白细胞介素1β刺激对脑微血管内皮细胞COX活性、mRNA表达和PGE2释放的影响

目的： 探讨白细胞介素1β（IL-1β）刺激不同时间对大鼠脑微血管内皮细胞（rCMEC）的环氧合酶（COX）活性及其mRNA表达和PGE₂释放的影响。 方法: 建立rCMEC培养，进行Ⅷ因子相关抗原鉴定。细胞长至融合状态后加入IL-1β（30 μg/L），分别刺激0.5、1、2、4、8、12、24 h，ELISA测定细胞内COX-1、COX-2的活性及细胞外液PGE₂含量，荧光实时定量PCR检测COX-1、COX-2的mRNA表达量，扩增产物进行熔解曲线图及琼脂糖电泳分析，并与未刺激的rCMEC作比较。 结果: ①Ⅷ因子抗体免疫组化染色可见90％以上的培养细胞呈阳性，确认为rCMEC。②IL-1β刺激4 h时细胞培养液PGE₂含量已明显高于未刺激组（P<0.05）；12 h时PGE₂含量达到最大值（P<0.01）；24 h时PGE₂含量有所回降，但与未刺激组比较仍有显著差异（P<0.05）。③IL-1β刺激不同时间rCMEC内COX-1活性与未刺激组相比无统计学差异（P>0.05）；COX-2活性在第8 h时已明显高于未刺激组（P<0.05），12 h活性达峰值（P<0.01），24 h活性有所回降，但仍具显著差异（P<0.05）。④IL-1β刺激不同时间COX-1 mRNA表达与未刺激组比较无明显差异（P>0.05）；未刺激组在本实验条件下未检测到COX-2 mRNA表达，IL-1β刺激1h时可见COX-2 mRNA表达，4 h时COX-2 mRNA表达至峰值，而后开始回降，第12 h时已未见表达。熔解曲线图显示无非特异性扩增；琼脂糖电泳可见扩增基因与目的基因长度相符，结果与荧光定量PCR一致。 结论: IL-1β作用下，rCMEC释放的PGE₂持续增加并于12h达峰值，这一过程主要与COX-2 mRNA表达激活及COX-2活性增加有关。     

过氧化氢对肺动脉内皮细胞环氧合酶-2表达的影响及CaMKⅡ的作用

目的： 探讨过氧化氢（H₂O₂）对肺动脉内皮细胞环氧合酶-2（COX-2）表达的影响及钙-钙调蛋白激酶Ⅱ（CaMKⅡ）在其中的作用。方法: 采用活细胞计数法(CCK-8法)检测H₂O₂处理肺动脉内皮细胞后的细胞活性，采用RT-PCR检测 COX-2 mRNA的表达水平，采用Western blotting检测COX-2蛋白质的表达水平。结果: H₂O₂增强COX-2表达，呈浓度和时间依赖性。100 μmol/L H₂O₂处理肺动脉内皮细胞4 h，COX-2 mRNA和蛋白质表达水平明显高于正常对照组，COX-2 mRNA水平为正常对照组的256.01%±22.36%（P<0.05），蛋白质水平为正常对照组的216.65%±21.52%（P<0.05）。 CaMKⅡ特异性抑制剂KN-93能抑制H₂O₂的这一效应。结论: H₂O₂可增强肺动脉内皮细胞COX-2基因的表达，CaMKⅡ是H₂O₂增强肺动脉内皮细胞COX-2基因表达的途径之一。     

脂氧素A4抑制内毒素诱导的人支气管上皮细胞环氧合酶2及前列腺素E2的表达

目的: 探讨脂氧素A₄对人支气管上皮细胞(HBECs)环氧合酶2(COX-2)表达的影响。方法: 应用不同浓度(0.1、1、10 mg/L)的内毒素(LPS)刺激HBECs 9 h,或者用1 mg/L LPS分别刺激HBECs不同时点(3 h、6 h、9 h)后,测定HBECs的COX-2 mRNA表达和细胞上清液前列腺素E₂(PGE₂)水平。应用不同浓度 (0、100、400 μmol/L) 的脂氧素A₄作用于经过LPS(1 mg/L)刺激培养9 h的HBECs,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测细胞上清液PGE₂的水平, 同时分别应用RT-PCR和Western blotting分别检测HBECs COX-2 mRNA及蛋白的表达。结果: LPS刺激培养条件下HBECs的COX-2 mRNA表达及其上清液PGE₂水平增加,并呈时间、剂量依赖性。脂氧素A₄能抑制LPS刺激培养HBECs COX-2蛋白和mRNA的表达及上清液PGE₂的水平,并呈剂量依赖性。结论: 脂氧素A₄能抑制LPS诱导的HBECs COX-2表达及上清液PGE₂的水平。     

COX-2抑制剂通过非COX依赖性途径对抗心肌氧化损伤

目的： 研究环加氧酶2（COX-2）抑制剂尼美舒利和COX-1抑制剂比罗昔康在对抗心肌氧化应激损伤中的作用及其机制。方法: 离体大鼠心脏行Langendorff灌流，分别给予H₂O₂、pyrogallol（可产生超氧阴离子）或Vit C+Fe2+（可产生羟自由基），观察心脏收缩功能、心肌LDH和MDA含量。心肌COX的活性用PGI₂的稳定产物6-Keto-PGF_1α的含量表示。结果: 尼美舒利（3 mg/kg）可明显减轻H₂O₂引起的收缩功能下降（10 min 应激时LVDP为72%±10% vs 61%±11%，P<0.05），减少LDH释放［（5.5±2.5）U/L vs （8.0±2.1）U/L，P<0.05）］。而比罗昔康（3 mg/kg）虽然能抑制H2O2应激时LVDP的下降（73%±10% vs 61%±11%，P<0.05），却加重LVEDP的上抬［（29.00±5.61）mmHg vs（23.16±3.57） mmHg，P<0.01］。尼美舒利亦能减轻超氧阴离子和羟自由基引起的心肌损伤作用。尼美舒利和比罗昔康预处理对H₂O₂应激心肌6-Keto-PGF_1α含量无明显影响。线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道（mitochondrial ATP sensitive potassium channel，mitoK_ATP）的阻断剂5-HD可取消尼美舒利减轻H₂O₂引起的LVDP和±dp/dt_max降低作用（分别为53%±12% vs 69%±3%、58%±11% vs 72%±7%和37%±8% vs 51%±4%，P<0.01）。结论: COX-2抑制剂尼美舒利可以对抗心肌氧化损伤，其机制通过非COX依赖性途径发挥作用，而mitoK_ATP可能参与尼美舒利的保护作用。     

急性冠脉综合症与补体激活

目的： 评价各种类型急性冠脉综合症 (ACS) 病人补体激活的情况和补体激活与心肌损伤的关系。方法： 研究对象分为ACS组110例和正常对照组18人。 ACS组包括ST段抬高型心肌梗死（STEMI）51例，非ST段抬高型心肌梗死（NSTEMI）28例和不稳定性心绞痛（UA）31人。检测病人和正常对照健康人血浆C₃和C₄，CK-MB和肌钙蛋白T (TnT)浓度。结果： STEMI和 NSTEMI病人峰值C₃ 水平［分别为（1 525±302） mg/L和（1 516±289）mg/L］ 和C₄［分别为（423±123） mg/L和（396±68） mg/L］水平高于UA病人和对照组的C₃［分别为（1 275±172） mg/L和（1 072±196） mg/L,P<0.01］ 和C₄［分别为（356±91）mg/L和（182±73） mg/L,P<0.01］。UA病人的 C₃ ［(1 275±172） mg/L］和C₄ ［（356±91） mg/L］均高于对照组（P<0.01）。 ACS病人C₃和C₄水平在住院的前7 d均有明显的变化（P<0.01）。ACS病人峰值C₃和C₄水平与峰值CK-MB（分别为r=0.51和r=0.46，P<0.01）和肌钙蛋白T（分别为r=0.48和r=0.39，P<0.01）呈正相关。结论： ACS病人血浆C₃和C₄均明显升高。C₃和C₄水平与ACS的联系提示补体激活与心肌坏死有关。     

前列腺素E2抑制转化生长因子-β1诱导的人胚肺成纤维细胞转分化及胶原合成

目的：研究前列腺素E₂（PGE₂）对转化生长因子-β₁（TGF-β₁） 诱导人胚肺成纤维细胞（HLF）转分化及促胶原(COL)合成作用的干预。方法： HLF 细胞生长至融合后分为 ①对照组、②TGF-β₁组、③TGF-β₁+PGE₂组、④TGF-β₁+吲哚美辛组，给予干预24 h后用细胞免疫荧光及Western blotting法观察发生转分化为肌成纤维细胞的标志蛋白 α-平滑肌动蛋白（α-SMA）的表达，用RT-PCR法检测结缔组织生长因子（CTGF）mRNA和Ⅰ型胶原（COLⅠ）mRNA的水平，用免疫细胞化学法检测CTGF蛋白表达，比色法检测培养上清中羟脯氨酸含量。结果: TGF-β₁ 可将HLF转分化为 α-SMA 阳性表达的肌成纤维细胞，PGE₂则能抑制这种转分化作用；PGE₂ 可显著减低TGF-β₁ 致肌成纤维细胞、CTGFmRNA与蛋白水平（P<0.05）和COLⅠmRNA 水平升高（P<0.05）； 吲哚美辛升高TGF-β₁ 致HLF肌成纤维细胞CTGF与COLⅠ的表达； 放线菌酮预处理肌成纤维细胞3 h后再加入TGF-β₁＋PGE₂，其COLⅠmRNA 水平明显低于TGF-β₁ 处理组水平（P<0.05）。结论: PGE₂可抑制TGF-β₁ 对成纤维细胞的转分化及促胶原合成作用, 且可通过依赖CTGF和非依赖2种方式下调COLⅠ的转录。     

寡聚态β-淀粉样肽1～42可通过胶质-炎症反应损伤神经元

目的 观察寡聚态β-淀粉样肽_1～42(Oligo-Aβ_1～42)诱导的小胶质细胞条件培养液对Neuro-2A神经元细胞的影响，探讨炎症介质在胶质介导的神经元损伤中的作用。方法 以Oligo-Aβ_1～42诱导BV-2细胞，制备小胶质细胞条件培养液，四甲基偶氮唑蓝法(MTT)测定Neuro-2A神经细胞的活力，AO-EB染色荧光显微镜观察计数细胞凋亡和坏死率；酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA法)测定小胶质细胞培养上清中的肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、白介素１β(IL-1β)及前列腺素E2(PGE₂)水平；Griess法检测上清NO水平；免疫印迹法测定小胶质细胞胞质环氧合酶2(COX-2)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)蛋白表达水平。结果 Oligo-Aβ_1～42诱导的小胶质细胞条件培养液（Aβ-CM）明显引起Neuro-2A神经细胞损伤，MTT法显示神经元活力随Aβ诱导剂量的增加而逐渐下降(P<0.01)，并且浓度为1.0μmol/L和5.0μmol/L的Aβ-CM组比同浓度Aβ单纯组神经细胞的存活率更低，分别为（53.75±3.95）%和（34.61±2.72）%（Aβ-CM组与 Aβ单纯组相比P<0.05，P<0.01）；联合作用组（Aβ-CM+Aβ）神经细胞存活率下降更明显，两因素方差分析显示，Aβ诱导的小胶质细胞条件培养液与单纯Aβ（1.0μmol/L）有协同作用［F(3,39)=53.16, P<0.001］。AO-EB荧光观察计数显示,低浓度（0.2μmol/L）Oligo-Aβ_1～42诱导的小胶质细胞条件培养液可引起神经细胞发生凋亡性损伤，较高浓度（1.0～5.0μmol/L）Oligo-Aβ_1～42诱导不仅引起神经细胞凋亡，还引起细胞发生坏死性改变。进一步研究显示，低浓度（0.2～5.0μmol/L）的Oligo-Aβ_1～42明显增加小胶质细胞培养上清中TNF-α、PGE2、NO的产量及胞质COX-2和iNOS蛋白表达水平(P<0.05，P<0.01)，呈现一定的量效关系。结论 低浓度Oligo-Aβ_1～42可通过胶质-炎症反应加剧神经元损伤，其作用可能与Oligo-Aβ_1～42诱导小胶质细胞产生炎症介质及胞质内COX-2、iNOS蛋白表达水平增高有关。     

损害性因素对乳鼠心肌细胞甘氨酸受体α1亚基表达的影响

目的：研究脂多糖（LPS）、缺氧/复氧（H/R）、异丙肾上腺素(ISO)以及高糖（HG）对乳鼠心肌细胞甘氨酸受体α₁亚基（GlyRα₁）表达的影响。方法：体外培养乳鼠心肌细胞，分别用LPS、H/R、ISO以及HG处理，采用CCK-8试剂检测细胞活力，RT-PCR方法检测心肌细胞上GlyRα₁亚基mRNA的表达。结果：LPS（5 mg/L、10 mg/L、20 mg/L、40 mg/L、80mg/L）、ISO（20 μmol/L、100 μmol/L、500 μmol/L）以及HG（25 mmol/L、50 mmol/L）处理心肌细胞24 h与心肌细胞缺氧3 h/复氧3 h、单纯缺氧3 h对心肌细胞存活率无明显影响（P＞0.05）；LPS（5 mg/L、10 mg/L、20 mg/L、40 mg/L、80 mg/L）、缺氧（3 h）/复氧（3 h）、单纯缺氧（3 h）以及ISO（20 μmol/L、100 μmol/L、500 μmol/L）组心肌细胞上GlyRα1亚基mRNA表达均高于对照组（P<0.01），而HG（25 mmol/L、50 mmol/L）组心肌细胞上GlyRα₁亚基mRNA表达均低于对照组（P<0.01）。结论：一定浓度的LPS、ISO与一定时间的H/R、单纯缺氧均可上调乳鼠心肌细胞GlyRα₁亚基mRNA的表达，而HG可下调乳鼠心肌细胞GlyRα₁亚基mRNA的表达。     

内外源性结缔组织生长因子对肾小管上皮细胞胶原合成的比较研究

目的：探讨内外源性结缔组织生长因子（CTGF）对人肾小管上皮细胞（HK2）胶原合成的作用。方法：将HK2细胞分为5组：（1）对照组；（2）TGF-β₁ 5 μg/L刺激组；（3）CTGF 5 μg/L刺激组；（4）TGF-β₁ 5 μg/L刺激＋CTGF反义ODN 3 mmol/L干预组；（5）TGF-β₁ 5 μg/L刺激＋CTGF正义ODN 3 mmol/L干预组。采用 RT-PCR 和Western blotting检测胶原Iα₁（Col Iα₁）、胶原IVα₁（Col IVα₁） mRNA水平和蛋白水平表达。 结果：TGF-β₁刺激可使HK2细胞Col Iα₁、Col IVα₁ mRNA和蛋白表达显著升高，而CTGF刺激则无此作用，CTGF反义ODN可拮抗TGF-β₁刺激引起Col Iα₁、Col IVα₁ mRNA和蛋白表达升高，正义ODN无拮抗作用。 结论：内源性CTGF介导了TGF-β₁刺激引起的HK2细胞胶原合成，外源性CTGF对HK2细胞胶原合成无影响。     

红花注射液对慢性低O2高CO2肺动脉高压大鼠COX-2 mRNA和蛋白表达的影响

目的：探讨红花注射液对慢性低O₂高CO₂肺动脉高压大鼠环氧酶-2(COX-2)基因表达的影响。方法: 将SD大鼠分为正常对照组、慢性低O₂高CO₂组、慢性低O₂高CO₂+红花注射液组。用原位杂交、电镜、放射免疫测定等方法,观察各组大鼠肺动脉平均压（mPAP）、肺细小动脉显微结构、肺动脉COX-2基因及蛋白表达、血浆和肺匀浆血栓素B₂(TXB₂)和6-酮-前列腺素(6-keto-PGF_1α)含量的变化。结果: ①慢性低O₂高CO₂组mPAP显著高于正常组,红花注射液组的mPAP显著低于慢性低O₂高CO₂组,3组间平均颈动脉压(mCAP)无显著差异。②慢性低O₂高CO₂组与正常对照组组相比血浆和肺匀浆TXB₂浓度、TXB₂/6-Keto-PGF_1α比值显著增高,6-Keto-PGF_1α浓度显著下降;红花注射液组与慢性低O₂高CO₂组相比血浆和肺匀浆TXB₂浓度、TXB₂/6-Keto-PGF_1α显著下降,6-Keto-PGF_1α显著升高。③光镜下慢性低O₂高CO₂组与正常组相比,肺细小动脉管壁面积/管总面积(WA/TA)和肺细小动脉中膜厚度(PAMT)均显著增高;电镜下显示肺细小动脉中膜平滑肌细胞增生,纤维细胞增多,肺泡II型上皮细胞微绒毛脱落;红花注射液组WA/TA和PAMT显著降低;肺细小动脉中膜平滑肌细胞增生减轻,纤维细胞少,胶原纤维减少,肺泡II型上皮细胞微绒毛丰富、结构清楚。④红花注射液组与慢性低O₂高CO₂组相比,COX-2基因与蛋白表达明显增强,而COX-1表达无明显变化。结论: 肺动脉COX-2基因表达增强可能是红花注射液减轻慢性低O₂高CO₂性肺动脉高压和肺血管结构重建的重要机制之一。     

Development in in vitro toxicology

There are three principal pressures driving the development of in vitro toxicology: (1) the need for more efficient testing systems to cope with the large number of xenobiotics currently being developed; (2) public pressure to reduce animal experimentation; and (3) a need for a better understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity. Within this, in vitro toxicology is focused on local, systemic, and target-organ toxicity. It is becoming increasingly apparent that a step or decision-tree approach using input of a variety of experimental data (physicochemical properties, biokinetics, cytotoxicity) provides the most efficient system for predicting toxicity. Examples of the use of in vitro toxicity systems for prediction of systemic toxicity and target-organ (liver) toxicity are presented.Originally presented at ECCP 93.     

Seasonal variations in acute toxoplasmosis in pregnant women in Slovenia

Between December 1999 and December 2004, 40 081 pregnant women were examined for toxoplasmosis with Toxo-IgG, Toxo-IgM enzyme immunoassay. Women with positive results were then retested with the Toxo-IgG avidity assay for recent toxoplasmosis. Recent acute toxoplasmosis in pregnant women was found to be significantly more frequent (p < 0.01) during winter than summer. The incidence of acute toxoplasmosis during winter-spring was also significantly more frequent (p < 0.025) than summer-autumn. This phenomenon should be taken into account when formulating preventive measures for toxoplasmosis, especially for pregnant women.     

Age-related changes in polyamines in memory-associated brain structures in rats

Polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine are positively charged aliphatic amines and have important roles in maintaining normal cellular function, regulating neurotransmitter receptors and modulating learning and memory. Recent evidence suggests a role of putrescine in hippocampal neurogenesis, that is significantly impaired during aging. The present study measured the polyamine levels in memory-related brain structures in 24- (aged), 12- (middle-aged) and 4- (young) month-old rats using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography. In the hippocampus, the putrescine levels were significantly decreased in the CA1 and dentate gyrus, and increased in the CA2/3 with age. Significant age-related increases in the spermidine levels were found in the CA1 and CA2/3. There was no difference between groups in spermine in any sub-regions examined. In the parahippocampal region, increased putrescine level with age was observed in the entorhinal cortex, and age did not alter the spermidine levels. The spermine level was significantly decreased in the perirhinal cortex and increased in the postrhinal cortex with age. In the prefrontal cortex, there was age-related decrease in putrescine, and the spermidine and spermine levels were significantly increased with age. This study, for the first time, demonstrates age-related region-specific changes in polyamines in memory-associated structures, suggesting that polyamine system dysfunction may potentially contribute to aged-related impairments in hippocampal neurogenesis and learning and memory.     

休克过程中肾上腺髓质素变化的研究进展

Adrenomedullin (AM) is a new peptidergic regulator of vascular function. AM serves as a hormone, which has many biological properties, plays an important role in the many pathophysiological processes, especially shock. This review will highlight the structure, biological properties of AM and the relationship between AM and shock.     

Secular change in menarche in women in Madrid

The age at menarche was estimated by recollection in 1617 women between the ages of 18 and 60 in Madrid and a nearby suburb, Pinto. The population of Pinto is working-class and the Madrid group, taken from residential neighbourhoods , belongs to the upper middle class. In both groups we found a diminution in average age at menarche, from 14.04 to 13.02 years in Madrid and from 14.55 to 13.16 years from about 1935 to about 1965 in Pinto. These changes have been more intense in the group which is less well-off economically, where living conditions have varied much more drastically.     

Uteroglobin in the developing rabbit conceptus in vivo and in vitro

Summary Uteroglobin (UGL) was measured in day- 4 to day-10 rabbit conceptuses by a competitive ELISA. Levels in blastocyst fluid, tissues, coverings and in the early fetus were determined separately. The total amount of UGL increased from 18.4 ng to 6.8 g per conceptus. The UGL content of individual day-6 blastocysts was studied in vitro. Culturing was carried out up to 60 h in Ham's F10 medium with polyvinylpyrrolidone as macromolecular component, with and without progesterone, and with progesterone plus estradiol. UGL was determined in the blastocyst fluids, tissues with coverings and in the culture media. After labelling with [³⁵S]-methionine, protein patterns of total blastocysts and of culture media were analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and fluorography. The morphology of cultured blastocysts was examined by electron microscopy. During 60 h of culture, the blastocysts expanded in diameter by 84%, and released 19% of their initial UGL content into the medium, independent of the hormonal substitution. Neither de novo synthesis, nor degradation of UGL was found: the protein remained unlabelled in fluorography, and its total quantity was not significantly different from that of non-cultured controls. Trophoblast, endoderm and embryoblast cells showed well preserved cell organelles and intercellular junctions, while the morphological differentiation of the germ layer was inhibited.