左房扩大并心房纤颤患者心脏利钠肽变化的意义

 目的研究高血压病左房扩大并心房纤颤患者血浆利钠肽水平的变化,探讨房颤时心脏内分泌的病理生理改变.方法 102例高血压左房扩大患者入选,其中52例伴心房纤颤(Atrial fibrillation,AF),50例无AF,另有36例健康个体为参照.放射免疫法测定脑利钠肽(Brain natriuretic peptide,BNP)和心房利钠肽(Atrial natriuretic peptide,ANP).结果所有高血压病左房扩大者,无论有无AF,血浆ANP、BNP均显著高于健康对照组(P＜0.01),AF组与无AF组BNP水平无显著差异(P＞0.05);AF组ANP显著低于无AF组(P＜0.01).结论左房扩大的高血压患者在心脏功能失代偿前,BNP已经出现代偿性地合成和分泌增加.AF后心房合成和分泌ANP较无AF者显著下降.     

芪苈强心胶囊对扩张型心肌病心力衰竭患者心功能及血浆脑利钠肽水平的影响

目的观察芪苈强心胶囊对扩张型心肌病（DCM）心力衰竭患者心功能及血浆脑利钠肽水平的影响。方法 62例DCM心力衰竭患者随机分为研究组30例和对照组32例,2组患者均给予常规抗心力衰竭的治疗,如限盐、休息,选用利尿剂、血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂、β受体阻滞剂、螺内酯、硝酸酯类药物等,根据病情必要时应用洋地黄、多巴酚丁胺等正性肌力药物。研究组在常规治疗基础上加服芪苈强心胶囊（4粒,每日3次）。疗程均为1个月。观察2组治疗前后心功能改善情况：左室舒张末内径（LVEDD）、左室射血分数（LVEF）、6min步行距离和血浆脑利钠肽（BNP）水平,以及药物副作用。结果治疗1个月后,研究组与治疗前及对照组相比,LVEDD缩小,BNP下降;而LVEF和6min步行距离增加;差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01及P〈0.05）。2组均未发现明显不良反应。结论芪苈强心胶囊治疗DCM心力衰竭疗效较好,可提高LVEF,改善运动耐量,降低血浆BNP水平,是较为安全有效的方法 。     

Preparation of mono-radioiodinated tracers for study of the in vivo metabolism of atrial natriuretic peptide in humans

In the present paper we evaluate the optimum chemical conditions for labelling atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and its metabolites and for preparing highly purified radiotracers which can be used for in vivo kinetic studies of ANP in humans. Synthetic a h_1–28ANP and some hormone metabolites were iodinated with Na¹²⁵I or Na¹³¹I by means of the lactoperoxidase (ANP) or the chloramine-T (ANP metabolites) technique. The biological activity of labelled ANP was tested by means of a binding study using mouse cardiac membranes. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedure was used to purify the labelled hormone and the principal labelled metabolites in venous plasma samples collected up to 50 min after the injection of¹²⁵I-labelled ANP from nine healthy men. The main ANP kinetic parameters were derived from the disappearance curves of the [¹²⁵I]ANP, which were satisfactorily fitted by a biexponential function in all subjects. The main advantages of this tracer technique are: (1) high accuracy, allowing the identification of the metabolites produced in vivo under steady-state conditions after injection of the precursor (labelled hormone); (2) high sensitivity, allowing the detection of minimal quantities of metabolites (that cannot be identified on the basis of the integrated areas from the ultraviolet-absorbing peaks on HPLC); (3) high specificity, allowing the detection of possible in vitro artefactual generation of cleavage products of ANP using an internal labelled standard. Utilizing this tracer method, it was possible to estimate the principal parameters of ANP kinetics and also to plot the appearance curves of the labelled metabolites produced in vivo after the injection of the labelled precursor.     

Distribution & diagnostic efficacy of cardiac markers CK-MB & LDH in pericardial fluid for postmortem diagnosis of ischemic heart disease

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of biochemical markers creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and LDH in pericardial fluid for postmortem diagnosis of ischemic heart disease (IHD). We studied 119 medico-legal autopsies selected during a period of 2 years. Subjects were assigned into diagnostic groups upon final cause of death as follows: (1) sudden cardiac death due to IHD's (n = 52), (2) violent asphyxia (n = 24); (3) polytraumatic deaths (n = 20); (4) natural deaths excluding cardiac causes (n = 23). Pericardial fluid samples were tested for estimating enzyme levels. Histological examination was performed with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain on myocardial tissue samples. We observed highest levels of CK-MB & LDH in deaths due to IHD's. Kruskal–Wallis test revels significant differences in activities of CK-MB (P = 0.0001) and LDH (P = 0.0065) amongst all diagnostic groups. Mann–Whitney test showed highly significant (P < 0.0001) levels of CK-MB in group 1 as compared to other diagnostic groups. However, LDH levels were non-discriminatory (P = 0.0827) between cases of IHD's and cases of other natural deaths. CK-MB levels were statistically non-significant between cases divided as myocardial infarction (MI) and severe coronary artery disease in group 1, hence its role for postmortem detection of MI is somewhat limiting. However, sensitivity and negative predictive values of its cut off level obtained in cases of IHD's are nearly equal to diagnostic efficacy in clinical settings. Hence, it can be useful additional diagnostic tool for autopsy diagnosis of IHD's. Whereas, LDH is not useful for postmortem diagnosis in these cases.     

Role of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosing pericardial lesions

Objective

In this research, patients who had pericardial lesions are imaged by either CT or MRI and the purpose of this paper is to discuss which imaging modality should be used in the assessment of patients with different pericardial diseases.

Patients and methods

Thirty patients ranging in age between 3 months and 46 years diagnosed as having pericardial lesions by transthoracic echocardiography were prospectively studied. All patients were examined by history taking, chest X-ray, clinical examination, transthoracic echocardiography, Multidetector CT and/or magnetic resonance imaging.

Result

Several types of lesions were identified including constrictive pericarditis (n = 10), pericardial simple effusion (n = 9), pericardial tumors (n = 5), pericardial abscess (n = 4), pericardial hemorrhage (n = 4) and one case of pericardial cyst. Three patients had combined lesions.

Conclusion

CT and MR imaging should be used when findings at echocardiography are difficult to interpret, inconclusive or conflict with clinical findings. CT is better used for the assessment of postoperative cases while MRI is superior in detecting and diagnosing pericardiac masses and constrictive pericarditis.Also, because of radiation involving CT scan should be avoided in children if possible but has the advantage of fast imaging speed and often no need for sedation of patients and children.     

Effects of atrial natriuretic peptide on glomerular filtration rate in essential hypertension: a radionuclide study

A number of studies show that atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) raises renal sodium excretion with a concomitant increase in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in both experimental animals and normal humans. Studies using indirect evaluation of GFR have provided less consistent results in hypertensive patients. We studied the effects of intravenously administered (iv) -human ANP on GFR in patients with hypertension by a radionuclide technique using technetium 99m diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid. In six patients (ANP group), GFR was determined under control conditions, during iv ANP (initial bolus of 0.5 g/kg followed by a 21-min maintenance infusion at 0.05 g · kg^–1 · min^–1) and during a recovery phase. In six other patients (control group), GFR was determined under control conditions, during saline iv infusion and during recovery. The two groups did not differ with respect to age, sex, basal blood pressure, heart rate or GFR. In the ANP group, the infusion of the peptide induced a significant decrease of mean blood pressure (from 133 ± 5 to 120 ± 5 mmHg, P < 0.01), no change in heart rate and a significant increase in GFR (from 104 ± 4 to 125 ± 5 ml/min, P < 0.01). During recovery, blood pressure, heart rate and GFR were not different from the values recorded under control conditions. No changes in blood pressure, heart rate or GFR (from 106 ± 5 to 108 ± 5 ml/min, n.s.) were detected during saline infusion in the control group. Our results demonstrated that in patients with essential hypertension, ANP induces an augmentation in GFR in spite of a decrease in blood pressure; this suggests a unique role for atrial peptide-related drugs in the treatment of human hypertension.     

心肺复苏期家兔血浆内皮素、心钠素、一氧化氮含量的变化

目的 :研究血浆内皮素 (ET)、心钠素 (ANP)、一氧化氮 (NO)在心脏骤停缺血 /再灌注损伤前后含量变化规律及意义。方法 :取家兔 4 0只分别分为对照组、实验组 ,制作家兔心脏骤停缺血 /再灌注模型 ,观察心肺复苏期各时相血浆ET、ANP、NO、血压及心电变化。结果 :动物在心脏骤停及复苏即刻血浆ET含量未见明显升高 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,而血浆ANP、NO水平降低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,复苏后 0 .5h血浆ET明显升高 (P <0 .0 1) ,复苏后 2h血浆ET、ANP、NO均较复苏前有明显上升 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :在心脏骤停缺血 /再灌注损伤过程中ET、ANP、NO水平变化及相关关系可能是一种调节机制并在病理生理过程中起重要作用。     

Combined analyses of creatine kinase MB, cardiac troponin I and myoglobin in pericardial and cerebrospinal fluids to investigate myocardial and skeletal muscle injury in medicolegal autopsy cases

Creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and myoglobin (Mb) are biochemical markers of myocardial injury; however, Mb is more abundant in skeletal muscles. The present study involved analysis of these markers in pericardial and cerebrospinal fluids (PCF and CSF) from serial medicolegal autopsy cases (n = 295, within 48 h) to examine their efficacy in determining the cause of death. Although these markers showed a slight postmortem time-dependent elevation, except for CK-MB in CSF, the distribution depended on the cause of death. Mb levels in PCF and CSF were higher in fatal hyperthermia (heat stroke) and methamphetamine abuse, and CK-MB in both fluids was also higher in the latter. In psychotropic drug intoxication, CK-MB, cTnI and Mb were higher in PCF, but only cTnI was elevated in CSF. In electrocution and cerebrovascular disease, each marker was higher in PCF and also relatively high in CSF. PCF cTnI level was higher in acute pulmonary embolism without significant elevation of any other markers, whereas CSF CK-MB was higher in acute blunt brain injury death and methamphetamine abuse. In most cases of delayed brain injury death, hypothermia (cold exposure) and pneumonia, these markers were low or intermediate in both PCF and CSF; however, sudden cardiac death, asphyxiation and fire fatality cases showed few characteristic findings. These observations suggest that combined analyses of these markers in postmortem PCF and CSF, in addition to blood samples, are helpful for evaluating the severity of myocardial and/or skeletal muscle damage in death processes, in particular for investigating deaths due to hyperthermia, hypothermia, electrocution and intoxication.     

Potential use of pericardial cTnI,Mg2+ and Ca2+ in the forensic investigation of seawater drowning in Greece: An initial assessment

The investigation of drowning constitutes one of the biggest problems in forensic practice. Elevated cardiac troponin I (cTnI) levels in biological fluids have been associated with myocardial damage, whereas increased Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ levels were found in cases of seawater drowning. The aim of this study was to examine the diagnostic utility of postmortem determination of cTnI, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ in the pericardial fluid, in differentiating between cases of seawater drowning related to myocardial injury and those brought about by other causes. This study included 76 cases selected during a 2-year period from medicolegal autopsies. The cases were divided into three groups, according to the cause of death established based on macroscopic and microscopic evidence. The groups were: 1) seawater drowning (n = 23), 2) seawater drowning with histological evidence of myocardial infarction (n = 28), and 3) myocardial infarction unrelated to drowning (n = 25). cTnI was determined with an enzyme immunoassay; Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ with standard colorimetric assays. Pericardial cTnI levels were significantly lower in group 1 compared to groups 2 and 3. In contrast, pericardial Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ levels were both significantly higher in groups 1 and 2 compared to group 3. Our results suggest that the postmortem determination of pericardial cTnI levels may be useful in detecting previous myocardial damage as a contributory factor in death from seawater drowning and provide independent confirmation of the usefulness of pericardial Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ levels for differentiating between seawater drowning and fatal acute myocardial injury unrelated to the former.     

缬沙坦对慢性心力衰竭患者脑钠肽和心室重构的影响

 目的观察慢性心力衰竭患者缬沙坦治疗前后血浆脑钠肽的变化,探讨缬沙坦对心室重构的影响.方法55例慢性心力衰竭患者,随机分为缬沙坦治疗组(n=25)和常规治疗组(对照组,n=30),缬沙坦组除常规抗心衰治疗外加用缬沙坦40～80mg/d,在治疗前、治疗后2周、治疗后1个月、治疗后3个月不同时间采静脉血测定BNP值,治疗前和治疗后3个月超声心动图测定心功能和心室重构指标.结果缬沙坦组和对照组治疗后血浆BNP水平较治疗前均有下降,但缬沙坦组下降得更明显,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);治疗后3个月时,左室射血分数、左室收缩末内径、左室舒张末内径两组之间差异无统计学意义,但左室后壁厚度、室间隔厚度和左室重量指数缬沙坦组显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).结论缬沙坦可显著抑制心衰患者BNP的分泌和心室重构,改善心功能.     

CMR在心房结构和功能评估中的应用进展

心房的结构和功能的改变对心血管疾病的诊断和预后具有重要意义。心脏磁共振（CMR）是定量评估心腔大小和功能的金标准,可以早期发现心力衰竭、房颤、缺血性心脏病以及先天性心脏病等疾病所致的心房结构和功能的异常。就CMR对心房结构和功能评估的临床应用及其研究进展进行综述。     

重组人脑利钠肽对高原肺水肿患者肺功能的影响

目的探索重组人脑利钠肽（rhBNP）在治疗高原肺水肿中对患者肺功能的改善情况。方法收集我院自2007年3月～2008年11月的高原肺水肿病例118例,随机分为普通治疗组和重组人脑利钠肽组。两组人院后都给予吸氧、利尿、镇静、扩张支气管、减轻心脏负荷等处理,此外,重组人脑利钠肽组给予重组人脑利钠肽治疗。然后分别于治疗24、48h后,对两组患者进行肺功能检测,比较其治疗效果。结果治疗24、48h后,重组人脑利钠肽组肺活量（VC）、残气量（RV）、肺总量（TLC）较普通治疗组均有明显改善（P〈0．05）;1秒率（FEV1．0％）则无明显变化。结论重组人脑利钠肽可改善高原肺水肿患者的肺功能。     

小剂量美托洛尔治疗充血性心力衰竭对血浆脑钠肽水平的影响

目的　观察小剂量美托洛尔治疗充血性心力衰竭后 ,患者血浆脑钠肽 (BNP)水平的改变。方法　选择心功能Ⅲ～Ⅳ级心衰患者 31例 ,在常规抗心衰基础上加用小剂量美托洛尔 ,观察治疗前后血浆脑钠肽水平的变化。结果　心率明显减慢 ,心胸比和血压均较治疗前降低 ,左室舒张末期内径(LVDd)缩短 ,而左室射血分数 (LVEF)则较治疗前升高 ,应用美托洛尔后BNP值明显降低。结论　小剂量倍他乐克治疗充血性心力衰竭 (CHF) ,总有效率达 80 %以上 ,且BNP明显下降。提示动态监测患者血浆BNP水平可以帮助了解治疗效果及预后     

高原肺水肿治疗前后血浆一氧化氮和心钠素含量的变化

目的：研究高原肺水肿的发生与血浆一氧化氮（ Ｎ Ｏ） 、一氧化氮合成酶（ Ｎ Ｏ Ｓ） 和心钠素（ Ａ Ｎ Ｐ） 的关系。方法：在海拔３ ７００ｍ 对１１ 例高原肺水肿患者在治疗前和治愈后分别检测其血浆 Ｎ Ｏ、 Ｎ Ｏ Ｓ和 Ａ Ｎ Ｐ含量，并与初入海拔３ ７００ ｍ 的１０ 名健康青年作对照。结果：高原肺水肿组 Ｎ Ｏ 治愈后较治疗前增高非常显著（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） ， Ａ Ｎ Ｐ 降低非常显著（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） ， Ｎ Ｏ Ｓ 无显著性差异（ Ｐ＞ ０ ．０５） ；治愈后 Ｎ Ｏ 和 Ａ Ｎ Ｐ显著低于健康青年组（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５） ，治疗前较健康青年 Ｎ Ｏ、 Ｎ Ｏ Ｓ降低非常显著（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） ， Ａ Ｎ Ｐ 增高显著（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５） 。治疗前血浆 Ｎ Ｏ 含量与 Ｎ Ｏ Ｓ 活性呈高度正相关（ｒ＝ ０ ．８６４６ ， Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） 。结论：血浆 Ｎ Ｏ、 Ｎ Ｏ Ｓ和 Ａ Ｎ Ｐ均参与了高原肺水肿的病理生理过程，血浆 Ａ Ｎ Ｐ含量升高可能是机体的一种保护性代偿机制。     

重组人脑利钠肽治疗高原肺水肿对患者内皮功能相关因子的影响

目的观察重组人脑利钠肽（rhBNP）治疗高原肺水肿（HAPE）对患者内皮功能的影响。方法收集我院2011年2月-2012年10月收治的HAPE患者98例,按人院时间顺序分为普通治疗组和重组人脑利钠肽组。两组人院后都给予吸氧、利尿、镇静、扩张支气管、减轻心脏负荷等处理,在此基础上rhBNP组给予rhBNP治疗,然后对两组患者治疗前及治疗24h后血浆一氧化氮（NO）、血浆内皮素-1（ET-1）进行测定,比较其变化情况。结果治疗24h后,rhBNP组患者血浆NO、ET-1水平较常规治疗组变化明显,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05、P〈0．01）结论rhBNP可改善HAPE患者的血管内皮功能,有效调节患者血浆ET和NO水平,从而取得较好疗效。     

Postmortem cardiac troponin I and creatine kinase MB levels in the blood and pericardial fluid as markers of myocardial damage in medicolegal autopsy

The present study investigated cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) in the blood and pericardial fluid from medicolegal autopsy cases (n=234, within 48h postmortem) with regard to the cause of death. The cTnI and CK-MB levels in cardiac, peripheral blood and pericardial fluid generally showed a mild and gradual postmortem time-dependent elevation (r=0.231-0.449, P<0.05-0.001). However, postmortem elevation of cTnI was larger for specific causes of death including acute myocardial infarction (AMI), cerebrovascular diseases (CVD), hyperthermia, fatal methamphetamine (MA) abuse and carbon monoxide (CO) intoxication and insignificant for recurrent myocardial infarction (RMI), chronic congestive heart diseases (CHD) and drowning, while that of CK-MB was greater for CO intoxication and insignificant for drowning. Cardiac blood and pericardial cTnI levels were relatively high for AMI, RMI, hyperthermia, MA abuse and CO intoxication, and was low for drowning. Elevated CK-MB level was observed for cardiac blood in asphyxiation and MA abuse cases and for peripheral blood in hyperthermia and MA abuse cases. When the cTnI/CK-MB ratio was estimated, it was independent of postmortem time, and the ratios for cardiac blood and pericardial fluid were significantly higher in cases of AMI, RMI, hyperthermia and CO intoxication but lower in cases of drowning. Elevations of cTnI levels in cardiac blood and pericardial fluid were related to the morphological severity of myocardial damage. These findings suggest that elevated cTnI and CK-MB levels in blood and pericardial fluid are related to ischemic, hypoxic and/or cytotoxic myocardial damage, which are characteristic of the cause of death, although the levels increase after death depending on myocardial damage at the time of death.     

法舒地尔对老年慢性充血性心衰患者心功能及脑钠肽的影响

目的探讨Rho激酶(ROCK)抑制剂法舒地尔对老年慢性充血性心力衰竭(CHF)患者心功能及脑钠肽(BNP)水平的影响。方法将120例NYHA心功能Ⅲ～Ⅳ级的老年患者分为两组:(1)对照组60例给予常规抗心衰治疗(强心剂、利尿剂、β-受体阻滞剂及ACEI/ARB等);(2)治疗组60例在对照组常规抗心衰治疗基础上加用法舒地尔静脉滴注,两组患者均治疗14 d,观察治疗前、后6 min步行距离、左室射血分数(LVEF)及血浆BNP水平的变化。结果治疗14 d后,同常规抗心衰治疗组相比,加用法舒地尔组患者临床有效率、6min步行距离及LVEF明显提高,BNP显著降低(P<0.05)。结论法舒地尔结合常规抗心衰治疗能够明显改善老年CHF患者的临床症状及心功能指标,疗效优于单纯常规药物治疗。     

舒张性心力衰竭患者血清N末端-脑钠肽前体水平检测分析

目的探讨舒张性心力衰竭（DHF）患者血清N末端-脑钠肽前体（NT-proBNP）水平的变化及临床意义。方法选择63例失代偿性DHF患者为DHF组,40例无器质性心脏病者为对照组。所有受试者均采用NYHA分级法分级诊断心功能,电化学发光双抗体夹心免疫法检测血清NT-proBNP水平,心脏彩色多普勒超声测定左心室舒张功能。对比两组的血清NT-proBNP水平,分析DHF患者血清NT-proBNP水平与NYHA心功能级别和左心室舒张功能障碍程度的关系。结果 DHF组患者血清NT-proBNP水平显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）,并随NYHA心功能级别增高和舒张功能障碍程度加重而升高（P〈0.05）。结论血清NT-proBNP水平能在一定程度上反映失代偿性DHF患者的心功能状态,有助于DHF的诊断和病情评估。     

A cytologic study of the sediments in pericardial fluid as it relates to a diagnosis of the mechanism of death

Summary We have studied the sediments obtained from the pericardial fluids of 70 cadavers subject to different causes of death. The fluids were taken in the course of corresponding legal autopsies. The samples were organized according to the cause of death and cellular predominance, in the following groups, respectively: hanging, multiple trauma, craniocerebral trauma, other violent deaths, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, and other natural deaths. According to cell type followed these categories: Group 1 (isolated mesothelial cells), group 2 (isolated and plated mesothelial cells), group 3 (inflammatory cells and mesothelial cells, isolated and plated), and group 4 (inflammatory cells and mesothelial cells). The statistical analysis was attained through Pearson's coefficient.We have found a significant statistical relation (P0.05) between the presence or lack of inflammatory cells and the mechanism of death. In those cases with a short survival period and without cardiac affectation, the presence of inflammatory cells was practically null. Furthermore, differences in the cross-sections of inflammatory cells reflected the duration of the death process, with elements characteristic of acute inflammation revealing acute cardiac process.     

沿海居民心脏围手术期血浆B型钠尿肽的变化研究

目的 探讨沿海居民血浆B型钠尿肽(B-type natriuretic peptide,BNP)在心脏手术前后的变化情况及意义.方法 100例心脏手术患者,其中40例为非体外循环下行冠状动脉搭桥术的冠心病患者,60例为体外循环下行心脏瓣膜置换术的风心病患者,分别于术前,术后即刻,术后24 h,4、8、30 d测定血浆BNP浓度;超声心动图测定左心室射血分数(LVEF).结果 冠心病和风心病患者术前血浆BNP浓度均明显高于正常组(P<0.01),术后即刻与术前相似,此后迅速上升,24 h达到高峰.然后开始随病情的恢复逐渐下降,术后8 d尚未降到术前水平,术后30 d明显低于术前水平,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).心功能分级之间BNP差异显著,与心功能分级呈正相关(r=0.455,P<0.01),与LVEF呈负相关(r=-0.122,P<0.01).结论 血浆BNP浓度在体外循环和非体外循环下心脏手术中的变化相似,体外循环期间BNP没有进一步升高,且与NYHA心功能分级、LVEF呈较好的相关性,能敏感而特异地反映心功能.