）的免疫发病机理及抗Ｔ淋巴细胞单克隆抗体（ＭｃＡｂ－Ｔ）的免疫调节治疗作用，采用放射免疫法检测３０例ＡＡ患者ＭｃＡｂ－Ｔ治疗前后血清肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）和白细胞介素－２（ＩＬ－２）水平及其中１０例ＡＡ外周血核细胞（ＰＢＭＮＣ）体外诱生ＴＮＦ和ＩＬ－２水平的变化。结果表明，治疗前ＡＡ患者血清ＴＮＦ水平显著曾高（Ｐ〈０．０１），ＰＢＭＮＣ诱生的ＴＮＦ和ＩＬ－２水平均明显高     

系统性红斑狼疮病人外周血中TNF和IL—1的检测

肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）和白细胞介素１（ＩＬ－１）是一对介导炎性反应的主要细胞因子，用细胞生物法，ＥＬＩ０Ａ法和３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ渗入法对２０例系统性红斑狼疮（ＳＬＥ）患者的外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ）培养上清和血清进行了ＴＮＦ和ＩＬ－１水平的检测。结果表明：ＳＬＥ病人的ＰＢＭＣ在体外对有丝分裂原的刺激不敏感。其上清液中的ＴＮＰ的活性和上清液及血清中ＴＮＦ－α蛋白含量的水平与疾病的活动性及是否合并感染均无相关性。ＳＬＥ病人ＩＬ－１的生物活性和健康人无明显差异。活动期病人ＩＬ－１的分泌水平低于恢复期患者，ＩＬ－１分泌能力的降低和病情活动有关。     

呼吸道合胞病毒感染患儿免疫功能变化及PBL体外表达IL－2R的动态观察

探讨７２例确诊呼吸道合胞病毒（ＲＳＶ）特异性血清抗体及鼻咽分泌物脱落细胞中ＲＳＶ抗原阳性患儿急性期及恢复期Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群，血清ＩｇＧ、ＩｓＭ、ＩｇＡ及ＩＬ－２Ｒ的活性表达，动态观察了呼吸道合胞病毒感染患儿急性期、恢复期和正常对照组外周血淋巴细胞经ＰＨＡ刺激后，于不同时间（２４ｈ、４８ｈ、７２ｈ）细胞膜上ＩＬ－２Ｒ的活性表达。结果表明，抗体效价恢复期较急性期升高４～１２８倍，病例组急性期ＣＤ３、ＣＤ１６、Ｂ细胞升高，ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８的比值下降，ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＡ均降低，而ＩＬ－２Ｒ的活性表达呈下降趋势。此结果有助于探讨ＲＳＶ感染患儿的免疫紊乱发生机制。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.