尿粘康酸在苯的生物监测中的应用价值

为研究苯暴露的生物标志物，应用改进的高压液相色谱法检测了１２８名苯接触工人及４０名对照人群的尿粘康酸含量，同时测定了其尿酚含量。结果表明，当空气苯浓度为４１．４９ｍｇ／ｍ３时，接触工人的尿粘康酸含量为（５．４７±７．９４）ｍｇ／ｇＣｒ，尿酚为（３９．０９±４２．５９）ｍｇ／ｇＣｒ。对照人群的尿粘康酸含量为（０．１３±０．０９）ｍｇ／ｇＣｒ，尿酚为（１６．０１±１１．３３）ｍｇ／ｇＣｒ（均为肌酐校正值，ｘＧ±ｓ）。苯接触工人的尿粘康酸含量与所接触的空气苯浓度及尿酚含量呈良好的相关，相关系数分别为０．９１８７，０．８２０４。尿粘康酸在人群中本底值低，反映苯的内吸收情况比尿酚更特异、敏感，更适于低浓度苯暴露的生物监测。     

尿酚在苯的生物学监测中实用价值的评估

本文以苯的新型生物学指标粘康酸为对照，评估了尿酚在不同苯接触浓度下的生物学监测效果。选择了三个接触不同苯浓度范围工厂内的３２６名工人为研究对象。结果三个工厂受检者接触苯浓度的范围与几何均值分别为０．２９～８．６７ｍｇ／ｍ３、３．１２～５６．８７ｍｇ／ｍ３、１７．２５～３６８．５２ｍｇ／ｍ３与２．５３ｍｇ／ｍ３、２１．０１ｍｇ／ｍ３、９４．０７ｍｇ／ｍ３。而尿酚与空气苯的相关系数分别为０．６１０７、０．７２４５、０．８０１４。相应粘康酸与空气苯的相关系数分别为０．８２１３、０．９１０７、０．８６５１。此结果说明尿酚在接触苯浓度较低时，难以反映内吸收情况。而粘康酸则能敏感地反映接触较低苯浓度环境时个体的内吸收剂量。     

苯的两种生物标志物现场应用价值的比较

选择了８６名苯接触工人进行现场研究。结果表明当空气苯浓度的几何均值为３１．８６ｍｇ／ｍ３时，代谢物粘康酸的几何均值为３．１５３ｍｇ／ｇ，尿酚则为３１．０２７ｍｇ／ｇ。接触的空气苯浓度分别与代谢物粘康酸和尿酚之间的相关系数为０．９０１２、０．７３０１。接触低浓度苯的人群尿酚与外接触的苯水平相关性较差；但粘康酸无论是在接触高的或低的苯浓度情况下，二者之间均有良好的相关性。粘康酸在对照组检出水平极低。提示：粘康酸可替代尿酚作为苯的生物学监测指标     

尿酚在苯的生物学监测实用价值的评估

本文以苯的新型生物学指标粘康酸的对照，评估了尿酚在不同苯接触浓度下的生物学监测效果，选择了三个接触的不同苯浓度范围工厂内的３２６名工人为研究对象，结果三个工厂受检者接触苯浓度的范围与几何均值分别为０．２９～８．６７ｍｇ／ｍ＾３，３．１２～５６．８７ｍｇ／ｍ＾３，１７．２５～３６８．５２ｍｇ／ｍ＾３与２．５３ｍｇ／ｍ＾３，２１．０１ｍｇ／ｍ＾３，９４．０７ｍｇ／ｍ＾３而尿酚与空气苯的相关系数分别为０     

苯职业接触工人尿中酚和黏糠酸监测结果及意义

目的通过对苯接触工人尿中酚和反-反式黏糠酸的监测与分析,开展低苯环境下苯接触生物标志物研究,并探讨其实际应用价值。方法选取某制鞋厂员工作为研究对象,测定其尿液中酚和反-反式黏糠酸浓度,并对作业工人工作场所中苯浓度进行监测。结果接苯工人尿酚浓度与接苯浓度无显著性相关关系,尿中反-反式黏糠酸浓度与接苯浓度存在显著正相关(P0.05),接苯工人班后尿中的反-反式黏糠酸浓度显著高于班前尿(P0.05),吸烟对尿酚浓度影响较小,吸烟者尿中反-反式黏糠酸浓度显著高于非吸烟者(P0.05)。结论低浓度苯工作环境下,尿中反-反式黏糠酸可以作为一种敏感的生物标志物替代尿酚反映机体苯暴露情况。     

苯接触的生物监测指标初步评估

目的：探索可客观反映职业性苯危害的灵敏指标。方法：测定苯作业车间空气苯浓度和３３名苯作业工人及４名非苯作业工人志愿者苯接触后呼出苯浓度、血苯含量及尿酚排出量，并进行相关性分析。结果：空气苯浓度（４．５～３４８ｍｇ／ｍ３）与血苯含量呈明显正相关（Ｐ＜０．０５）；血苯含量与尿酚排出量呈非常显著正相关（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：在低浓度苯接触时，血苯是一个与毒性相关联的特异性敏感苯吸收指标；尿酚排出量可用作高浓度苯接触工人的生物监测指标。     

尿粘康酸作为苯接触人群生物学监测的指标

尿粘康酸作为苯接触人群生物学监测的指标曾年华，彭桂福，杨爱初，周炯亮，吴春刚通常认为尿酚是苯暴露者最方便的生物监测指标，但在空气苯浓度较低时，尿酚则缺乏特异性和敏感性，难以准确反映人体对苯的内吸收情况。因此，有必要应用新的、敏感的指标替代尿酚作为低浓...     

人尿中酚,粘糠酸,苯巯基尿酸的生物监测

为了探索接触低浓度苯的生物监测指标，在建立了灵敏、特异的尿中反，反－粘糠酸（ｔ，ｔ－ＭＡ）的高效液相色谱（ＨＰＬＣ）、苯巯基尿酸（Ｓ－ＰＭＡ）的色谱／质谱／质谱（ＬＣ／ＭＳ／ＭＳ）测定方法的基础上，对４９位接触低浓度苯的工人及２０位非职业接触者进行了生物监测。结果表明：在苯接触浓度低于３．２ｍｇ／ｍ３（１ｐｐｍ）的情况下，作业工人的尿ｔ，ｔ－ＭＡ和Ｓ－ＰＭＡ浓度与空气中苯的ＴＷＡ浓度显著相关；尿酚与空气中苯的ＴＷＡ浓度之间的相关性很差。吸烟能增加尿ｔ，ｔ－ＭＡ和Ｓ－ＰＭＡ的浓度。     

锰铁冶炼作业工人接锰水平和健康状况的调查分析

本文对某锰铁冶炼厂１６５名作业工人接锰水平和健康状况进行了调查研究，结果表明：锰铁生产工段空气中锰时间加权平均浓度在０．０３－２．１７ｍｇ／ｍ＾３之间，锰作业工人神经系统症状和体征发生率与空气锰逍度，尿锰，发锰间未见有规律性联系：尿锰，发锰水平与空气锰浓度呈平行关系；尿锰，发锰间不呈相关；尿锰，发锰与作业工人工种，工龄，年龄的关系不不明显。     

尿粘康酸作为苯内接触剂量的应用

为将尿粘康酸（ＴＴＭＡ）应用于苯接触人群的检测，应用高效液相色谱－紫外检测器系统检测苯接触人群尿ＴＴＭＡ。结果显示，尿ＴＴＭＡ在苯接触人群中有显著增加，随着空气苯浓度的增加，尿ＴＴＭＡ增加显著，显示出良好的相关关系（ｒ＝０．９４０，Ｐ＜０．０５）。当苯接触浓度为均值２．４６２ｍｇ／ｍ３时，接触人群尿ＴＴＭＡ与对照组相比，其差异具有统计学意义。提示，尿ＴＴＭＡ可作为苯接触特异、灵敏的生物检测指标，尤其对于低苯接触。尿ＴＴＭＡ在男女苯接触人群中差异无显著性。甲苯可抑制尿ＴＴＭＡ的形成。应用协方差分析可粗略校正甲苯的混杂作用。     

影响苯的生物学指标粘康酸的混杂因素初探

粘康酸是苯的一种微量开环代谢产物，可敏感地反映苯暴露者的内吸收剂量。本文探讨了影响该指标的几个混杂因素．结果表明，不同性别苯暴露者粘康酸的排出量差异无显著性意义，吸烟能增加粘康酸的排出量不同时间留取的尿标本对粘康酸的检出有明显的影响；协同暴露于甲苯能抑制粘康酸的排出．     

Evaluation to the exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene and xylenes in workers in a power plant fueled with heavy oil]

Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been demonstrated in many industrial sectors. However, up to date there are few studies in the literature on PAH exposure in thermoelectric power plants. The study was aimed at the evaluation of personal exposure to PAHs in workers of a power plant fueled with heavy oil. Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and to benzene, toluene and xylenes (BTX) was evaluated on power plant workers exposed to heavy fuel oil; the control group consisted of office workers of the same power plant. Altogether 39 subjects were studied, for a total of 84 days of monitoring. Personal environmental exposure, cutaneous exposure and urinary concentrations of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), trans,trans-muconic acid (TTMA) and nicotine were measured. Personal environmental exposure to PAHs was very low; only maintenance workers showed exposure to total carcinogenic PAHs significantly higher than controls (median levels 3.05 and 0.88 ng/m3 respectively). All workers showed very low levels of dermal exposure to PAHs (less than 1 ng). The median 1-OHP urinary concentrations were 0.16, 0.11 and 0.08 mumol/mol creatinine in the groups of exposed workers and 0.08 mumol/mol creatinine in the control group. Neither the exposed workers nor the controls showed a significant increase in 1-OHP urinary concentrations across the shift. The regression analysis showed a significant effect of cigarette smoking on urinary 1-OHP, while no association was observed between occupational exposure and diet. Personal environmental exposure levels to BTX were very low. TTMA urinary concentrations of the exposed subjects were similar to those of the controls. No significant increase in the TTMA urinary concentrations was observed across the shift and, as expected, smokers showed higher values than non-smokers. The study did not show a measurable intake of PAHs and BTX in power plant workers that could be ascribed to occupational exposure, thus confirming the efficacy of the protective measures in force.     

空气苯浓度与呼出苯及尿酚的关系研究

目的对苯接触水平和接触者可能受到的有害影响进行卫生学评价。方法对１０名苯接触者和６名志愿苯接触者进行研究,用苯呼出气作为生物学监测指标。结果班前呼出苯大多为未检出,班中及班后呼出苯与空气苯时间加权平均浓度均有密切相关;班前尿酚与空气苯时间加权平均浓度无相关,班后尿酚及次晨尿酚均与空气苯ＴＷＡ浓度密切相关;班中、班后呼出苯均与班后尿酚及次晨尿酚密切相关,且以班中呼出苯与班后尿酚的相关性最高（ｒ＝０．９３５３）。呼出苯的快速排出相为脱离接触１０分钟（占班后呼出苯８２．２５％）,其排出稳定相在脱离接触后９０分钟左右。接触空气苯浓度ＴＷＡ７．９～２１７．８ｍｇ／ｍ３时,无论是呼出苯或尿酚在接触后２４小时与空气苯均无相关。结论在呼出苯的快速排出相采集终末呼出气可反映工人当时的接触浓度,采集排出稳定相终末呼出气,其浓度较稳定可反映接触者吸收入血液的浓度,并以此来估测环境浓度与接触水平。呼出苯的呼吸排出规律以及采样方便、无损伤,检出灵敏,呼出苯作为接触水平监测指标较其他指标优越。     

Occupational exposure to benzene in the shoe industry

In order to determine the possible actual exposure to benzene in the shoe industry from industrially used solvents, glues, and paints containing benzene as a nondeclared constituent, phenol in urine and benzene in blood, as indices of internal exposure to benzene, were measured in workers (N = 33). Since toluene, in contrast to benzene, is declared as a constituent in several glues, toluene in the blood of workers was also analysed. All analyses were performed using gas chromatography. Urine samples were collected on Monday morning (MI) before work and on Wednesday (WI) before and (WII) after work. Venous blood samples were taken on Wednesday only, 1/2 hour after work. There was no difference in the phenol concentrations of MI and WI, while the phenol concentration of WII was about twice as high as that in WI. In all blood samples, benzene was found, as well as toluene, which was about four times higher in comparison with benzene. A correlation (r = 0.465; p less than .01) was found between the difference in pre- and postshift phenol concentrations (WII-WI) in urine and the benzene concentrations in blood. The results presented show that a trace amount of benzene, which is often not declared as a constitutent in industrially used chemicals, could be a source of marked exposure to benzene. It can also be concluded that changes in phenol in urine (if preshift and postshift samples are taken) might be a sufficiently sensitive parameter to assess exposure to benzene even when other data concerning the presence of benzene in the working atmosphere are not available.     

URINARY EXCRETION OF PHENOL BY MEN EXPOSED TO VAPOUR OF BENZENE: A SCREENING TEST

The metabolism of benzene differs from that of other aromatic hydrocarbons; the excretion of phenol in the urine of workers exposed to ambient benzene bears a linear relationship to the degree of exposure. A semi-quantitative screening test using stable reagents not requiring special apparatus or laboratory facilities permits an estimation of urinary phenolic bodies, and hence the exposure to benzene. The test may be used (a) to determine whether individual workers need further investigation because of exposure to benzene, (b) as a group test to determine whether the environment is acceptable, and (c) to determine whether solvents often regarded as safe contain benzene.     

trans,trans-Muconic acid,a reliable biological indicator for the detection of individual benzene exposure down to the ppm level

Summary trans,trans-Muconic acid (2,4-hexadienedioic acid) (t,t-MA) is a minor benzene metabolite which can be used as a biological indicator for benzene exposure. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the limits of use of t,t-MA for detection and quantification of occupational exposures to benzene, particularly on an individual scale, phenol being used as the metabolite of reference. A simple and sensitve method previously described by the authors was carried out to analyse t,t-MA in 105 end-of-shift urinary samples from 23 workers exposed to benzene used as an extraction solvent for concretes recovery in the perfume industry. Good correlations were found between atmospheric benzene and both metabolites (uncorrected or corrected for creatinine) or between the metabolites themselves, with correlation coefficients from 0.81 to 0.91 (P < 0.0001). Correlation-coefficients were not improved after correction for creatinine. The overall individual benzene exposure range, median, and arithmetic mean were respectively 0.1–75, 4.5, and 9.0 ppm with corresponding t,t-MA excretion of 0.1–47.9, 5.2 and 8.9 mg/l (uncorrected) and phenol excretion of 1.4–298, 30.9, and 42.2 mg/l (uncorrected). In the control group (145 determinations for t,t-MA and 76 for phenol from 79 individuals) the range, median, and arithmetic mean were respectively < 0.04–0.66, 0.08, and 0.13 mg/l (uncorrected t,t-MA) and 1.5–42.0, 9.85 and 11.3 mg/l (uncorrected phenol). t,t-MA was far more specific than phenol and could be easily and practically used to estimate with a given probability the upper or lower corresponding benzene concentrations down to around the ppm level. Biological exposure indices for benzene exposure to 10, 5, or 1 ppm could be set at 10, 5, or 1 mg t,t-MA/l (uncorrected).