绿乳铜毒性的实验研究

绿乳铜的急性经口ＬＤ５０，雄性大鼠为５９４６ｍｇ／ｋｇ，雌性大鼠为７３２１ｍｇ／ｋｇ，性别间差异没有显著性；而在雄性与雌性小鼠则分别为３４８０ｍｇ／ｋｇ和７９４０ｍｇ／ｋｇ。大鼠急性经皮ＬＤ５０大于２０００ｍｇ／ｋｇ。与此同时，Ａｍｅｓ试验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验和小鼠睾丸精母细胞染色体畸变试验结果均呈阴性。结果表明绿乳铜属低毒类杀菌剂，且对体细胞与生殖细胞未发现致突变性，其应用比较安全。然而，绿乳铜的蓄积系数为３．８，具中等蓄积毒性，故应该加强对长期接触者的健康保护，以防慢性中毒的发生。     

有机磷农药遗传毒性研究进展

有机磷农药是我国使用的一大类农药,大量研究表明有机磷农药具有潜在的遗传毒性.本文综述了近年来有机磷农药遗传毒性的实验室和人群监测资料,有机磷农药的诱变性与结构的关系,代谢转化及人群基因多态性对诱变性的影响,诱变性的可能机制和监测诱变性的生物标志物.     

敌敌畏和氧乐果对小鼠精子畸形的影响

目的 探讨敌敌畏(DDV)和氧乐果染毒对雄性动物生殖细胞的毒性作用,为有机磷农药对农副产品污染的综合防治提供科学依据.方法 选择雄性昆明种小鼠42只,随机分为7组(6个染毒组和1个对照组)每组6只.染毒组小鼠每天分别以5.0、10.0、20.0 mg/kg剂量DDV,2.5、5.0、10.0 mg/kg剂量氧乐果经口染毒;对照组给予等容积的生理盐水.每天每只小鼠染毒1次,连续染毒21 d.首次染毒后5周,以脱颈臼法处死小鼠,制作精子标本,观察精子畸形率.结果 各染毒组精子畸形率(DDV染毒组分别为4.33%,8.40%,13.65%,氧乐果染毒组分别为4.35%,6.63%,7.93%)均高于对照组(1.97%),差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01),且呈剂量一反应关系(P＜0.01).结论 DDV和氧乐果均可引起雄性小鼠生殖细胞的遗传损伤,导致生殖毒性效应.     

环境激素类农药甲氧滴滴涕生殖毒性研究进展

随着我国农业的发展，杀虫剂六六六、DDT和除草剂乙草胺等内分泌干扰物类农药用量不断增长。目前，DDT已经被甲氧滴滴涕广泛替代，但后者依然具有雌激素样作用，能干扰多种动物的内分泌系统，影响生殖、免疫、神经、心血管等系统的功能。本文根据相关文献资料，对环境激素类农药甲氧滴滴涕的生殖毒性做了综述和介绍，对国内环境激素类农药方面的研究提供参考。     

巯基乙酸的经皮毒性及诱变性研究

本文从急性毒性、亚慢性毒性和诱变性三个方面探讨了巯基乙酸的经皮毒效应。其大、小鼠经皮LD_(50)分别为926mg/kg和1210mg/kg;大鼠90天经皮染毒,试验组BUN含量高于对照组,光镜下,试验组睾丸的组织学结构有明显改变;枯草杆菌DNA重组试验、小鼠骨髓多染红细胞微核试验和小鼠睾丸染色体畸变分析试验均获得阳性结果。     

二十八烷醇和牛磺酸的联合毒性和致突变性研究

二十八烷醇是自然界中存在的一种高级醇，它主要以天然脂肪酸酯的形式分布于多种蜡类和油脂中，是世界上公认的抗疲劳物质。研究结果表明其主要作用有：增进耐力、精力和体力；提高反应灵敏性；促进性激素作用，减轻肌肉疼痛；改善心肌功能；降低胆固醇、血脂，降低收缩期血压和提高机体代谢等。而牛磺酸是1827年首先在牛的胆汁中发现的一种特殊的氨基酸，     

碱式氯化铜尘吸入引起金属烟热的调查

金属烟热多因金属加热产生的金属及金属氧化物烟雾吸入引起。碱式氯化铜引起金属烟热，尚未见过报道，苏州市某超微粉碎机厂发生了1起5例碱式氯化铜引起的金属烟热，我们对此进行了调查并参考有关文献分析如下。     

环氧大豆油毒性和诱变性研究

环氧大豆油(Epoxidized Soybean Oil)是以精制大豆油和35％双氧水(H_O_2)为主要原料,在酸和促进剂的存在下而制得的。(H_2O_2用电解法和蒽醌法二种工艺制成,相应的两种环氧大豆油简称电解法油、蒽醌法油)。小鼠经口LD_(50)均大于10000mg/kg。小鼠骨髓微核多染红细胞率及睾丸精母细胞染色体畸变率分析,均无明显影响。Ames试验,加或不加S9混合液,组氨酸依赖型鼠伤寒沙门氏菌TA_(97a)、TA_(98)、TA_(100)和TA_(102)四个测试菌株均无诱变性。     

农药代谢物甲基对氧磷和对氧磷的合成

目前甲基对硫磷（二甲基－对－硝基苯基－硫代磷酸酯,ＰＳＣＨ３ＣＨ３ＯＮＯ２）和对硫磷（二乙基－对－硝基苯基－硫代磷酸酯ＰＳＣ２Ｈ５Ｃ２Ｈ５ＯＮＯ２）仍是我国应用较多的有机磷农药,并常与其它品种的农药混配使用,甲基对硫磷和对硫磷可通过呼吸道、皮肤和消化...     

膦氧氮丙啶对雄性小鼠的生殖毒性研究

膦氧氮丙啶(phosphine oxide,MAPO)对AMS雄性小鼠经口染毒60天,与正常雌鼠交配后,雄鼠染毒剂量≥10ppm时其生育率为0％,阴性对照及MAPO1ppm组雄鼠生育率为100％。对小鼠附睾精子数量检测,MAPO10ppm和100ppm组的精子数量分别为0.62和0.51×10~6/ml/10g附睾,明显低于对照组(2.59×10~6/ml/10g附睾)和MAPO1ppm组(2.06×10~6/ml/10g附睾),仅存的精子活动度极差,绝大多数是伴有畸形的死精子。畸形精子中以无定形等头部畸形居多。结果表明,MAPO对哺乳类动物也是一种雄性不育剂,对雄性小鼠生殖细胞具有潜在诱变危害。     

β-环状糊精毒性和致突变性研究

β-环状糊精(BCD)是以淀粉为原料,经嗜碱性芽胞杆菌N_(227)菌株产生的环状糊精葡萄糖基转移酶的作用,而制得的白色无异味的粉末。剂量高达5000μg/皿,对组氨酸缺陷型鼠伤寒沙门氏菌TA_(97a)、TA_(98)、TA_(100)和TA_(102)无致突变活性。小鼠经口LD_(50)大于21500mg/kg,剂量高达1000mg/kg,对小鼠骨髓微核多染红细胞(MNPCE)率及小鼠附睾精子畸形率均无明显影响。本文还结合国内外的有关资料,对BCD的安全性毒理学评价作了探讨。     

六种维生素和铜对亚硝化处理的酱油致突变性影响的研究

<正> 有关的流行病学调查发现酱油和消化道癌症的发病有密切相关。从酱油中可以分离出致突变性和致癌变性前体物质,用其饲喂动物,可以诱发肿瘤。酱油亚硝化后,其中的致突变性或致癌变性前体物质可形成很强的具有致癌变作用的亚硝胺。文献表明,多种食物和营养素可以阻断亚硝化的过程,防止亚硝胺的形成。国产酱油中存在微量的亚硝胺,我们检测了40种酱油亚硝化后对TA98和TA100的致突变作用,全部样品都表现出很强的致突变性。本文用体外试验,模拟体内的亚硝化过程,用维生素和铜阻断亚硝化过程,并观察处理后的酱油对TA100致突变性的影响。     

生态型鼠疫菌对抗菌素敏感性的试验研究

目的：为探讨新型抗菌素在鼠疫临床治疗的效率。方法：用17个生态型的鼠疫菌对11种抗菌素进行了纸片法药物敏感性试验。结果：11种抗菌素药敏抑制环均在24mm以上。结论：同链霉素相比新型10种抗菌素对鼠疫菌的敏感性更好。     

甲基丙烯酸环氧丙酯(GMA)亚急性毒性、致突变性和致畸性的研究

本文报道了甲基丙烯酸环氧丙酯的蓄积毒性、皮肤刺激性、致敏性、亚急性毒性以及致突变和致畸性。实验结果表明,大鼠蓄积系数8.36,属弱蓄积;0.1ml原液反复涂抹家兔皮肤可引起一系列皮肤的局部病变,迟发和速发性致敏反应,结果属强致敏物,家兔50mg/kg经口染毒15天,可引起心电图、血压、脑电图、血液学指标和肝功能的改变;Ames试验TA_(100)呈阳性,微核试验呈阳性,大鼠致畸试验(5.38～108mg/kg经口染毒)未见明显异常。     

Fe3O4及Fe3O4-Glu纳米颗粒的毒性和致突变性研究

[目的]研究直径约15 nm的四氧化三铁纳米颗粒(nano-Fe3O4)、谷氨酸包覆的四氧化三铁纳米颗粒(nano-Fe3O4-Glu)的毒性及致突变性.[方法]①单次给药实验在以往急性毒性实验的基础上,对昆明种小鼠口服一次给药,分别得到nano-Fe3O4、nano-Fe3O4-Glu的最大耐受量.②小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验nano-Fe3O4及nano-Fe3O4-Glu分别设150mg/kg、300mg/kg和600mg/kg各三个剂量组,另设阴性对照组和环磷酰胺组,分别计算其微核率.③小鼠精子畸形试验两种受试物分别设150 mg/kg、300 mg/kg、600 mg/kg三个剂量组及阴性对照组和环磷酰胺组,连续5 d染毒,染毒后第35 d处死,分别计算其精子畸形率.④体外CHL细胞染色体畸变试验nano-Fe3O4设1.05μg/ml、2.10μg/ml、4.20μg/ml三个剂量组,nano-Fe3O4-Glu设30μg/ml、60 μg/ml、120 μg/ml三个剂量组,另设阴性、阳性对照组和空白对照组.在加S9mix和不加S9mix时,分别计算细胞染色体畸变率.[结果]两种受试物的小鼠经口染毒最大耐受量均大于600 mg/kg;小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验中两种受试物的微核率均低于2‰;小鼠精子畸形试验中,nano-Fe3O4各剂量组小鼠精子畸形率均高于3.8%,与阴性对照组比较有统计学差异(P＜0.01);体外CHL细胞染色体畸变试验中,在加与不加体外活化系统(S9mix)的条件下,两种受试物的CHL细胞染色体畸变率均低于5%.[结论]在本试验条件下,nano-Fe3O4及nano-Fe3O4-Glu对小鼠体细胞均未见有致突变性,而nano-Fe3O4对雄性小鼠生殖细胞有致突变性;在体外试验中,两种纳米颗粒均未见有致突变性.     

Embryo Toxicity and Teratogenicity of Formaldehyde

The Southington, Connecticut, water-supply system is characterized by a distribution network that contains more than 1 700 pipeline segments of varying diameters and construction materials, more than 186 mi (299 km) of pipe, 9 groundwater extraction wells capable of pumping more than 4 700 gal/min (0.2965 m³/s), and 3 municipal reservoirs. Volatile organic compounds, which contaminated the underlying groundwater reservoir during the 1970s, contaminated the water-supply system and exposed the town's residents to volatile organic chemicals. We applied a computational model to the water-supply system to characterize and quantify the distribution of volatile organic compounds in the pipelines, from which we estimated the demographic distribution of potential exposure to the town's residents. Based on results from modeling analyses, we concluded the following: (a) exposure to volatile organic compound contamination may vary significantly from one census block to another, even when these census blocks are adjacent to each other within a specified radius; (b) maximum spatial spread of contamination in a water-distribution system may not occur under peak demand conditions, and, therefore, maximum spatial distribution of the exposed population also may not correspond to peak demand conditions, and (c) use of the proposed computational model allows for a more refined and rigorous methodology with which to estimate census-block-level contamination for exposure assessment and epidemiologic investigations.     

铜离子对草履虫毒性实验研究

通过铜离子（Ｃｕ~２＋）对革履虫的毒性及其对脂质过氧化物（ＬＰＯ）、谷胱甘肽（ＧＳＨ）和乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）含量影响的实验研究结果表明：Ｃｕ~２＋浓度在０．０３９～３９．８ｍｇ／Ｌ范围内革履虫的死亡率随Ｃｕ~２＋浓度的增加而升高（ＬＣ５０＝３．９１ｍｇ／Ｌ，ｔ＝１ｈ），ＧＳＨ和ＬＤＨ含量随Ｃｕ~２＋浓度的增加而下降，而ＬＰＯ则升高，ＧＳＨ和ＬＰＯ与死亡率呈极显著的负相关（ｒ＝－０．８４８Ｐ＜０．０１），ＬＤＨ和ＬＰＯ则没有任何联系（Ｐ＞０．０５）。然而在Ｃｕ~２＋浓度小于０．０３９１ｍｇ／Ｌ时革履虫的ＧＳＨ和ＬＤＨ均升高，而ＬＰＯ则处于最低点，刺丝泡发射能力正常。提示：Ｃｕ~２＋急性中毒作用可能抑制草履虫的ＧＳＨ，导致细胞膜结构的稳定性及抗氧化能力降低，使细胞体脂质过氧化作用加强，细胞膜结构受损而引起死亡；观察刺丝泡是一项对革履虫毒性损伤的重要指标；微量的Ｃｕ~２＋对革履虫的代谢等有刺激作用。     

The relation between lysosomal biomarker and population responses in a field population of Microchaetus sp. (oligochaeta) exposed to the fungicide copper oxychloride

The ecological relevance of the neutral red retention assay as a biomarker in an indigenous earthworm population (Microchaetus sp.) exposed to the fungicide copper oxychloride was investigated. Changes in earthworm biomass and numbers were monitored and related to changes in neutral red retention times of coelomocytes as well as changes in copper concentrations in the soil and earthworm body tissues. Results indicated that Microchaetus sp. responded sensitively to the copper oxychloride by showing an initial decrease in biomass 2 months after spraying started. This was followed by a significant decrease in worm numbers after 3 months. The neutral red retention times of earthworm coelomocytes decreased significantly within the first month of treatment and correspond to a significant increase in soil copper concentrations, but not with an immediate increase in body burdens of copper. More than a year after spraying had stopped the worm biomass and numbers were still significantly lower in the treated plots compared with the control plots. Since the reduction in neutral red retention times could be attributed to the presence of copper oxychloride and preceded the decline in population density and biomass, we conclude that this biomarker has a useful role to play in environmental risk assessment and could provide a warning of impending ecological damage.     

Toxicity and effects of copper oxide nanoparticles on cognitive performances in rats

Abstract

There is increasing scientific evidences that the physical and chemical properties of manufactured nanoparticles lead to an increase in their bioavailability and toxicity. Among them Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) are widely used in different fields. However their potential adverse effects namely on brain functions are still discussed. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the subacute oral toxicity and effects of CuO-NPs on cognitive performances in rats. Rats were randomly divided into three groups of 8 animals each, a control group received a dose 9‰ sodium chloride and the other groups received a suspension of CuO-NPs at doses of 250 and 500?mg/kg through oral gavage for 14 consecutive days. Multiple behavioral tests showed that CuO-NPs caused little changes in memory and learning performances as well as the locomotors activity, while the anxiety index increased. Copper NPs exposure increased also the liver and stomach relative weights and altered some blood biochemical parameters.