Whole-body 3D MR angiography of patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease

OBJECTIVE: We assessed the diagnostic performance of whole-body 3D contrast-enhanced MR angiography in comparison with digital subtraction angiography (DSA) of the lower extremities in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. SUBJECTS AND METHODS. Fifty-one patients with clinically documented peripheral arterial occlusive disease referred for DSA of the lower extremity arterial system underwent whole-body MR angiography on a 1.5-T MR scanner. Paramagnetic gadobutrol was administered and five contiguous stations were acquired with 3D T1-weighted gradient-echo sequences in a total scanning time of 72 sec. DSA was available as a reference standard for the peripheral vasculature in all patients. Separate blinded data analyses were performed by two radiologists. Additional vascular disease detected by whole-body MR angiography was subsequently assessed on sonography, dedicated MR angiography, or both. RESULTS: All whole-body MR angiography examinations were feasible and well tolerated. AngioSURF-based whole-body MR angiography had overall sensitivities of 92.3% and 93.1% (both 95% confidence intervals [CIs], 78-100%) with specificities of 89.2% and 87.6% (both CIs, 84-98%) and excellent interobserver agreement (kappa = 0.82) for the detection of high-grade stenoses. Additional vascular disease was detected in 12 patients (23%). CONCLUSION: Whole-body MR angiography permits a rapid, noninvasive, and accurate evaluation of the lower peripheral arterial system in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease, and it may allow identification of additional relevant vascular disease that was previously undetected.     

2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者尿微量白蛋白与冠脉病变程度的关系

目的通过对2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者尿微量白蛋白水平与冠状动脉造影结果的相关研究,分析尿微量白蛋白与冠状动脉病变程度的相关性。方法患有2型糖尿病的冠状动脉造影患者98例,根据冠状动脉造影结果分为冠心病组与对照组,测定其尿微量白蛋白水平。结果冠心病组与对照组相比,尿微量白蛋白明显升高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;单支、双支、三支病变组与对照组相比差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;且三支病变组与单支、双支病变组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论尿微量白蛋白与冠状动脉病变严重程度呈正相关,微量白蛋白尿是冠心病的独立危险因素之一。     

Disparity between ratios of diameters and blood flows in central pulmonary arteries in postoperative congenital heart disease using MRI

PURPOSE: To compare the relative severity of stenoses of right or left pulmonary arteries with differences in flow to each lung after repair of congenital heart disease (CHD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 15 patients with postoperative congenital heart disease underwent MRI to evaluate branch pulmonary artery stenoses. Spin-echo images and MR angiography were used to assess morphology, and velocity-encoded cine (VEC) MRI was used to measure flow in the right and left pulmonary arteries. The ratios of the narrowest diameters of the right to left pulmonary arteries (R/L size) and right to left pulmonary arterial flow (R/L flow) were compared using Spearman's correlation. F test was used to assess the significance of the regression coefficients. RESULTS: R/L size ratio varied from 0.50 to 2.66, while the R/L flow ratio varied from 0.36 to 12.02. There was an exponential relationship between R/L size and R/L flow, with r2=0.78 and P=0.001. However, severity of morphologic stenoses was not clinically useful for predicting flow reduction. Prediction residuals ranged from -136% to 54% of the true R/L flow. CONCLUSION: Anatomical evaluation of the pulmonary arteries does not predict accurately differential blood flow in patients with pulmonary stenoses. Therefore, blood flow measurements are essential when considering the need for further surgical or interventional procedures.     

急性降主动脉夹层合并冠心病患者临床特点与危险因素分析

目的探讨急性降主动脉夹层合并冠心病患者的临床特点与危险因素,为其临床早期诊治提供依据。方法收集沈阳军区总医院心血管内科自2002年4月至2016年11月收治的448例急性降主动脉夹层患者,根据冠状动脉造影结果分为冠心病组与非冠心病组,分析两组患者的临床特点与危险因素。结果冠心病组患者173例,非冠心病组患者275例。冠心病组患者年龄、血小板计数、B型利钠肽、肌酸激酶、肌钙蛋白阳性率均高于非冠心病组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);冠心病组患者第一破口距左锁骨下动脉开口外缘的距离更远,于非冠心病组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析提示,年龄与第一破口距左锁骨下动脉开口外缘的距离是急性降主动脉夹层合并冠心病的独立危险因素。结论急性降主动脉夹层合并冠心病的发病率较高,年龄与第一破口距左锁骨下动脉开口外缘的距离是其独立危险因素。     

Intraindividual comparison of 3D coronary MR angiography and coronary CT angiography

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: To compare the diagnostic value of magnetic resonance (MR) and computed tomography (CT) for the detection of coronary artery disease (CAD) with special regard to calcifications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-seven patients with known CAD were examined with a targeted, navigator-gated, free-breathing, steady-state free precession MR angiography sequence (repetition time = 5.6 milliseconds, echo time = 2.8 milliseconds, flip angle 110 degrees ) and 16-slice coronary CT angiography. Segment-based sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for the detection of stenoses larger than 50% were determined as defined by the gold standard catheter coronary angiography along with the subjective image quality (Grade 1-4). The degree of calcifications in each segment was quantified using a standard calcium scoring tool. RESULTS: Of 115 possible segments, 7% had to be excluded in MR imaging because of poor image quality. In CT, 3% were nondiagnostic because of image quality and 15% were not evaluable because of calcifications. Values for the detection of relevant coronary artery stenoses in the evaluated segments were: sensitivity: MR imaging 85% versus CT 96%; specificity: 88% versus 96%; accuracy: 87% versus. 96%. Average subjective image quality was 1.8 for MR imaging and 1.6 for CT. Of the 15% of segments that had to be excluded from CT evaluation because of calcifications, MR imaging provided the correct diagnosis segments in 67%. CONCLUSIONS: CT provided a better image quality with superior accuracy for the detection of CAD. Despite its overall inferiority, MR imaging proved to be helpful method in interpreting coronary stenosis in severely calcified segments.     

颈动脉内膜中层厚度与冠心病的相关性分析

目的：探讨颈动脉内膜中层厚度（IMT）与冠心病的关系及IMT与冠脉病变程度的相关性。 方法：对248例疑似冠心病患者行彩色多普勒超声测定颈动脉IMT,经冠脉造影分为冠心病组158例和非冠心病组（对照组）90例,158例冠心病患者按冠脉造影结果分为3个亚组：单支病变组48例,双支病变组44例,三支病变组66例。比较组间颈动脉IMT及冠脉病变Gensini积分的差异,分析颈动脉IMT与冠脉病变支数及冠脉病变Gensini积分的关系。采用多元线性回归分析冠心病的危险因素。 结果：冠心病组的颈动脉IMT[（1.13±0.35）mm vs.（0.93±0.29）mm]及冠脉病变Gensini积分[（20.43±1.32）分vs. （0.39±0.04）分]均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（t=11.09、9.578,P<0.01）。冠心病多支病变组（双支及三支病变组）的颈动脉IMT及冠脉病变Gensini积分均高于单支病变组,且三支病变组的Gensini积分高于双支病变组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。颈动脉IMT与冠脉病变支数及冠脉病变Gensini积分呈正相关（r=0.31、0.46,P<0.01）。多元线性回归分析发现颈动脉IMT增厚（OR=3.18）、尿酸水平较高（OR=4.08）、有吸烟史（OR=2.93）是冠心病的独立危险因素。 结论：颈动脉IMT与冠心病及冠脉病变程度密切相关,采用超声检测颈动脉IMT早期预测冠心病及冠脉病变程度有一临床意义。     

血尿酸、白细胞水平与冠状动脉病变的关系

目的探讨血清尿酸（Uric acid,UA）、白细胞（WBC）水平与冠心病患者冠状动脉病变之间的关系。方法选择2011年4月～2012年4月在我院住院的疑似冠心病患者228例。根据冠脉造影结果分为冠心病组155例和正常组73例,冠心病组又分为3个亚组：单支病变组82例,双支病变组46例,三支病变组27例。分别测定冠心病组、正常组血清UA及WBC水平,观察其与冠状动脉病变的关系。结果冠心病组尿酸、白细胞水平均高于正常组,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;冠心病亚组中,随着血尿酸水平的增加,冠状动脉病变程度亦加重,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;3组间白细胞水平未见明显差异（P〉0．05）。结论血尿酸水平的升高可能与冠脉病变的程度相关;白细胞水平可能与冠心病的发生有关,但与冠脉病变的程度无关。     

Peripheral vascular disease: correlation of MR imaging and angiography

The capability of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for detecting aortic, iliac, and femoral stenoses and occlusions was evaluated. Multisection spin-echo studies at 0.35 tesla were obtained of the infrarenal aorta to the femoral bifurcation in 24 patients, all of whom had undergone intraarterial angiography within 14 days of imaging. Transaxial MR images were compared with the angiograms. Arterial stenoses and occlusions in these vessels detected by MR imaging correlated with angiographic findings in 91% of the instances. Protrusional atherosclerotic plaques and occlusions and stenoses in the aortoiliac region were demonstrated accurately on MR images; complications of previous vascular surgery, such as aneurysms at sites of previous anastomoses or endarterectomy, were also identified. Due to the limited spatial resolution, MR images failed to demonstrate some femoral stenoses. MR imaging may be used for evaluation of aortoiliac vascular disease and for follow-up study after surgical revascularization. However, the limited spatial resolution, noncomposite display of the aortoiliofemoral circulation, and lack of evaluation of peripheral runoff provided by current MR imaging techniques militate against its replacing angiography prior to vascular intervention.     

320排动态容积CT在冠心病筛查中的初步应用

目的探讨320排动态容积CT冠状动脉造影在冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)筛查中的应用。方法分析90例临床拟诊为冠心病患者的320排CT前瞻性心电门控全心容积扫描检查结果。对显示的冠状动脉主干及其主要分支进行分级评价,并对辐射剂量进行统计分析。结果本组90例,发现狭窄性病变70例,其中三支狭窄性病变10例,两支狭窄性病变25例,单支狭窄性病变35例;其中狭窄度≥50%35支(30.43%),<50%80支(69.57%)。90例冠状动脉成像质量1级80例(88.89%),2级9例(10%),3级1例(1.11%)。结论 320排CT冠状动脉成像速度快,图像质量高,辐射剂量低,是冠心病筛查的首选检查。     

冠心病患者检测超敏C-反应蛋白与总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白的临床意义

目的探讨超敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)及总胆固醇(TC)/高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)检测对冠心病的临床诊断价值。方法将130例冠状动脉造影结果正常者和132例经冠状动脉造影证实为冠心病(CHD)患者,分为对照组及冠心病组,均检测血浆超敏C-反应蛋白和TC、HDL-C水平。比较两组hs-CRP及TC/HDL-C升高与冠心病及冠状动脉病变程度的相关性。结果冠心病组患者的hs-CRP、TC、HDL-C水平明显高于对照组。另外,hs-CRP水平在冠状动脉2支以上病变组显著高于单支病变组。结论 hs-CRP与心血管疾病密切相关,且与病变的严重程度呈正相关。联合检测hs-CRP、TC、HDL-C对冠心病的诊断符合率高,对于一些无法开展冠状动脉造影的基层医院诊断冠心病有意义。     

平板运动试验对冠心病诊断的临床价值

目的通过对照冠脉造影(CAG)结果,探讨平板运动试验(TET)对冠心病诊断的临床价值。方法选取100例可疑冠心病(CHD)患者,回顾性分析TET及CAG结果。结果 100例患者中TET阳性68例,CAG结果真阳性42例;TET阴性32例,CAG结果假阴性10例。与CAG对照得出TET检出冠心病的灵敏度为80.8%(42/52),特异性为45.8%(22/48),准确度为64%(64/100)。结论 TET有较高的灵敏性和准确度,能够较准确地评估冠心病严重程度及治疗效果。     

Three-dimensional respiratory-gated coronary MR angiography with reference to X-ray coronary angiography

Purpose: To assess the clinical value of three-dimensional coronary MR angiography (CMRA) in the detection of significant coronary artery stenosis using conventional X-ray angiography as the standard reference.

Material and Methods: Sixty-nine patients underwent X-ray coronary angiography and CMRA because of suspected or previously diagnosed coronary artery disease. MRI was performed with a 1.5-T whole body imaging system using ECG-triggered 3D gradient echo sequence with retrospective navigator echo respiratory gating and fat suppression.

Results: A total of 276 coronary artery segments were analyzed. The X-ray coronary angiography was normal in 22 patients. Significant proximal stenoses (exceeding 50%) or occlusions were present in 102 coronary artery segments. In all, 120 stenoses or occlusions were identified in CMRA. Sixteen percent of the coronary artery segments had to be excluded because of poor image quality. The overall sensitivity and specificity for MRA for identification of significant stenosis were 75% and 62%, respectively. CMRA correctly detected 89% of patients with at least one vessel disease, but 6 patients with coronary artery disease would have been missed.

Conclusions: Because of the high data exclusion and false- negative case rate, CMRA with retrospective navigator echo triggering is at present not suitable as a clinical screening method in coronary artery disease.     

1879例成人非先天性心脏病患者双源CT检出的冠状动脉起源异常24例分析

目的：评价双源CT（DSCT）在成人非先天性心脏病患者冠状动脉起源异常检出中的价值。方法：回顾性分析2008年9月,2009年2月期间进行了DSCF冠状动脉检查的资料,总结成人非先天性心脏病患者冠状动脉起源异常的检出率。结果：1881例进行冠状动脉检查的患者中,共有1879例患者为非先天性心脏病患者,共检出了24例冠状动脉起源异常,检出率为1．3％。其中15例为右冠状动脉起源异常（12例起自左冠状窦,3例为高位起源）,8例为左冠状动脉起源异常（3例起自无冠状窦,回旋支起自左冠状窦、高位开口、回旋支起自右冠状动脉、左冠状动脉起自右冠状窦、单一冠状动脉各1例）,1例为左右冠状动脉均起源异常（均为高位开口）。结论：本组成人非先天性心脏病患者冠状动脉起源异常的检出率为1．3％。DSCT可很好地显示冠状动脉起源异常和走行,为临床决策提供重要信息。     

MR imaging and CT of vascular anomalies and connections in patients with congenital heart disease: significance in surgical planning.

To plan effective management of congenital heart disease, one needs the clearest understanding of the anatomy. Although echocardiography and angiography are the dominant imaging modalities in patients with congenital heart disease, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and computed tomography (CT) are valuable noninvasive adjuncts. MR imaging and CT are effective in demonstrating the complex cardiovascular morphology present in congenital heart disease, especially the extracardiac morphology. In patients with tetralogy of Fallot with complex pulmonary artery anatomy, MR imaging and CT are useful in demonstrating the pulmonary artery anatomy, along with the significant aortopulmonary collateral vessels. In the heterotaxy syndromes, patients often have unusual atriovenous connections. MR imaging allows accurate identification of the hepatic, systemic, and pulmonary veins and their relationships to both atria. CT and MR are the imaging modalities of choice in a patient who is thought to have a vascular ring. Treatment of aortic coarctation is usually performed on the basis of typical clinical and echocardiographic findings. In patients with atypical clinical or echocardiographic findings, MR imaging and CT yield helpful information that can change the treatment plan. The enhanced preoperative understanding of congenital heart disease provided by MR imaging and CT simplifies surgical decision making and consequently may improve outcome.     

颈动脉粥样硬化与冠心病的相关性及危险因素分析

目的探讨颈动脉粥样斑块与冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(CHD)的关系。方法对54例行冠脉造影的患者同时行颈动脉超声检测,分析其颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)及斑块指数与CHD的相关性,颈动脉粥样斑块与CHD患病率及冠脉Gensini积分的相关性,并比较他们的危险因素。结果 CHD组颈动脉IMT及斑块指数均较非CHD组显著增高(P<0.01),颈动脉粥样硬化组CHD患病率及冠脉Gensini积分也显著增加(P<0.01),而CHD组与颈动脉粥样硬化组危险因素基本相似。结论颈动脉粥样硬化与CHD有显著相关性,两者有相似的危险因素。     

冠状动脉MSCTA成像在冠心病诊断中的应用

目的评价多层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像对冠心病病变的临床诊断价值。方法对57例临床初诊或可疑冠心病患者行多层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像(MSCTA),并且与常规冠状动脉造影(CAG)做对照分析。结果 57例患者的228支冠脉分支中,冠脉CTA成像检出病变冠脉213支(93.4%),MSCTA诊断冠状动脉血管狭窄≥50%的均有较高的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确度,分别为88%、99%、91%、98%和99%。钙化斑块组的CT值(415.2±221.1)HU明显高于非钙化斑块的CT值(68.4±47.5)HU(P<0.01)。结论 MSCTA对显示有临床意义的冠状动脉狭窄(≥50%)具有优良诊断价值,几乎可以代替有严重并发症的冠状动脉造影,能够结合密度测定判定斑块的性质,对判断冠脉斑块的稳定性具有重要的临床意义,是安全、准确、可靠的冠心病诊断方法。     

拟诊冠心病患者心电图与冠状动脉造影结果分析

 目的通过对178例拟诊冠心病患者的静息心电图(ECG)与冠状动脉造影结果进行回顾性分析,评价静息心电图(ECG)对冠心病诊断和预后的价值.方法选择有冠心病典型症状及危险因素的患者,男109例、女69例,年龄62.5(61.5±11.1)岁.其中,99例患者ECG有心肌缺血表现(ECG阳性组),79例无心肌缺血表现(ECG阴性组).对所有拟诊患者进行冠状动脉造影(CAG)检查.结果静息ECG阳性与阴性组患者,CAG阳性率无显著性差异(54.5%vs 59.5%,P＞0.05);静息ECG对冠心病诊断的敏感性为56.4%,特异性为36.8%;静息ECG阳性组多支病变率明显高于ECG阴性组(66.7%vs 44.7%,P=0.029);静息ECG阴性组单支病变率明显高于ECG阳性组(55.3%vs 33.3%,P=0.026).静息ECG阳性组高血压患病率明显高于ECG阴性组(P=0.042).结论静息ECG阳性对诊断冠心病的特异性和敏感性低,对多支、多危险因素的高危冠心病患者具有一定的提示意义.     

Exercise and heart disease: cardiac findings in fatal cycle accidents.

BACKGROUND: Regular cyclists have been found to have a lower incidence of coronary events (CHD) than the general public. Non-invasive studies have found that competitive cyclists develop a cardiac hypertrophy that is physiological and reversible. METHODS: To obtain pathological support for these observations, the postmortem findings of 32 cyclists killed in accidents have been compared with those in a control group of 32 other road traffic accidents, which were matched with the cyclists by sex, age, and year of death. FINDINGS: Large myocardial scars and complete blockage of a coronary artery were only found in the controls; serious stenoses of coronary arteries (> 50%) were found in eight controls but in only one of the cyclists. Of the cyclists, 25 had normal coronary arteries as compared with 14 of the controls. The mean age of the cyclists with evidence of CHD was greater than that of similarly affected controls. The heart weights of the two groups were almost the same but heart weight varied with the degree of CHD. The heart weight of the healthy cyclists (389 g) was greater than that of the healthy controls (371 g) but this was not statistically significant. INTERPRETATION: The results are in keeping with the concept that regular exercise provides some protection from the development of CHD and that cycling may be a valuable form of exercise in this respect. This may be of importance as the number of physically active occupations declines.     

Clinically unrecognized myocardial infarction detected at MR imaging may not be associated with atherosclerosis

PURPOSE: To prospectively investigate whether there is support for the hypothesis that clinically unrecognized myocardial infarctions (UMIs) detected at magnetic resonance (MR) imaging have an atherosclerotic pathogenesis similar to that of recognized myocardial infarctions (RMIs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: After ethics committee approval and informed consent were obtained, gadolinium-enhanced whole-body MR angiography and late-enhancement MR imaging were performed in 248 randomly chosen 70-year-old subjects (123 women, 125 men). Imaging included the aorta and the carotid, renal, and lower limb arteries to the ankle, but not the coronary arteries. Subjects with myocardial infarction (MI) scars at late-enhancement MR imaging were classified as having RMI (n=11) (those with a diagnosis of MI at the hospital) or UMI (n=49) (those without a diagnosis of MI at the hospital). The presence of 50% or higher luminal narrowing in any vessel at whole-body MR angiography was considered to represent significant atherosclerosis. Intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery was measured with ultrasonography. C-reactive protein level was measured, and coronary heart disease risk was estimated. Observers were blinded to any previous results. The chi2 test, analysis of variance, and Bonferroni correction were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS: None of the measured parameters differed significantly between the group without MI scars and the UMI group, but parameters were significantly increased in the RMI group (P<.05) compared with those in the group without MI scars. Forty-two of 49 UMIs and nine of 11 RMIs were located within inferolateral segments of the left ventricle. CONCLUSION: MR imaging-detected UMIs might have a different pathogenesis from that of RMIs or may have the same pathogenesis but may manifest at an earlier stage.     

盐酸去甲乌药碱负荷99Tcm-MIBI心肌灌注显像在冠心病诊断中的价值

目的 评估盐酸去甲乌药碱(HG)负荷MPI对冠心病的诊断价值.方法 62例疑诊冠心病患者行HG负荷-静息99Tcm-MIBI MPI和CAG.以CAG结果为“金标准”,计算HG负荷显像诊断冠心病的灵敏度、特异性准确性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值.结果 以冠状动脉(简称冠脉)主支或其一级分支狭窄≥50％作为诊断标准,62例患者中CAG阳性38例(61.3％),阴性24例(38.7％);阳性者中单支病变24例,双支病变9例,三支病变5例.CAG阳性者中HG负荷显像异常22例;阴性者中HG负荷显像正常者22例.HG负荷显像诊断冠心病的灵敏度为57.9％(22/38),特异性为91.7％(22/24),准确性为71.0％(44/62),阳性预测值为91.7％(22/24),阴性预测值为57.9％(22/38).62例患者显像时发生不良反应22例(35.5％),但均能在短时内缓解,完成检查.结论 盐酸去甲乌药碱负荷99Tcm-MIBI心肌显像对冠心病的诊断价值尚可,不良反应较少;该药有望成为MPI新型负荷药物.