以踝部吻合支供血的胫前动脉逆行岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的探讨为足背部皮肤及软组织缺损进行修复提供一种新型血供来源的皮瓣。方法根据下肢胫前动脉及足背动脉的行径、分支、分布及其与胫后动脉、腓动脉分支的吻合情况,设计以踝部吻合支供血的胫前动脉逆行岛状皮瓣,临床应用修复足背皮肤及软组织缺损11例,皮瓣面积最大13cm×9cm,最小8cm×6cm。结果胫前动脉及足背动脉在踝部的4个分支（外踝前动脉、内踝前动脉、跗外侧动脉、跗内侧动脉）经与腓动脉及胫后动脉的分支吻合,可以满足胫前动脉逆行岛状皮瓣的供血需要。临床应用中,10例皮瓣全部存活,1例皮瓣有远侧小部分坏死,经换药及游离植皮后创面愈合。结论以踝部吻合支供血的胫前动脉逆行岛状皮瓣转移可用于修复足背部的皮肤及软组织缺损。     

带感觉神经的足背动脉蒂跗外侧动脉皮瓣修复前足缺损

目的探讨前足皮肤缺损的修复及感觉功能恢复的方法。方法在足背外侧设计以足背动脉为蒂的跗外侧动脉皮支穿出点为中心的逆行皮瓣修复前足皮肤缺损，用足背外侧皮神经与跖底神经吻合，足外侧供区用腹股沟全厚皮打包植皮。结果17例跗外侧动脉皮瓣及植皮全部成活，感觉、外形良好、不需要二期整形。结论跗外侧动脉皮瓣逆行转移修复前足皮肤缺损，皮瓣薄、有神经支配、解剖位置恒定。     

胫后动脉皮瓣串联足底内侧皮瓣移植修复前中足脱套伤

目的 探讨前中足脱套伤修复的新方法.方法 设计以胫后动脉及足底内侧动脉为血管蒂的胫后动脉和足底内侧的串联皮瓣,修复前中足脱套伤患者5例,用足底内侧皮瓣修复前足跖底负重区的皮肤缺损,胫后动脉皮瓣修复足背区皮肤缺损并覆盖血管蒂部,中足跖底的皮肤缺损取全厚皮植皮.结果 皮瓣及植皮全部成活,随访1～2年,皮瓣及植皮区外观良好,前跖负重区两点辩别觉10～15 mm,平均12 mm,感觉恢复至S3+级,长距离行走无继发溃疡.结论 胫后动脉皮瓣串联足底内侧皮瓣是修复前中足大面积套状皮肤缺损、重建跖底感觉的有效方法.     

小腿穿支皮瓣修复胫前皮肤软组织缺损

目的 探讨小腿穿支皮瓣修复胫前皮肤软组织缺损的临床治疗效果. 方法 2009年1月至2011年12月,共收治胫前皮肤软组织缺损15例,均伴有胫骨开放性骨折.采用胫前动脉穿支皮瓣移植修复8例,隐动脉穿支皮瓣修复3例,胫后动脉穿支皮瓣修复2例,腓动脉穿支皮瓣修复2例,供区直接缝合,不能缝合的采用全厚皮片植皮. 结果 15例皮瓣全部成活,供区植皮一期成活.随访6个月～2年,所有患者骨折愈合,骨折线消失,可正常行走,恢复体力劳动.皮瓣质地良好,无臃肿,无磨损,颜色与正常皮肤一致.结论 根据胫前皮肤软组织缺损的部位和面积,选择合适的小腿穿支皮瓣转移修复创面,具有手术时间短、创伤小的优点,修复效果满意.     

逆行胫前动脉穿支蒂腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣修复前足创面

目的 总结逆行胫前动脉穿支蒂腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣修复前足创面的疗效。方法 2007年3月-2012年4月,收治6例前足软组织缺损患者。男4例,女2例;年龄25~56岁,平均36岁。致伤原因:砸伤4例,碾压伤2例。创面均伴肌腱外露,合并骨折5例。软组织缺损范围13 cm×6 cm~15 cm×8 cm。采用大小为14 cm×8 cm~17 cm×9 cm的逆行胫前动脉穿支蒂腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣修复。供区游离植皮修复。结果 术后皮瓣及植皮均顺利成活,创面Ⅰ期愈合。6例均获随访,随访时间3~18个月,平均6个月。皮瓣质地柔软、外形良好,无磨损及破溃;患者穿鞋行走正常。结论 胫前动脉穿支蒂腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣血供可靠,厚薄及质地适中,是修复前足创面较好方法之一。     

足部逆行血管蒂皮瓣修复前足皮肤缺损

目的 探讨足逆行血管蒂皮瓣修复前足皮肤缺损的效果。方法足底内侧皮瓣以足底内侧动脉浅支为蒂逆行转移,足踝背皮瓣以足背动脉分支第一或第二跖背动脉为蒂逆行转移。转移皮瓣均行浅静脉及皮神经吻合修复。结果转移皮瓣全部成活。其中1例未行浅静脉吻合术后出现静脉危象,经减张及药物治疗后存活。术后1年随访皮瓣感觉功能恢复。结论足部逆行血管蒂皮瓣转移修复前足皮肤缺损,具有于术简捷、创伤小、功用好、并发症少等优点。     

逆行胫后动脉穿支蒂隐神经营养血管(肌)皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损

目的报道逆行胫后动脉穿支蒂隐神经营养血管(肌)皮瓣修复足踝关节周围软组织缺损的手术方法和临床效果。方法对48例足踝关节周围皮肤软组织缺损的患者采用逆行胫后动脉穿支蒂隐神经营养血管(肌)皮瓣修复,单纯逆行胫后动脉穿支蒂隐神经营养血管皮瓣39例,肌皮瓣9例;其中胫后动脉穿支筋膜蒂神经营养血管皮瓣29例,胫后动脉穿支血管蒂营养血管皮瓣19例,软组织缺损大小12 cm×9 cm~4 cm×3 cm,皮瓣面积13 cm×9.5cm~6 cm×5 cm。结果 43例皮瓣完全存活,5例皮瓣远端部分坏死,经积极换药、清创植皮修复。皮瓣术后轻度肿胀,无感染及淤血,皮瓣蒂部无臃肿。术后随访6~18个月,皮瓣质地优良,肢体外形与功能恢复满意,供区植皮术后恢复保护性感觉。结论胫后动脉穿支蒂隐神经营养血管皮瓣血供可靠,质地优良,是修复足踝关节周围软组织缺损的良好选择。     

改良逆行足底内侧动脉浅支岛状皮瓣移位修复前足创面

目的:报道以改良足底内侧动脉浅支皮瓣逆行修复前足皮肤软组织缺损、骨外露、肌腱外露等创面的效果.方法:改良足底内侧动脉浅支岛状皮瓣逆行移位修复前足创面9例,皮瓣面积4cm×5cm～7cm×9cm.结果皮瓣全部成活,随访6～12个月,皮瓣色泽基本正常,耐磨,弹性好,未出现皮瓣坏死及皮瓣摩擦破损,供皮区游离植皮完全成活.结论:改良足底内侧动脉浅支逆行岛状皮瓣治疗前足皮肤软组织缺损创面具有切取方便、手术简捷、创伤小,皮瓣血供可靠、不影响足部血运等优点,可满足前足中小面积创面修复需要.     

胫后动脉穿支皮瓣移植修复小腿远端及足踝部软组织缺损25例

目的 探讨应用胫后动脉穿支皮支皮瓣顺行或逆行移植修复小腿远端及足、踝部皮肤和软组织缺损的临床应用.方法 应用胫后动脉穿支皮支皮瓣顺行、逆行或交腿移植修复小腿远端及足踝部皮肤和软组织缺损25例.结果 25例转移之皮瓣均成活,术后随访6个月～5年,皮瓣均成活且且外观功能良好.结论 胫后动脉穿支皮支血管皮瓣具有手术简单易行,对供区及受区损伤较小、术后恢复快、外观良好等优点.应用胫后动脉穿支皮支皮瓣修复小腿及足踝部皮肤软组织缺损是较为理想的方法.     

逆行足底内侧动脉蒂足内侧岛状皮瓣修复前足底皮肤缺损

目的 报道逆行足底内侧动脉蒂足内侧岛状皮瓣修复前足底皮肤缺损的手术方法及临床效果。方法 在解剖学研究基础上利用足底内侧动脉终末支与足底外侧动脉,第一跖骨背动脉及足底深支的吻合设计逆行足内侧岛状皮瓣修复前足底皮肤缺损创面,通过吻合皮下静脉静脉回流。结果 临床应用4例,皮瓣全部成活,随访6－24个月,外形与功能改善满意。结论 逆行足底内侧动脉蒂足内侧岛状皮瓣是修复前足底皮肤缺损的最佳选择之一。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.