Preoperative urodynamic and symptom evaluation of patients undergoing transurethral prostatectomy: analysis of variables relevant for outcome

OBJECTIVE: To assess the value of preoperative symptom score assessment and pressure-flow measurement in men undergoing transurethral prostatectomy (TURP). PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a prospective study, 95 men (mean age 74.3 years) scheduled for TURP because of their lower urinary tract symptoms, flow rates and urinary residual volumes were assessed using the self-administered International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and urodynamic pressure-flow studies. At 3 months after TURP the patients were reassessed with a flow rate measurement and the IPSS. The baseline IPSS and urodynamic values were analysed with respect to the endpoints of the study, flow rate and IPSS after TURP, and the improvements thereof, respectively. RESULTS: There were significant improvements in mean IPSS (- 10.87 points) and peak flow rate (+ 7.06 mL/s) 3 months after TURP. Classifying the patients into subgroups with distinctly different initial values for IPSS, flow rate, residual urine volume and degree of obstruction (as expressed by Abrams-Griffiths number) showed that the flow rate and degree of obstruction influenced the improvement in flow rate but not in symptoms after TURP. Symptom improvement was only related to the initial level of symptoms. In a multivariate analysis, only age was an independent predictor of the outcome variables of flow rate and symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical decision-making remains a valid instrument for selecting patients for TURP. Both the IPSS and pressure-flow assessment are useful to exclude patients who are unlikely to benefit from TURP. Age is an important predictor of the improvement in symptoms and flow rates after TURP for the lower urinary tract symptom complex associated with benign prostatic enlargement.     

Open radical retropubic prostatectomy gives favourable surgical and functional outcomes after transurethral resection of the prostate

OBJECTIVES

To assess the peri‐ and postoperative outcome of patients treated with open radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) for prostate cancer and who had previously undergone transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Prospectively collected data from a consecutive series of 1760 patients who had RRP between July 2003 and June 2007 at our institution were used to retrospectively match 62 cases (with previous TURP) with the same number of controls (without previous TURP). Matching variables were patient age, body mass index, prostate volume, preoperative total prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level, Gleason score, pathological stage, and intraoperative nerve‐sparing procedure. Complete 1‐year follow‐up data were available for all patients. All collected data on surgery and perioperative complications were analysed. Functional outcome data at the 1‐year follow‐up were evaluated by applying an institutional questionnaire. Sexual function was assessed using the abbreviated International Index of Erectile Function‐5 questionnaire, and urinary control was evaluated by defining complete urinary control as no pad usage.

RESULTS

The rate of complete urinary control rate in cases and controls was similar (81% vs 82%). When nerves were spared, 60% (15/25) of patients in either group were capable of sexual intercourse. The overall positive surgical margin rate was insignificantly higher in cases (19% vs 13, P > 0.05). After 1 year of follow‐up the biochemical recurrence rate (PSA >0.04 ng/mL) did not differ significantly in patients who had RRP after TURP vs RRP alone (six of 62, 10%, vs five of 62, 8%; P = 0.77).

CONCLUSIONS

RRP for prostate cancer in patients who have had previous TURP does not result in a higher perioperative complication rate, or a worse functional outcome.     

Detrusor instability with equivocal obstruction: A predictor of unfavorable symptomatic outcomes after transurethral prostatectomy

AIMS: To elucidate whether preoperative urodynamic findings can predict outcomes of transurethral resection of the prostate (TUR-P). METHODS: Sixty-two patients with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia were categorized in three different ways based on findings of preoperative pressure-flow study (PFS) and cystometry: urodynamic obstruction (determined by the Abrams-Griffiths nomogram), detrusor instability (DI), and combination of both. Outcomes of TUR-P regarding symptom, function, and quality of life (QOL) were analyzed by changes in the International Prostate Symptom Score (I-PSS), maximum flow rate in uroflowmetry, and QOL index before and after TUR-P, respectively. Overall outcome was defined as success when all of the three categories showed successful improvement. RESULTS: Neither urodynamic obstruction alone nor DI alone predicted outcomes of TUR-P. However, symptomatic and overall outcomes were significantly worse in patients who were not obstructed but had DI. Postoperative persistent DI was more frequently noted in patients without clear obstruction (60%) than in those with obstruction (27%). Patients with equivocal obstruction showed less satisfactory symptomatic outcomes of TUR-P when DI was accompanied. Persistent DI might be the principle cause of unfavorable outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative evaluation of DI is of benefit because it enhances predictive value of the PFS.     

Sexual function after transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP): results of an independent prospective multicentre assessment of outcome

OBJECTIVES: The influence of surgical treatment of bladder outlet obstruction on sexual function is uncertain and available evidence is conflicting. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) causes retrograde ejaculation, but its effect on erectile function is controversial. We have prospectively investigated the influence of TURP on erectile and ejaculatory function. METHODS: Between January 2000 and January 2005, 11 hospitals in Switzerland informed the Verein Outcome (VO), an independent institution specialising in outcome measurements in the Swiss health care system, about patients scheduled for TURP. VO obtained the Danish Prostate Symptom Score (DAN-PSS) including the sexual function domain (DAN-PSSsex) before and 4 mo after surgery and compared the respective scores. RESULTS: Data from 1014 patients were evaluated. Mean patient age was 69 yr. DAN-PSSsex questionnaires were returned by 988 patients before and 642 patients after TURP; 722 (73.1%) and 474 (73.8%) of the patients, respectively, stated that they were still sexually active. The mean erectile function score improved insignificantly from 1.66 to 1.47 (p=0.11), the mean ejaculatory function score worsened from 1.27 to 2.34 (p<0.00) and the mean discomfort on ejaculation score improved from 0.37 to 0.29 (p=0.10) before and after TURP, respectively. CONCLUSION: The results confirm that TURP has no negative influence on the quality of erections measured by self-assessment questionnaires. The loss of ejaculatory function is significant and is associated with considerable bother. However, three of four patients undergoing TURP are still sexually active and the surgery has no influence on this ratio.     

The natural history of lower urinary tract dysfunction in men: the influence of detrusor underactivity on the outcome after transurethral resection of the prostate with a minimum 10-year urodynamic follow-up

OBJECTIVES: To assess the long-term outcome of the efficacy of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) in men with detrusor underactivity (DUA), a cause of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in a significant minority of men. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Neurologically intact men with LUTS, who were investigated in our department between 1972 and 1986, diagnosed with DUA and who underwent surgical intervention, were invited for a repeat symptomatic and urodynamic assessment. Identical methods were used, allowing direct comparison of the results. RESULTS: In all, 224 men were initially diagnosed with DUA; 87 (39%) of these died in the interim and 22 followed had a TURP, with a mean follow-up since surgery of 11.3 years. There were no significantly sustained reductions in any symptoms. There was a small but significant reduction of questionable clinical significance in the bladder outlet obstruction index, but this did not translate into an improved flow rate. Comparison with 58 age-matched patients with DUA who remained untreated showed no significant advantage of surgical intervention in the long-term; on the contrary, there was more chronic retention in those who had had surgery. CONCLUSIONS: There are no long-term symptomatic or urodynamic gains from TURP in men shown to have DUA. The results of TURP in men with DUA are important, as urologists who surgically treat patients based on the symptoms and uroflowmetry alone will do so in a significant minority of men with DUA. These results strengthen the argument for a routine preoperative urodynamic assessment.     

Revision rate after artificial urinary sphincter implantation for incontinence after radical prostatectomy: actuarial analysis

PURPOSE: We determined the actuarial revision rate for artificial urinary sphincters implanted in patients who were incontinent after radical prostatectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the records of 70 consecutive patients who were incontinent after radical prostatectomy and who underwent primary artificial urinary sphincter implantation at the University of Michigan between 1984 and 1999. Questionnaires were mailed to all patients with an indwelling device, and telephone calls were placed to those who did not respond to the mailing. Information about surgical revision and current continence status was obtained from chart review and questionnaire response. The Kaplan-Meier curves for actuarial freedom from operative revision were constructed. RESULTS: Of the 66 patients with available postoperative data 24 (36%) required reoperation at a mean followup of 41 months. The 5-year actuarial rate for freedom from any operative revision was 50%, and the corresponding rate for cuff revision was 60%. A single operative revision did not predispose the patient to further revision. Questionnaire data indicated a continence rate of 80% (range 0 to 2 pads). CONCLUSIONS: Approximately half of the patients who were incontinent after radical prostatectomy may expect to undergo operative revision within 5 years after artificial urinary sphincter implantation. Despite this high reoperation rate, an excellent level of continence is maintained.     

Photoselective vaporization (PVP) versus transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP): a prospective bi-centre study of perioperative morbidity and early functional outcome

OBJECTIVES: To compare the early follow-up and perioperative morbidity of photoselective vaporization (PVP) and transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) in patients (pts.) suffering from lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). MATERIAL AND METHOD: 101 pts. underwent PVP (n = 64) and TURP (n = 37) in a prospective, non-randomized bi-centre trial. Inclusion criteria were identical at both centres. Primary outcome parameters were maximum urinary flow rate (Q(max)), post-void residual volume (V(res)), International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS). Secondary outcomes included intraoperative surgical parameters and perioperative and post-discharge morbidity. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics of both groups were similar. Operating time was slightly shorter in the TURP group (p = 0.047). During TURP significant more irrigation solution was used (p < 0.001). Decrease of serum haemoglobin (p = 0.027) and serum sodium (p = 0.013) was larger after TURP. Catheter drainage was removed significant earlier after PVP than after TURP (p < 0.001). Outcome of Q(max), and IPSS were similar in both groups within 6 months. The sort of perioperative complications was different in both groups, however overall cumulative perioperative morbidity was comparable (PVP 39.1% versus TURP 43.2.1%; ns). CONCLUSION: PVP provides excellent intraoperative safety, instant tissue removal, and immediate relief from obstructive voiding symptoms, similar to TURP. Early outcomes 6-months after PVP and TURP are comparable.     

Peri-operative cardiac morbidity in kidney transplant recipients: incidence and risk factors

BACKGROUND: Renal transplant recipients are known to be at increased risk for developing cardiac disease. In both general and peripheral vascular surgery, pre-operative risk stratification (and intervention when indicated) has decreased the incidence of peri-operative cardiac complications. In this study, we set out to identify subsets of patients at high risk for peri-operative cardiac complications after a renal transplant. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 2694 adult renal transplants performed at the University of Minnesota between January 1, 1985 and December 31, 1998. We determined the incidence of peri-operative (within 30 d post-transplant) cardiac complications, including myocardial infarction (MI). Risk factors for the development of these complications were determined by multivariate analysis. RESULTS: We found 163 peri-operative cardiac complications, for an overall incidence of 6.1%. Specific cardiac complications included MI (n=43, 1.6%), arrhythmia (n=74, 2.7%), angina (n=31, 1.2%), cardiac arrest (n=13, 0.5%), and congestive heart failure (n= 2, 0.1%). By multivariate analysis, significant risk factors for any cardiac complication were age> or =50 yr (relative risk (RR)=3.0, p=0.0001) and pre-transplant cardiac disease (RR=3.3, p=0.0001). Not significant were diabetes mellitus (DM), cadaver donor source, pre-transplant dialysis, a history of smoking, and hypertension. Significant risk factors for peri-operative MI were age> or =50 yr, pre-existing cardiac disease, and DM. Diabetic patients with pre-existing cardiac disease were at especially high risk for peri-operative cardiac events. CONCLUSIONS: Patients>50 yr and those with pre-existing cardiac disease, especially if diabetic, are at significantly increased risk for developing peri-operative cardiac complications after a renal transplant. Such patients require aggressive pre-operative investigations, which may include coronary angiography, to decrease the risk of post-transplant complications.     

急性尿潴留增加患者经尿道前列腺电切术后早期并发症的风险

【摘要】〓目的〓探讨前列腺增生患者(BPH)术前伴有急性尿潴留(AUR)经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)后早期并发症。方法〓回顾性分析我院2010年1月~2011年12月因BPH行TURP术的患者临床资料,年龄大于50岁的BPH患者仅行TURP术为我们的研究对象,将其分为两组,一组术前AUR(+),另一组术前AUR(-),神经源性膀胱、前列腺癌、药物或尿道狭窄所致AUR患者不纳入本研究。对比两组患者术后早期并发症:尿路感染(UTI)、血尿、重置尿管、尿失禁、休克、输血率、败血症、下尿路症状(LUTS)。结果〓AUR(+)组144例,AUR(-)组116例,AUR(+)组与AUR(-)相比,术后尿路感染(45.83% vs 10.34%, OR:7.33, 95% CI:3.71~14.50)、血尿(19.4% vs 6.9%, OR: 3.25, 95% CI: 1.41~7.50)、重置尿管(8.33% vs 2.59%, OR: 3.42, 95% CI: 0.94~12.44),差异具有统计学意义;尿失禁(1.39%)、休克(0.69%)、输血(4.17%)仅发生在AUR(+)组,LUTS症状、败血症在两组差异无统计学意义。结论〓术前伴有AUR患者TURP术后早期并发症的风险较不伴有AUR的患者更高。     

Outcome results of transurethral collagen injection for female stress incontinence: assessment by urinary incontinence score

PURPOSE: We assessed the results of collagen injection for female sphincteric incontinence using strict subjective and objective criteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated 63 consecutive women with sphincteric incontinence who underwent a total of 131 transurethral collagen injections. Sphincteric incontinence was confirmed by urodynamics. All patients were treated with 1 to 5 transurethral collagen injections and treatment outcome was classified according to a new outcome score. Cure was defined as no urinary loss due to urge or stress incontinence documented by a 24-hour diary and pad test, and patient assessment that cure was achieved. Failure was defined as poor objective results and patient assessment that treatment failed. Cases that did not fulfill these cure and failure criteria were considered improved and further classified as a good, fair or poor response. RESULTS: Mean patient age plus or minus standard deviation was 67.7 +/- 12.8 years. All women had a long history of severe stress urinary incontinence, 18 (29%) underwent previous anti-incontinence surgery, and 41% had combined stress and urge incontinence. Preoperatively diary and pad tests revealed a mean of 7.5 +/- 4.6 incontinence episodes and 152 +/- 172 gm. of urine lost per 24 hours. Overall 1 to 5 injections were given in 26, 17, 13, 3 and 4 patients, respectively. Mean interval between injections was 4.4 +/- 5.7 months, mean followup was 12 +/- 9.6 months, and mean interval between the final injection and outcome assessment was 6.4 +/- 4.9 months. There was a statistically significant decrease in the total number of incontinence episodes per 24-hour voiding diary after each injection session. Although there was a clear trend toward decreased urinary loss per 24-hour pad test, statistical significance was not established. Using the strict criteria of our outcome score overall 13% of procedures were classified as cure, 10%, 17% and 42% as good, fair and poor, respectively, and 18% as failure. CONCLUSIONS: As defined by strict subjective and objective criteria, we noted a low short-term cure rate after collagen injection in women with severe sphincteric incontinence. It remains to be determined how patients with less severe incontinence would fare using our outcome assessment instruments.     

Impact of prostate-specific antigen level and prostate volume as predictors of efficacy in photoselective vaporization prostatectomy: analysis and results of an ongoing prospective multicentre study at 3 years

In a multicentre study from the USA, 3-year results of the high-power KTP laser prostatectomy are presented. The authors used preoperative PSA level as a marker of prostate volume and assessed its potential predictive value on the level of clinical efficacy for treating symptomatic BPH. They found that the overall results from the technique were positive and durable, and suggested that there was a significant difference in efficacy between patients presenting with a total PSA of <6 or >6 ng/mL. Many patients who have had a radical prostatectomy are followed for a prolonged period and several observations are presented from an Italian study of urinary incontinence. The authors present their detailed results, finding a considerable trend in incontinence and anastomotic stricture, which decreased over time. OBJECTIVE: To report the 3-year results and analyse whether total prostate-specific antigen (tPSA) levels and prostate volume before treatment can predict the level of clinical efficacy of photoselective vaporization prostatectomy (PVP) for treating obstructive benign prostatic disease, as high-power potassium-titanyl-phosphate (KTP) laser prostatectomy was previously shown to be safe and to efficiently vaporize prostatic adenoma secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), with minimal bleeding and morbidity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From October 2001 to January 2003, 139 men (mean age 67.7 years, sd 8.7) diagnosed with obstructive lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to BPH, had PVP with an average 80 W of KTP laser energy, at six investigational centres. A subanalysis evaluating each patient for tPSA and prostate volume before PVP was conducted, with a long-term assessment of the primary efficacy outcomes at 3 years after PVP. Each patient was assigned to one of two subgroups according to the tPSA level (group 1, < or = 6.0 ng/mL; group 2 > or = 6.1 ng/mL) and evaluated separately. Each subgroup was assessed for changes from baseline in American Urological Symptom Index (AUA SI) score, quality of life (QoL) score, peak urinary flow rate (Q(max)), prostate volume, and postvoid residual urine volume (PVR) at 1, 2 and 3 years after PVP. RESULTS: All tPSA subgroups had a sustained improvement in all efficacy outcomes maintained through the 3 years. There was a statistically significant difference in the level of improvement between groups 1 and 2 (P < 0.05) in AUA SI and Q(max) at 1, 2 and 3 years. The mean (sd) prostate volume for group 1 was 48.3 (16.7) mL (87 men), and was 83.1 (30.6) mL (52 men) in group 2. The mean percentage improvement in the AUA SI at 1, 2 and 3 years in group 1 and 2, respectively, was 86%, 92% and 85%, and 69%, 74% and 76%; the corresponding percentage improvement in Q(max) was 194%, 185% and 179%, and 124%, 145% and 139%, respectively. Overall treatment efficacy in all patients evaluated showed a mean 83%, 79%, 71% and 165% improvement in AUA SI, QoL, PVR and Q(max), respectively. Adverse events were minimal and the re-treatment rate was 4.3%. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that there is a significant difference in efficacy in patients with a tPSA of < or = 6.0 ng/mL or > or = 6.1 ng/mL before PVP. However, the overall results achieved with PVP were very positive and durable to 3 years, irrespective of tPSA level and prostate volume.     

半导体激光选择性增生腺体块状切除术与电切术治疗前列腺增生的比较

目的比较1 470 nm激光选择性前列腺增生腺体块状切除术（LRP-SM）与经尿道前列腺电切术（TURP）治疗前列腺增生（BPH）的疗效和安全性。 方法回顾性分析2018年2月至2019年2月我科收治的98例BPH患者,52例行LRP-SM,46例行TURP。记录两组患者的手术时间、血红蛋白下降值、膀胱持续冲洗时间、留置导尿管时间、住院时间及术后并发症等。评估术前及术后3个月国际前列腺症状评分（IPSS）、生活质量评分（QOL）、残余尿量（PVR）、最大尿流率（Qmax）等。 结果LRP-SM组与TURP组的手术时间[（42.2±16.3）min vs（58.4±18.2）min]、术后血红蛋白下降值[（2.4±0.8）g/L vs （4.5±1.6）g/L]、膀胱持续冲洗时间[（1.5±0.2）d vs （2.4±0.3）d]、留置导尿管时间[（2.4±0.3）d vs （4.6±2.4）d]、住院时间[（5.3±1.1）dvs （7.6±1.4）d]比较差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;两组术后3个月IPSS、QOL、PVR及Qmax显著优于术前（P<0.05）,但两组间比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。TURP组2例因术后出血予以输血治疗,LRP-SM组无输血病例。TURP组3例和LRP-SM组1例有不同程度短暂性尿失禁,随访术后1～3月恢复正常。TURP组术后有1例尿道狭窄或膀胱颈挛缩需要再次行手术治疗,LRP-SM组无尿道狭窄或膀胱颈挛缩病例。TURP组16例和LRP-SM组4例有逆行射精。LRP-SM组并发症较少,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论LRP-SM和TURP治疗BPH效果相当,但与TURP比较,LRP-SM具有出血风险少、恢复快、并发症发生率较低等优势,特别适合高龄、高危以及对性功能有需求的患者。     

前列腺增生症4种术式疗效及并发症的临床回顾分析

目的回顾分析良性前列腺增生症(BPH)4种不同术式的疗效及术后并发症。方法1995年5月～2005年1月,我院共手术治疗BPH患者975例,其中经膀胱前列腺切除术(开放手术)治疗463例,经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)26例,经尿道前列腺汽化电切术(TVP)374例,TURP TVP联合37例,经尿道前列腺等离子电切术(PKRP)75例,术后随访0．5年至10年。结果开放手术组的平均腺体切除率(71．1±7．5)%,术中出血量和恢复时间均显著高于其他腔内治疗组(P＜0．05)。各组术后的最大尿流率(Qmax),膀胱剩余尿量(PRV)均明显改善,组间无明显差异(P＞0．05)。并发症率为开放手术组17．1%、TURP 11．5%、TURP TVP 8．1%、TVP 7．5%、PKRP 8．0%。常见并发症是继发性出血、感染、尿道狭窄、尿失禁、膀胱痉挛等。开放组中2例死亡,其它组无死亡病例。再手术率为开放手术组1．3%、TURP 11．5%、TURP TVP 5．4%、TVP 4．0%、PKRP 5．3%。结论各种术式的近期疗效基本相似,腔内手术创伤较小,患者恢复较快,但切除率偏低,可能影响远期疗效；开放手术适于前列腺增生较大、并发膀胱病变的患者。