环境铅接触情况下学龄儿童血铅与其元素谱关系的研究

本研究对铅污染区和非污染区学龄儿童血铅水平与其全血元素进行相关分析结果表明，两地区儿童血铅与某些元素间的相关程度完全不同，其中铅污染地区血铅与血Ｎｉ、Ｎｂ、Ａｇ、Ｔｂ和Ｗ的相关系数明显大于非铅污染地区，而非铅我的血铅与血Ｌｉ、Ｃｏ、Ａｓ、Ｂｒ、Ｓｒ和Ｓｂ的相关系数确明显高于铅污染地区。     

环境铅接触对健康的影响

环境中的铅污染已成为严重的问题 ,从铅的性质和存在、环境铅的接触、铅对人体健康的影响、铅中毒的治疗和预防进行综述 ,并提出今后仍需进一步加强环境中的铅研究工作 ,寻求解决铅污染的新途径和新方法     

孕妇铅暴露对其所生子女智能发育影响的研究

孕妇铅暴露对其所生子女智能发育影响的研究俞苏蒙１王振刚１陈美娟２邢荣琦２周明河２许多研究运用流行病学前瞻性研究方法，对低浓度铅接触与儿童智力关系进行了研究。铅能通过母体胎盘进入胎儿体内，胎儿时期铅暴露也同样能引起儿童智力发育落后。现将我们的前瞻性研究...     

低浓度铅接触与儿童智商的关系

低浓度铅接触与儿童智商的关系李沛１董胜璋２近年来，国内外许多研究结果显示，低水平铅接触损害儿童的智力。为探讨安全范围内血铅是否对儿童智商有影响，我们对广州市某区６０名低智学龄儿童体内血铅水平进行了研究。一、对象与方法广州市某区年龄８～１３岁智商低于９...     

环境中的铅接触对人类健康的影响

铅对人体会产生各种各样的不良反应,发达国家已采取措施降低铅污染,减少人体与铅接触,而发展中国家由于快速工业化和环境中铅的持续性,在数十年之内仍将面临铅接触对人体健康的影响,尤其是对儿童的影响.     

环境中的铅接触对人类健康的影响

铅对人体会产生各种各样的不良反应，发达国家已采取措施降低铅污染，减少人体与铅接触，而发展中国家由于快速工业化和环境中铅的持续性，在数十年之内仍将面临铅接触对人体健康的影响。尤其是对儿童的影响。     

职业性铅接触与各生物接触指标间的关系评估

本文在对蓄电池厂１００名铅接触者的健康监护中，各项生物监测按规定的质量控制要求进行。并了其间的剂理效应关系。结果发现，空气中铅尘、铅烟低于最高容许浓度；接触者的血铅、尿铅和ＦＥＤ呈非常显著相关。（Ｐ〈０．０１）其中血铅能较好地定量反映接触铅工人体仙的铅负荷，并提出了血铅的可接受水平。     

铅接触工人自律神经系统功能的再研究

为了探讨长期低浓度铅接触对自律神经系统功能的影响,对蓄电池厂铅接触工人进行了自律神经系统功能心电图测试和自律神经系统功能失调问卷调查,以公司白领人员为对照组。所得数据经ＳＡＳ软件包中的相关分析、Ｆ检验和χ２检验处理。结果与作者先前研究所得结论相符：未见铅接触与自律神经功能下降有直接关系（Ｐ＞０．０５）。铅接触组自律神经功能失调症状发生率与对照组相比差异无显著意义（Ｐ＞０．０５）。年龄显著影响自律神经系统功能（Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示长期低浓度铅接触可能对自律神经系统功能不产生明显影响。本研究对探讨重金属毒作用研究方法进行了有益的尝试     

职业性接触铅引起血铅变化和肾损害及其关系的研究

目的 研究职业性铅接触的肾脏毒性,探讨血铅浓度变化和肾脏损害指标之间的关系.方法 车间空气中铅烟、铅尘的短时间接触浓度用石墨炉原子吸收法检测.选择一般情况可比的无铅接触史的石棉厂个人作为对照,根据接触铅的浓度是否超过职业限值将233名铅接触工人分为职业限值内组及超职业限值组.选择尿N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)和β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)作为肾脏损伤的效应指标,分析不同血铅水平肾损伤效应指标的变化.结果 ①车间空气中铅烟、铅尘的短时间接触浓度分别迭0.15 mg/m3和0.14 ms/m3,超标率分别为71.67%和44.51%;②接铅超职业限值组血铅浓度达(3.46±0.07)μmol/L、尿NAG为(1.82±0.12)U/mmolCr,均显著高于对照组(P＜0.01);③血铅浓度的变化和尿NAG、β2-MG的异常率存在一致的变化趋势,趋势χ2分别为96.27和7.18(P＜0.01);④Logistic回归分析发现接铅水平引起尿NAG和β2-MG改变的OR(95%CI)分别为2.77(1.70～4.52)和1.68(1.08～3.17).结论 职业性铅接触引起血铅浓度升高和肾脏损伤,且血铅浓度越高,肾脏损伤的程度越大.     

乡办炼铅厂对环境的铅污染及对儿童机体的影响研究

本文对北京市通县某乡办炼铅厂的环境污染情况及对附近儿童健康的影响进行了调查研究。结果表明,该厂附近小学校的大气铅和尘土铅含量明显高于对照,其大气铅含量超过国家卫生标准13倍。其儿童家中室内尘土铅含量亦高于对照(P<0.001)。同时,这些儿童的血铅和尿铅值均高于对照(P<0.01)。其中血铅>40μg/dl的儿童的视觉运动反应时的测定值高于血铅≤40μg/dl的儿童。提示该厂对环境的铅污染对附近儿童的健康造成了一定危害和威胁。     

婴幼儿血铅水平与出生前后铅暴露关系的队列研究

[目的]了解婴幼儿血铅水平与出生前后铅暴露的关系,为防治和减轻铅暴露对婴幼儿的不利影响提供科学依据。[方法]采用前瞻性队列研究的方法,在环境铅污染区建立新婚夫妇研究队列,分别在女方怀孕前、孕中期、分娩时以及子代婴幼儿期采集血样,并用石墨炉原子吸收法测定血铅水平;纵向分析出生前后铅暴露对婴幼儿血铅水平的影响。[结果]基线血铅明显高于孕中血铅和脐带血铅,且孕中血铅、脐带血铅与基线血铅高度相关(P<0.01);婴幼儿血铅要明显高于母亲基线血铅、孕中血铅和脐带血铅(P<0.01),且婴幼儿血铅与母亲基线血和脐带血血铅均呈正相关,但差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。[结论]婴幼儿血铅水平与出生前宫内暴露和出生后环境暴露均有关,但与后者关系可能更密切。     

Evaluation of studies of the relationship between blood lead and air lead

Summary An evaluation of the major studies of the effects of airborne lead on blood lead levels of male and female adult and child populations is presented. Analysis of these studies shows that the blood lead-air lead slope for adults is approximately 1.0 for both men and women. This implies that an exposure to an additional 1 g Pb/m³ of air can result in an increase of approximately 1 g Pb/100 ml of blood. The precision of the slope for adults is rarely better than ±0.5 to ±0.7 and can be as large as ±1.0. A large portion of this uncertainty in the calculated slope is due to blood lead measurement error. The slope of the blood lead-air lead response for children ranges from 0.7 to 1.4 and is approximately the same as that for adults. The accuracy of this number is less clear for children than adults due to the small data base. Many of the studies of children have been on populations living in the vicinity of smelters. It is questioned whether these data are representative of the air lead exposure of children living in urban and suburban communities.     

职业性铅接触者生物学效应分析

对蓄电池厂铅作业工人的检测结果表明:铅接触者除出现卟啉代谢障碍、幼稚红细胞增多外,染色体畸变率亦高于对照组;红细胞游离原卟啉和染色体畸变在无铅中毒表现的接触工人中均有升高,提示这两项指标能灵敏地反映铅的损伤。建议增加染色体畸变分析作为健康监护指标,以观察铅作业工人的遗传学效应。本文还对血铅、尿铅与卟啉代谢指标间的关系进行了相关分析。     

湖北三个不同空气污染地区孕妇血铅、乳铅的动态观察

在严格质量控制条件下,对湖北省的繁华城区（武汉市）、矿区（大冶）及乡村（宜都）３个不同空气污染地区非职业铅接触的１０５名非孕妇女血铅和９６名孕妇血铅和乳铅含量进行了追踪调查。结果乡村非孕妇女的血铅水平低于城区和矿区,但城区乳铅水平及孕末期血铅水平低于矿区及乡村。对这种差别的影响因素进行了讨论。结论认为,乡村妇女铅暴露水平低于城市和工矿区,但不可忽视极低浓度的铅污染对孕妇存在的潜在危害。     

A study of the relationship between ambient lead and blood lead among lead battery workers

 Objective: To examine the relationship between ambient lead levels and blood lead levels and to explore the modifiers of the relationship between ambient lead and blood lead. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in two lead battery factories. Blood lead level and ambient lead concentration were measured for each participant concurrently. A structured questionnaire was administered to collect sociodemographic characteristics and occupational history. Design: Biological and personal environmental measurements of 219 lead-exposed workers were analyzed by both simple and multiple linear regression. A regression model was selected for interpretation. Results: A high correlation (r=0.62) between ambient lead (PbA) and blood lead (PbB) was observed. In addition, numerous factors, including age, sex, alcohol consumption, personal hygiene practice and type of lead exposure, were also found to influence blood lead levels. Although PbB was highly correlated with PbA, blood lead level may not be effectively lowered by reducing ambient lead level. Based on the regression coefficients, improvement of hygienic practice was more effective at lowering PbB than reducing ambient lead level. Good hygienic practice may be the preferential way to reduce lead exposure in current conditions. Conclusion: Education of correct work practice may be more important than engineering control in the developing countries to lower blood lead levels in lead battery factories. Received: 28 May 1996/Accepted: 30 August 1996     

Impact of lead transport on children's blood and environmental lead levels

Introduction: A lead monitoring project was established in 1996 to monitor the environmental and health effects of lead being transported through a remote town in tarpaulin‐covered trucks. Methods: Dust samples from sites on the transport route were collected at 3–6 monthly intervals between 1996 and 1999. Annual blood lead testing clinics, offering voluntary testing to children, were conducted from 1997 to 1999. Results: Of the 55 dust samples analysed, only nine contained particles of lead concentrate and these were present at very low levels. During the project 167 children were tested. The geometic mean of blood lead levels in 1997, 1998 and 1999 were 4.5 μg/dL, 5.0 μg/dL and 5.1 μg/dL, respectively (all within the normal range). Residence on the transport route was not associated with higher lead levels (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Lead transport was not associated with any detectable environmental contamination or increase in children's blood lead levels.     

Contrasting effects of age on the plasma/whole blood lead ratio in men and women with a history of lead exposure

We examined the effect of age and sex on the relationship between the concentrations of Pb in blood (Pb-B) and in plasma (Pb-P) in an adult population with a history of lead exposure. Pb-P was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Pb-B by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF AAS). We studied 154 adults (56 men and 98 women) from 18 to 60-year old. Pb-B levels varied from 10.0 to 428.0 microg/L, with a mean of 76 microg/L. Blood lead levels varied from 10.0 to 428.0 microg/L in men (mean, 98.3 microg/L) and from 10.0 to 263.0 microg/L (mean, 62.8 microg/L) in women. Corresponding Pb-Ps were 0.02-2.9 microg/L (mean, 0.66 microg/L) and 0.02-1.5 microg/L (mean, 0.42 microg/L) in men and women, respectively. The relationship between Pb-B and Pb-P was found to be curvilinear (r = 0.757, P < 0.001 Spearman's correlation). The two quantities are related by the line y = 0.0006x(1492) (y = Pb-P, and x = Pb-B). The %Pb-P/Pb-B ratio ranged from 0.03% to 1.85%. A positive association was found between %Pb-P/Pb-B ratio and Pb-B levels. When data were separated by sex, this association was also relevant for men (y = 0.0184x(0.702)) and women (y = 0.0534x(0.5209)) (y = %Pb-P/Pb-B and x = Pb-B). Moreover, we found an interesting positive correlation between Log (Pb-P/Pb-B) and age for women (r = 0.31, P < 0.0001) and a negative correlation for men (r = -0.164, P = 0.07). Taken together, these results suggest contrasting effects of age on the plasma/whole blood lead ratio in men and women with a history of lead exposure. Moreover, sex might play an important role in the metabolism of lead, implying further consideration on the kinetic models constructed of lead toxicity.     

铅作业工人尿N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡糖苷酶同工酶活性的研究

本文对227名铅作业工人的肾功能和卟啉代谢状况进行了研究。结果表明卟啉代谢紊乱先于铅中毒性肾损害,铅接触组的尿NAG-A活性显著低于对照组,而尿NAG-B无明显变化;尿NAG-A活性下降是反映铅中毒性肾损害较敏感的指标,其检测价值比尿总NAG测定大。尿NAG-A活性检测可作为铝中毒性肾损害的监测指标。     

职业性铅暴露人群血铅的危险因素研究

目的探讨职业铅暴露人群血铅的危险因素,为采取针对性的防控措施提供科学依据。方法选择余姚市蓄电池工厂227名工人作为研究对象,采用统一调查表对个人职业史、生活习惯、教育程度等进行调查,同时进行血铅和车间空气中铅浓度测定。在此基础上,分别采用单因素、多因素条件logistic回归分析筛选血铅的关联因素,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果本研究共设29个检测点,仅5个点合格,合格率17.24%,工人平均血铅水平为(578.54±175.56)μg/L。单因素条件logistic回归分析显示性别、吸烟、户籍、文化程度和车间空气铅浓度等变量均可影响血铅浓度。多因素条件logistic回归分析显示车间空气铅浓度和户籍差异有统计学意义。结论工作场所铅浓度较高,工人血铅普遍较高,车间空气铅浓度和户籍是血铅增高的危险因素。     

南京市儿童血铅水平调查及与行为异常关系的研究

目的:探讨儿童行为异常与血铅的关系。方法:随机整群抽取南京市2所小学的学龄儿童为对象,所有被选儿童采指端末梢血40μl,血样经消化、离心,采用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定全血中铅含量。血铅水平≥100μg/L为铅中毒组。同时由父母填写Achenbach儿童行为量表(CBCL,艾氏量表)测查儿童行为问题。结果:儿童血铅平均水平为81.2μg/L,男生血铅水平及铅中毒人数显著高于女生,行为异常的儿童血铅水平及铅中毒率明显高于行为正常组。结论:高血铅与儿童行为异常有关,铅对男童的危害高于女童。