第四鳃裂畸形的诊断和手术治疗

目的:分析第四鳃裂畸形的临床特点,探讨其诊断和手术治疗方法。方法:对10例第四鳃裂畸形患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,并结合文献对诊断、鉴别诊断及手术治疗方法进行探讨;全部患者均经手术彻底切除病变组织,妥善处理内窦口。结果:随访1～3年,10例均无复发。1例术后即出现声音低沉及饮水呛咳,2周后恢复正常;1例术后即出现伸舌左偏,3个月后复诊恢复正常。结论:反复发作的颈前区中下部的颈深部脓肿及慢性感染窦道,应考虑第四鳃裂畸形的诊断。颈部增强CT扫描及钡餐检查可辅助诊断,病理检查可确诊。手术彻底切除病变组织是治疗第四鳃裂畸形的有效方法,明确内窦道的走行特点及其感染扩散途径,采用选择性颈清扫术的手术原则,是保证彻底切除病变的关键。     

31例鳃裂发育畸形临床诊治分析

目的探讨鳃裂发育畸形的临床诊治。方法回顾性分析31例鳃裂瘘管、窦道及囊肿诊治情况,其中第一鳃裂瘘管7例,第二鳃裂瘘管6例、鳃裂窦道及囊肿12例,第三鳃裂瘘管6例。初次手术者16例,复发再次手术者15例。结果经合理用药,术中熟悉瘘管行走途径,精细解剖,彻底切除瘘管、窦道及囊肿,1例出现面神经下颌缘支不全麻痹;1例出现咽瘘,经换药后痊愈。其中27例随访1年以上,截止目前无1例再次复发。结论熟悉各型鳃裂畸形的发病机制及颈部解剖,合理选择手术时机是治愈该种疾病的关键。     

第三、四鳃裂畸形的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨第三、四鳃裂畸形的临床特征、诊断方法以及手术治疗的技巧与疗效.方法 回顾性分析2002年1月～2013年3月间21例第三、四鳃裂畸形的临床资料.左侧19例,右侧2例.年龄9～53岁,其中40岁以下16例（占76.2％）.完全性瘘管10例,不完全性瘘管11例,其中明确存在梨状窝内瘘口者16例.均采用全麻下颈淋巴结清扫方式行手术治疗,同时行同侧甲状腺腺叶切除16例,行甲状腺部分切除5例.结果 病理均证实为鳃裂畸形.术后咽瘘1例,经换药保守治疗愈合.术后暂时性喉返神经麻痹1例,术后1月复查恢复正常.术后随访均1年以上,未见复发.结论 反复发作的左侧颈根部脓肿或化脓性甲状腺炎应考虑到第三、四鳃裂畸形的可能;采用颈清扫的手术方式行病变区域整块切除并注重内瘘口的处理是防止复发的关键。     

感染性第三鳃裂瘘管的手术时机选择及治疗分析

目的探讨感染性第三鳃裂瘘管的手术时机选择和治疗。方法回顾分析四川省人民医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科2010年1月~2015年12月收治的9例感染性第三鳃裂瘘管患者的临床资料,9例患者均在全麻下行颈淋巴结清扫术。术中根据不同情况进行了相应的处理。结果9例患者中3例患者有明显内瘘口,6例患者未发现明显内瘘口,所有患者伤口愈合良好,无一例发生感染。术后随访6~54个月,平均24个月,术后均未复发。结论对于感染性第三腮裂瘘管的患者,手术切除瘘管组织是有效的治疗手段。术前的准确诊断,良好的手术时机选择和术中对于瘘管组织的彻底切除是提高治疗成功率以及防止复发的关键。     

复发性先天性颈侧瘘管及囊肿治疗方式的回顾性分析

目的:总结39例复发性先天性颈侧瘘管及囊肿患者的治疗经验,以期提高颈侧瘘管及囊肿的治愈率。方法:回顾性分析39例手术切除后复发的颈侧瘘管及囊肿患者的诊治过程。其中第一鳃裂来源12例,第二鳃裂来源6例,第三鳃裂来源21例。结果:所有患者经历瘘管或囊肿切除手术2～5次。最后1次术后随访9个月～17年,6例失访;6例复发(第一鳃裂瘘管1例,第二鳃裂瘘管3例,第三鳃裂瘘管1例、囊肿1例);1例第一鳃裂瘘管患者第3次术后发生癌变,第4次术后1年死亡。2例第三鳃裂瘘管穿过甲状腺,术中切除瘘管穿行的甲状腺组织。所有术中找到明确内口并进行有效结扎的颈侧瘘管患者术后在随访期间均未见复发。结论:提高对颈侧鳃裂畸形的认识,合理选择手术时机,制定有效的手术方案是复发性颈侧瘘管治愈的关键。     

74例鳃裂囊肿及瘘管临床分析

目的 总结74例鳃裂囊肿及瘘管的临床特点,探讨其诊疗方法。 方法 收集2010年1月至2019年9月收治的74例鳃裂囊肿和鳃裂瘘患者的临床资料并结合文献进行回顾性分析。 结果 本组患者中有50例为第二鳃裂病变,13例为第一鳃裂病变,10例为第三鳃裂病变,1例为第四鳃裂病变,于我院初次手术时术前误诊率为10.81%。所有患者均采取手术治疗,随访3个月~10年。除3例失访患者外,67例患者一次性治愈,3例患者术后复发,1例患者术后出现永久性面神经麻痹。 结论 先天性鳃裂囊肿及瘘管临床表现多样,鉴别诊断较为复杂,应合理选用多种检查手段,术前准确评估,制定个体化的手术方案彻底切除病灶是首选治疗方法。     

第一鳃裂瘘管切除术中面神经解剖的临床意义

目的探讨面神经解剖在第一鳃裂瘘管切除术中的意义。方法回顾性分析我科2005～2010年收治的23例第一鳃裂瘘管患者的临床资料。所有病例均在明视面神经的情况下完整切除病变及周围瘢痕组织。10例无手术史的患者行面神经总干解剖法;13例有术前切开引流及瘘管切除史的患者行面神经下颌缘支解剖法。结果所有患者手术切口均I期愈合。1例患者术后出现一过性面瘫,术后1周时完全恢复。5例行外耳道部分皮肤和软骨切除的患者术后均无外耳道狭窄及听力下降。随访9个月～6年,23例患者均未见复发。结论第一鳃裂瘘管与面神经关系密切,面神经解剖在第一鳃裂瘘管切除术中可有效防止面神经不可逆损伤。     

择区性颈清扫术治疗复发性鳃裂畸形

目的:探讨择区性颈清扫术治疗复发性鳃裂畸形的疗效.方法:回顾性分析18例复发性鳃裂畸形病例资料.根据鳃裂畸形的胚胎学和解剖学特点,选择不同类型的择区性颈清扫术式治疗.手术解剖、保护重要的血管神经,应用整块切除原则根除病变组织、瘢痕、炎性肉芽.结果:18例患者中,16例切口Ⅰ期愈合,2例术后切口局部感染,经换药后愈合.1例复发性第一鳃裂瘘管术后出现暂时性面瘫, 术后2个月完全恢复.1例复发性第四鳃裂瘘管,术后出现暂时性声带麻痹,1个月后恢复.随访12～78个月,平均35个月,所有病例未见复发.结论:择区性颈清扫术治疗复发性鳃裂畸形,安全、有效.     

功能性颈清扫术在复发性鳃裂畸形治疗中的应用

目的:探讨功能性颈清扫术在复发性鳃裂畸形治疗中的应用。方法:回顾性分析我科采用功能性颈清扫术治疗复发性鳃裂畸形(瘘管和囊肿)患者15例的资料。结果:13例切口一期愈合,2例二期愈合,1例术后饮水呛咳,1个月后自行恢复,1例术后遗留Horner综合征。随访2个月～6年,除2例失访外,无一例复发。结论:功能性颈清扫术对于多次复发的第二、第三鳃裂畸形(瘘管和囊肿)是一种安全有效的治疗手段。     

借鉴分区性颈清扫操作技术切除颈部非肿瘤病变13例

目的探讨分区性颈清扫技术在颈部非肿瘤病例中的应用。方法借鉴分区性颈清扫技术对颈部非肿瘤病变进行切除,其中有脓肿型或溃疡型颈淋巴结核5例、复发鳃裂瘘管7例、颈部肿物经切取活检后形成囊肿1例。所有病例均采取整块切除病变组织。结果颈清扫技术有利于彻底清除与周围组织粘连紧密、分界欠清、范围较广、并且常规治疗效果欠佳的病变。本组病例未出现副神经和喉返神经损伤、切口愈合不良等并发症。术后随访5个月至2年均未见复发。结论参照分区性颈清术的手术技术处理复发型第2、3鳃裂瘘管和有脓肿（≥3cm）或瘘管形成的颈淋巴结核,可取得较好的临床疗效。     

Resection of recurrent branchial cleft deformity using selective neck dissection technique

ObjectivesThis study explores application of selective neck dissection technique in recurrent second, third, and fourth branchial cleft deformities.MethodsA total of 19 cases of recurrent second, third, and fourth branchial cleft deformities were treated using the selective neck dissection technique, during which the sternocleidomastoid muscle, cervical anterior muscle, and carotid sheath were contoured. The lesion above the prevertebral fascia was then resected en bloc. Finally, the opening of the internal fistula was ligated and sutured using the purse-string approach.ResultsPatients in this study had no injures to their internal carotid artery, jugular vein, vagus nerve, accessory nerve, hypoglossal nerve, or recurrent laryngeal nerve. There were also no complications such as poor wound healing. The patients were monitored for 7–73 months and showed no recurrences.ConclusionsUsing selective neck dissection to treat second, third, and fourth branchial cleft deformities resulted in en bloc lesion resections and reduced the chance of recurrence. Contouring the sternocleidomastoid muscle, strap muscle, and carotid sheath is key to the surgical procedure, as it leads to en bloc lesion resection while retaining the recurrent laryngeal nerve and carotid sheath.     

Cervical chondrocutaneous branchial remnants – Report of 17 cases

Background/purposeCervical chondrocutaneous branchial remnants are congenital, benign and rare neck masses. These anomalies are limited in the literature, reported mostly as case reports.Cervical chondrocutaneous branchial remnant is always present at birth, and the lesion is usually unilateral. Understanding and treatment of cervical chondrocutaneous branchial remnants requires knowledge of the related embryology.MethodsFrom January 2005 to December 2008, 17 patients with mean age of 32 months (range from 2 months to 15 years) with CCBRs were treated at the Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Burns at the Institute for Mother and Child Health Care, Belgrade, Serbia. The following objections were recorded: sex, lesion side, surgical data, associated malformations and pathohistology findings.ResultsThere were 7 females and 10 males, 4 with bilateral presences. Five children had associated anomalies, as follows: vesicoureteral reflux, atrial and ventricular septal defect, ventricular septal defect, branchiootorenal syndrome and preauricular sinus.There was a positive family history in one patient. Fifteen patients (88%) were treated with complete surgical excision and no connections with deep underlying structures of the neck were found. There were no complications at surgery. No recurrence was found during follow-up. Histopathology analysis revealed both, hyaline and elastic cartilage.ConclusionCervical chondrocutaneous branchial remnants are rare anomalies arising from branchial arch, probably originally from remnants of first or second arch. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice. From our experience, we suggest surgical treatment early in childhood because of esthetic reason, simplicity of the intervention and low complication rate. Also, the abdominal ultrasound and cardiac examination is recommended because of associated anomalies.     

第一鳃裂囊肿及瘘管的诊断治疗

目的 探讨先天性第一鳃裂囊肿及瘘管的诊断和治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析18例患者的病例资料,全部病例行手术切除。结果 18例患者中,第一鳃裂瘘 10例,外瘘口均位于耳垂后与乳突之间,内瘘口位于外耳道,其中位于骨与软骨交界处后下壁6例;囊肿8例,其中耳垂后4例,位于下颌角2例,腮腺筋膜内2例。术后病理均确诊为鳃裂囊肿或瘘管,随访未见复发。结论 先天性第一鳃裂囊肿及瘘管临床少见,易误诊、误治;影像学检查是术前确诊的重要依据;合理的手术方案是该病治愈的关键,完整切除囊肿及瘘管是避免复发的重要措施。     

Branchial anomalies in children

Background

Branchial cleft anomalies are the second most common head and neck congenital lesions seen in children. Amongst the branchial cleft malformations, second cleft lesions account for 95% of the branchial anomalies. This article analyzes all the cases of branchial cleft anomalies operated on at Great Ormond Street Hospital over the past 10 years.

Methods

All children who underwent surgery for branchial cleft sinus or fistula from January 2000 to December 2010 were included in this study.

Results

In this series, we had 80 patients (38 female and 42 male). The age at the time of operation varied from 1 year to 14 years. Amongst this group, 15 patients had first branchial cleft anomaly, 62 had second branchial cleft anomaly and 3 had fourth branchial pouch anomaly. All the first cleft cases were operated on by a superficial parotidectomy approach with facial nerve identification. Complete excision was achieved in all these first cleft cases. In this series of first cleft anomalies, we had one complication (temporary marginal mandibular nerve weakness. In the 62 children with second branchial cleft anomalies, 50 were unilateral and 12 were bilateral. In the vast majority, the tract extended through the carotid bifurcation and extended up to pharyngeal constrictor muscles. Majority of these cases were operated on through an elliptical incision around the external opening. Complete excision was achieved in all second cleft cases except one who required a repeat excision. In this subgroup, we had two complications one patient developed a seroma and one had incomplete excision. The three patients with fourth pouch anomaly were treated with endoscopic assisted monopolar diathermy to the sinus opening with good outcome.

Conclusion

Branchial anomalies are relatively common in children. There are three distinct types, first cleft, second cleft and fourth pouch anomaly. Correct diagnosis is essential to avoid inadequate surgery and multiple procedures. The surgical approach needs to be tailored to the type of anomaly of origin of the anomaly. Complete excision is essential for good outcomes.     

先天性第一鳃裂瘘14例报告

目的总结14例先天性第一鳃裂瘘的诊治经验，提高手术切除第一鳃裂瘘的安全性和治愈率。方法对1986年9月-2005年10月本科收治的14例第一鳃裂瘘的临床资料进行回顾性分析，选择适当的瘘管示踪方式探查其走行，作Y形切口，切除或外翻腮腺浅叶，先找出面神经主干，再分离瘘管，处理内口时切除部分外耳道软骨。结果14例均一次手术治愈，随防1—19年，失访2例，其余无复发。结论术前明确诊断，充分暴露面神经干，完整切除瘘管是手术成功的关键。     

Second branchial cleft fistulae: Patient characteristics and surgical outcome

Backgrounds

Second branchial cleft anomalies predispose to recurrent infections, and surgical resection is recommended as the treatment of choice. There is no clear consensus regarding the timing or surgical technique in the operative treatment of these anomalies. Our aim was to compare the effect of age and operative techniques to patient characteristics and treatment outcome.

Methods

A retrospective study of pediatric patients treated for second branchial sinuses or fistulae during 1998–2012 at two departments in our academic tertiary care referral center. Comparison of patient characteristics, preoperative investigations, surgical techniques and postoperative sequelae.

Results

Our data is based on 68 patients, the largest series in the literature. One-fourth (24%) of patients had any infectious symptoms prior to operative treatment. Patient demographics, preoperative investigations, use of methylene blue, or tonsillectomy had no effect on the surgical outcome. There were no re-operations due to residual disease. Three complications were observed postoperatively.

Conclusions

Our patient series of second branchial cleft sinuses/fistulae is the largest so far and enables analyses of patient characteristics and surgical outcomes more reliably than previously. Preoperative symptoms are infrequent and mild. There was no difference in clinical outcome between the observed departments. Performing ipsilateral tonsillectomy gave no outcome benefits. The operation may be delayed to an age of approximately three years when anesthesiological risks are and possible harms are best avoided. Considering postoperative pain and risk of postoperative hemorrhage a routine tonsillectomy should not be included to the operative treatment of second branchial cleft fistulae.     

An unusual presentation of branchial cleft fistula penetrating the submandibular gland

First branchial cleft anomalies constitute a rare entity with variable clinical presentations and anatomic findings. We describe a 14-month-old girl with a congenital cutaneous fistula running from a cutaneous opening in the left submandibular triangle through the submandibular gland and ending in the pharyngeal cavity. These features suggested type II first branchial cleft fistula with an extremely unusual path. Complete excision resulted in successful treatment without recurrence. Since the first branchial cleft fistula can originate anywhere along the salivary gland and can extend from this area, surgeons should maintain a high index of suspicion for anatomic variants of this rare condition.     

鳃裂畸形40例

目的：分析鳃裂囊肿及瘘管的临床特点,探讨其诊断和治疗方法。方法：对40例鳃裂囊肿及瘘管患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,并结合文献对诊断、鉴别诊断、治疗经验及教训进行探讨;全部患者均经手术切除囊肿及瘘管。结果：随诊1～5年,2例失访,36例无复发;2例复发,再次手术,分别随访42和14个月,未复发。结论：颈侧部沿胸锁乳突肌前缘自耳周腮腺区至锁骨上孤立的、无痛囊性包块,或有反复感染成颈部脓肿、破溃、多次切开引流者均应考虑鳃裂囊肿及瘘管。颈部B超、增强CT、MRI、碘油造影、钡餐检查、直接喉镜检查均可辅助诊断,病理检查可确诊。手术切除仍为治疗鳃裂畸形的主要方法。