药源性皮炎患者临床表现特征及病毒检测研究

目的分析药源性皮炎患者临床表现特征,观察患者人疱疹病毒和细小病毒的感染状况。方法回顾性分析120例药源性皮炎患者以及100例健康受检者临床资料,根据患者病情分为重症组、非重症症组以及过敏综合征(DIHS)组。观察药源性皮炎患者的临床特征及分类;检测并比较各组血清病毒[人疱疹病毒6型(HHV-6)、人疱疹病毒7型(HHV-7)、EB病毒(EBV)、巨细胞病毒(CMV)及人类微小病毒B19(PV B19)]阳性率。结果药源性皮炎分类表明:患病率最高的为猩红热型药疹(EE)和非重症型;临床特征分析表明:三组在发热、肝功能异常和潜伏期方面,差异显著(P0.05),DIHS组最高,非重症组最低;血清病毒检测表明:DIHS组与重症组患者的HHV-6、HHV-7、EBV、CMV感染阳性率均高于非重症组和正常组,其中DIHS组最高,重症组次之,正常组最低。各组之间PV B-19均无显著性差异。结论 DIHS患者具有显著的发热和肝功能损伤症状,其发病与HHV-6、HHV-7、EBV、CMV相关,故病毒感染是药源性皮炎患者病情加重的主要原因,临床治疗时应注意避免病毒感染。     

重症药疹74例临床分析

目的探讨重症药疹的发生规律、临床特点和治疗措施。方法对1998～2011年我科收治的74例重症药疹患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果重症药疹以重症多形红斑型药疹(SJS)多见,占48.6%(36/74)。别嘌呤醇在致敏药物中居首位,占21.6%(16/74),其次是卡马西平,占18.9%(14/74)。别嘌呤醇的潜伏期最长,且肝肾损害率高,分别为87.5%和50.0%。四种类型中SJS与中毒性表皮坏死松解型药疹(TEN)的黏膜损害率均为100%,药物超敏反应综合征(DRESS)的黏膜损害率最小为28.6%。DRESS的发病年龄比剥脱性皮炎型药疹(ED)小,DRESS的潜伏期较TEN与SJS长。TEN的日最大糖皮质激素用量平均值为4.13mg/kg,均高于其他三组,其住院时间较SJS长,平均为23.09d。TEN的并发症为85.7%,高于其他三组,死亡率高。结论致敏药物的种类、药疹类型与病情的严重程度密切相关,别嘌呤醇与卡马西平应用需谨慎,激素联合免疫球蛋白(IVIG)治疗有效。     

尿微量蛋白检测在判断糖尿病肾脏损害中的临床意义探讨

目的探讨尿微量蛋白测定在判断单纯糖尿病与合并高血压的糖尿病患者肾脏损害中的临床意义。方法用速率散射比浊法检测120例糖尿病患者和35例健康体检者的尿微量白蛋白(mAlb)、转铁蛋白(TRF)、β2-微球蛋白(β2-m)和α1-微球蛋白(α1-m)及免疫球蛋白IgG(IgG)的水平。结果合并高血压的糖尿病组糖尿病肾脏损害的发生率显著高于单纯糖尿病组;单纯糖尿病组(A组)和健康对照组比较:尿mAlb、TRF有非常显著差异(P<0.01),α1-m有显著差异(P<0.05),而β2-m、IgG则无显著差异(P﹥0.05);合并高血压的糖尿病组(B组)和健康对照组比较:尿mAlb、TRF、α1-m、β2-m、IgG均有非常显著差异(P<0.01);A组和B组比较:尿mAlb无显著差异(P﹥0.05);TRF有显著意义(P<0.05),α1-m、β2-m、IgG均有非常显著差异(P<0.01)。结论合并高血压的糖尿病组肾脏损害要明显重于单纯糖尿病组和健康对照组。     

2型糖尿病患者超敏C反应蛋白水平观察

目的了解2型糖尿病患者超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平及合并感染,与微量白蛋白尿的关系.方法对80例2型糖尿病患者进行hs-CRP测定, 分感染组和无感染组.无感染组再分微量白蛋白尿组及正常蛋白尿组,进行组间及正常健康人的对照.结果 2型糖尿病感染组hs-CRP明显增高,与正常对照P<0.01,与无感染组对照P<0.01;糖尿病无感染组hs-CRP亦增高, 与正常对照P<0.01,微量白蛋白尿组hs-CRP高于正常蛋白尿组,P<0.01.结论监测hs-CRP与微量白蛋白尿对临床有指导作用.     

事件相关电位P300对帕金森病患者早期认知功能损害的临床研究

目的观察不同认知功能评分的帕金森病(PD)患者之间,及其与正常对照之间事件相关电位(ERPs)P300波的潜伏期和波幅有无差别,为PD患者认知功能障碍的早期诊断提供一种客观、可靠方法.方法参与实验者分为实验靶刺激内容设计者、第一评估者(检测并收集资料者)及第二评估者(有丰富工作经验脑电生理诊断医生).32名非痴呆PD病患者和与其年龄、性别、受教育程度均匹配的25名身体健康志愿者被纳入研究,采用熟悉和不熟悉人名作为诱发ERPs的任务,仪器设备使用德国EMS-32导脑电地形图处理系统,并记录30导ERPs.第一评估者与第二评估者在双盲的条件下通过分析记录的ERPs来判定出受试者熟悉的名字.结果①第一评估者与第二评估者对人名刺激正确判断率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),第一评估者与第二评估者对正常对照组人名刺激的正确判断率均明显高于PD患者组;②在认知熟悉人名时,PD患者组和正常对照组N2-P3波幅明显高于不熟悉人名者(P<0.05;P<0.01);与正常对照组相比,PD患者组N2、P3潜伏期延长,N2P3波幅下降,但差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);③在N2、P3潜伏期方面,24～26分PD患者组均较正常对照组(熟悉:P<0.01, P<0.01;不熟悉:P<0.01,P<0.01)和27～30分PD患者组(熟悉:P<0.05,P<0.01;不熟悉:P<0.05,P<0.01)有显著延长.在N2P3波幅方面,24～26分PD患者组、27～30分PD患者组和正常对照组之间则差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论以识别熟悉与不熟悉人名字作为靶刺激的ERPs,可早期发现PD患者的认知功能损害;PD患者P300潜伏期延长早于波幅的降低,提示P300潜伏期延长是反映早期亚临床认知功能障碍的敏感指标.     

尿微量蛋白检测对糖尿病肾病早期诊断的临床应用

目的探讨尿中视黄醇结合蛋白((R-binding protein,RBP)、转铁蛋白(Transferrin,Tf)、α1-微球蛋白(α1-microglobulin,α1-MG)、微量白蛋白(mALB)和免疫球蛋白G(IgG)检测在糖尿病肾病(Diabetic nephropathy,DN)早期诊断中的临床意义.方法以本院健康体检者50例为正常对照组,50例糖尿病患者根据尿微量白蛋白排泄率(Urinaryalbuminexcretionrate,UAER) 分为无肾病组、初期肾病组和临床肾病组.所有受试者留晨尿后的第一次尿液,取10ml离心,收集上清液,并留24h尿.免疫散射比浊法测定RBP、TRF、mALB、α1-MG、IgG 及24h尿微量白蛋白,酶免疫分析法测定尿肌酐(Cr).结果尿测定结果分别以RBP/Cr、TRF/Cr、mALB/Cr、α1-MG/Cr、IgG/Cr表示.糖尿病无肾病组RBP/Cr 、TRF/Cr与正常对照组显著差异(P<0.05),mALB /Cr和IgG/Cr与正常对照组无明显差异(P>0.05);糖尿病初期肾病组与正常对照组比较,IgG有显著差异(P<0.05),其它为非常显著差异(P<0.01);临床肾病组尿中5种微量蛋白的含量与对照组比较,差异非常显著(P<0.01).50例糖尿病患者尿蛋白的含量进行组间比较,糖尿病无肾病组与初期肾病组差异显著(P<0.05),临床肾病组与无肾病组及初期肾病组比较,均呈非常显著升高(P<0.01),以mALB为最高.糖尿病无肾病组RBP和α1-MG均升高,且随着病情进展,RBP升高幅度较α1-MG大,两者比较差异非常显著(P<0.01).结论尿RBP、TRF、mALB 、IgG联合检测对糖尿病患者的肾脏损害部位、病变程度、治疗和预后观察具有重要意义,且方法灵敏可靠.     

重症药疹的治疗与护理

重症药疹是一种常见的严重药物不良反应,系指药物通过注射、口服、吸人等途径进入人体后引起的皮肤、粘膜反应。重症药疹主要包括大疱性表皮坏死松解型(TEN),重症多型红斑型(SJS)及剥脱性皮炎型(ED)三种类型,患者发病急、病情重,是皮肤科的急诊,常可危及患者的生命。如治疗、护理不     

首发抑郁症患者新事件相关电位汉语成语N400的试验研究

目的 研究首发抑郁症(FED)患者汉语成语N400的异常及其与临床症状的关系,并对其变异性质及相关机制进行探讨.方法 以汉语成语正常结尾字(匹配)和结尾歧义字(非匹配)作为刺激物,采用中国润杰WJ-1型事件相关电位(ERP)仪,检测38例FED患者和35名健康成人(NC组)的N400指标;并用17项汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD-17)评估患者的临床症状.结果 (1)与NC组比较,FED组在Cz、Pz、Fz 3个脑区汉语成语N400潜伏期明显延长(P<0.05或P<0.01),波幅明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01);(2)在Cz脑区,FED患者的N400潜伏期延长与HAMD-17量表评分呈正相关(P<0.05),N400波幅下降与HAMD-17量表评分呈负相关(P<0.01).结论 FED患者在发病初期即存在语言功能损害,汉语成语N400异常可能是和临床症状相关的状态标志.     

药物超敏反应综合征14例漏误诊原因分析

目的 探讨药物超敏反应综合征(DIHS)的临床特点以及漏误诊原因.方法 回顾性分析2014年1月—2018年10月住院诊断为重症药疹的患者,按照RegiSCAR评分系统筛选出DIHS的病例,将其他重症药疹患者纳入非DIHS组.记录2组的致敏药物、一般资料、临床症状、实验室检查等,并对相关数据进行统计分析.结果 本次研究...     

传染性非典型肺炎急性期患者血清特种蛋白的检测及意义

目的 探讨传染性非典型肺炎又称严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)患者急性期血清特种蛋白的变化规律及其临床意义。方法 SARS急性期组:本院临床诊断为SARS,发病后5 d内患者42例。正常对照组:体检健康成年人30名。采用速率散射比浊法检测血清中免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、补体C3(C3)、补体C4(C4)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、al酸性糖蛋白(al-AG)、al抗胰蛋白酶(al-AT)、转铁蛋白(TRF)、铜蓝蛋白(CER)的浓度。结果 与正常对照组相比,急性时相反应蛋白中CRP、al-AG、al-AT明显升高(P<0.01);TRF明显降低(P<0.01);CER略有降低,但无统计学意义(P>0.05);补体中C3水平降低(P<0.01);C4水平升高(P<0.01)。免疫球蛋白中IgG、IgA、IgM皆无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论 SARS急性期患者血清中特种蛋白的浓度变化有一定的规律。在SARS急性期联合检测CRP、al-AG、TRF,对急性期SARS患者炎症的严重程度的判断有一定的参考价值。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.