三种经尿道前列腺切除术的比较研究

目的 探讨三种经尿道前列腺切除术的优缺点。方法 回顾性分析经尿道前列腺电切术(TtmP)400例、经尿道前列腺汽化术(TUVP)20例、经尿道前列腺汽化电切术(TVRP)400例的临床资料。结果 3种手术方法的适应证、禁忌证基本相同。并发症略有差异：术后出血TURP12例(3％)，TUVP2例(10％)，TUVRP10例(2．5％)；冲洗液外渗TURP8例(2．0％)，TUVP1例(5％)，TUVRP6例(1．5％)；迟发性出血TURP10例(2．5％)，TUVP2例(10％)，TUVRP6例(1．5％)；尿道狭窄TURP6例(1．5％)，TUVP 1例(5％)，TUVRP2例(0．5％)。结论 TURP和TUVRP的适应证宽，并发症少，安全性高，疗效确切；比TUVP更具临床实用价值。     

经尿道前列腺切除术的优化操作(附170例报告)

目的　介绍优化经尿道前列腺切除术的操作方法。　方法　在 170例经尿道前列腺切除过程中 ,对某些习惯性操作进行尝试性改进。主要改进包括 :直视进镜、穿刺造瘘、强凝弱切、汽化电切、不切 11～ 1点。　结果　平均切除速度为 0 .6 5 (0 .13～ 0 .72 ) g/min ,与传统方法比较差别显著(P <0 .0 5 ) ;术后 3～ 5d拔出导尿管 ,98.8% (16 8/170 )的患者排尿通畅。　结论　操作优化后 ,可适当放宽经尿道前列腺切除术的适应证 ,提高手术效率 ,减少术中出血 ,降低术后并发症 ,值得推广     

Derivatives of prostate‐specific antigen as predictors of incidental prostate cancer

OBJECTIVE

To search for an optimal derivative of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) identifying patients at risk of incidental prostate cancer.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In all, 693 patients who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) with a normal digital rectal examination, no history of prostate cancer and a PSA level of 2.5–10 ng/mL were studied. The total PSA (tPSA), percentage of free/total PSA (%fPSA), complexed PSA (cPSA), PSA density, cPSA density and the ratio of fPSA to cPSA were measured. Specificity, sensitivity, positive and negative predictive values were determined for all possible threshold values indicating the risk of incidental prostate cancer (T1a or T1b). Furthermore, the patients were subdivided according to age and the presence of an indwelling transurethral catheter. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) were compared.

RESULTS

In the whole sample, the %fPSA was the best test predicting all incidental prostate cancers (AUC 0.618, reference: tPSA 0.494), whereas cPSA density was the best predictor of T1b disease (AUC 0.720, reference: tPSA 0.548). Stratification by age did not meaningfully alter the results, the presence of a transurethral catheter, however, was associated with a superiority of tests based on fPSA (AUC 0.620–0.670) compared with tests based on tPSA or cPSA (AUC 0.421–0.581).

CONCLUSION

Replacing tPSA by PSA derivatives (%fPSA or cPSA density) and stratifying by the presence of an indwelling transurethral catheter may improve the prediction of the risk of incidental prostate cancer and spare unnecessary biopsies before TURP in the tPSA range 2.5–10 ng/mL.     

快速血糖监测预测经尿道前列腺汽化电切术中尿道电切综合征的效果评价(附168例报告)

目的探讨术中快速血糖监测预测经尿道前列腺汽化电切术(TUVP)术中尿道电切综合征(TURS)的临床效果. 方法对168例前列腺增生症患者行TUVP,以5%葡萄糖作灌注液,术前、术中每隔15 min及术后查血糖、血钠,分析血糖水平升高程度与TURS发生的关系. 结果血糖升高的程度与血钠下降幅度成正比.术中血糖显著升高4例,均出现TURS(2.38%);轻微升高13例,均发生TURS先兆(7.74%),经及时处理,均治愈出院.随访3～11个月,恢复良好.TURS患者血糖上升幅度大于10 mmol/L或血糖水平超过15 mmol/L出现TURS的可能性明显增加. 结论术中快速血糖监测预测TUVP术中TURS的发生具有灵敏、准确、快速、方便等优点.通过监测术中血糖的改变能及时发现TURS先兆并有效减少TURS的发生.     

Diagnosis and treatment of patients with prostatic abscess in the post‐antibiotic era

We reviewed the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, treatment options and outcomes of prostatic abscess in the post‐antibiotic era, focusing on how patient risk factors and the emergence of multidrug‐resistant organisms influence management of the condition. A MEDLINE search for “prostate abscess” or “prostatic abscess” was carried out. Prostate abscess is no longer considered a consequence of untreated urinary infection; now, men with prostatic abscess are typically debilitated or immunologically compromised, with >50% of patients having diabetes. In younger men, prostatic abscess can be the initial presentation of such chronic conditions. In older men, prostatic abscess is increasingly a complication of benign prostatic hyperplasia or prostate biopsy. Diagnosis is based on a physical examination, leukocytosis, leukocyturia and transrectal ultrasound, with magnetic resonance imaging serving as the preferred confirmatory imaging modality. Treatment of prostatic abscess is changing as a result of the emergence of atypical and drug‐resistant organisms, such as extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase‐producing enterobacteriaceae and methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus. As many as 75% of infections are resistant to first‐generation antibiotics, necessitating aggressive therapy with broad‐spectrum parenteral antibiotics, such as third‐generation cephalosporins, aztreonam or antibiotic combinations. A total of 80% of patients require early surgical drainage, frequently through a transurethral approach. In the post‐antibiotic era, prostatic abscess is evolving from an uncommon complication of urinary infection to a consequence of immunodeficiency, growing antibiotic resistance and urological manipulation. This condition, primarily affecting patients with chronic medical conditions rendering them susceptible to atypical, drug‐resistant organisms, requires prompt aggressive intervention with contemporary antibiotic therapy and surgical drainage.     

经尿道前列腺切除术的优化操作(附170例报告)

目的优化经尿道前列腺切除术的操作方法。方法在170例次经尿道前列腺切除过程中，对某些习惯性操作进行尝试性改进。主要改进要点是，直视进镜、穿刺造瘘、强凝弱切、气化电切、不切“11-12～01”点。结果优化操作，可放宽适应证、提高手术效率、减少术中出血、降低术后并发症。结论优化操作值得推广。     

A multicenter retrospective study of transurethral prostate split for benign prostate hyperplasia

BackgroundTransurethral split of the prostate (TUSP) is effective in treating benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). However, there is still a lack of research focusing on the optimal target population for TUSP. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of TUSP in patients with different prostate volumes or ages.MethodsThe study was a multicenter retrospective study. The outcomes of TUSP in BPH patients with different prostate volumes or different ages were compared. A total of 439 patients were included in the study. Patients were divided into two groups according to prostate volume, with a cut-off value of 50 mL. Similarly, the cut-off value for the age groups was 70 years. Baseline patient characteristics and perioperative outcomes were recorded. Follow-up was performed at 1, 6, and 12 months after surgery.ResultsThe mean age of the patients was 73.4 years, and the mean prostate volume was 51.2 mL. At 12-month follow-up after TUSP treatment, the patients’ International Prostate Symptom Scores (IPSS), quality of life (QoL) scores, and postvoid residual (PVR) volumes decreased significantly, while peak urinary flow rate (Qmax) increased significantly. Intraoperative hemoglobin (Hb) reduction was significantly lower in the small volume group than in the large volume group. The incidence of postoperative urinary urgency and transient incontinence was lower in the small volume group. IPSS score, PVR, and Qmax in the small volume group showed more remarkable changes at several time points compared to the preoperative period. Postoperative pain scores were higher in the small volume group than in the large volume group. There were no differences between the two groups in terms of long-term complications. The younger group showed greater variation in PVR and Qmax at some time points but less variation in QoL than the older group.ConclusionsTUSP is overall safe and effective in treating BPH. This study showed differences in the outcomes of TUSP in treating different prostate volumes or ages of BPH patients. The optimal surgical approach for BPH patients might be selected clinically based on a combination of prostate volume or patient age.     

经尿道前列腺汽化电切术的并发症及防治

目的探讨经尿道前列腺汽化电切术并发症及原因,以提高治疗效果。方法对234例经尿道前列腺汽化电切术病例进行回顾性总结。结果术中术后出现的并发症为:包膜穿孔尿外渗7例(3%),电切综合征2例(0.9%),术中术后出血14例(6%),排尿困难5例(2.1%),尿道狭窄8例(3.4%),附睾炎3例(1.3%),暂时性尿失禁2例(0.9%),均经对症治疗治愈。结论经尿道前列腺汽化电切术时完善的术前检查、熟练的手术技巧可避免(或减少)并发症的发生,提高疗效。     

The association of prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) mRNA expression and subsequent prostate cancer risk in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia following transurethral resection of the prostate

BACKGROUND: Prior data showed prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) mRNA expression in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tissues. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine whether PSCA mRNA expression in resected BPH samples was associated with the subsequent presence of cancer following transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). METHODS: PSCA in situ hybridization was performed on the TURP-resected tissues from 288 patients, who were histopathologically confirmed BPH without cancer. All these patients were continuously followed for 9-70 months postoperatively. Univariate and multivariate cox regression analyses were used to evaluate the predictive performance of PSCA mRNA for subsequent cancer onset following TURP. RESULTS: PSCA mRNA was detected in 93/288 (32.3%) of the resected BPH specimens, with a mean positive-labeling cells of 23.8%, in which 22 patients (23.7%) were identified as having PCa on follow-up. Of 195 patients with negative expression for PSCA mRNA 2 (1.0%) were subsequently found with PCa. PSCA mRNA expression levels were directly proportional to higher Gleason score and clinical T stage. Univariate and multivariate cox regression analyses demonstrated that only PSCA mRNA expression was predictive of the subsequent cancer development after TURP, however, PSA velocity was an univariately significant but not multivariately significant predictor. CONCLUSIONS: This prospective study identifies PSCA mRNA in BPH as a significant predictor of cancer development after TURP, suggesting that PSCA may be used to identify patients who are at high risk for subsequent cancer onset following TURP for BPH and the PSCA test may be useful when applied for repeat biopsies.     

Transurethral resection of the prostate immediately after high‐intensity focused ultrasound treatment for prostate cancer

Objectives: To evaluate the long‐term outcomes of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) immediately after high‐intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatment for prostate cancer (CaP). Methods: The present retrospective study included 65 CaP patients who underwent HIFU alone and 64 patients who underwent TURP immediately after HIFU. HIFU treatment was carried out using a Sonablate‐500 HIFU device (Focus Surgery, Indianapolis, IN, USA). International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and the occurrence of urinary complications, such as urethral stricture during follow‐up, were statistically compared between groups. Results: Clinical stage tended to be lower for the HIFU + TURP group (P = 0.0311), but none of the preoperative parameters differed significantly between groups. Both catheterization time (P < 0.0001) and post‐treatment IPSS (P < 0.0001) at 6, 12, and 24 months after treatment differed significantly between groups. Urethral strictures were noted in 16 (24.6%) of the HIFU‐only patients and seven (10.9%) of the HIFU + TURP patients. Bladder neck contracture was noted in 11 (68.8%) of the patients with urethral stricture in the HIFU‐only group, but in just two (28.6%) of the patients with urethral stricture in the HIFU + TURP group. Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that TURP resection volume (P = 0.0118) was a strong factor for the prevention of urethral stricture. Conclusions: Our results suggest that combining HIFU with an immediately following TURP improves post‐treatment urinary status without causing additional morbidity.     

Prostate‐specific antigen velocity (PSAV): a practical role for PSA?

Background: Prostate cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Australian men. Early detection and treatment are critical to patient outcome, but detection is often difficult because of the limited accuracy of available tests. This paper assesses whether the use of prostate specific antigen kinetics has a practical use in the contemporary urological setting. Methods: A Medline literature review was performed examining related articles on the commonly available tests for prostate cancer, what they mean, their limited accuracy in cancer detection, and how this accuracy can be improved. Discussion: Detection of significant organ‐confined prostate cancer should be the goal of general practitioners and urologists alike. Prostate‐specific antigen and digital rectal examination are commonly used but lack specificity and sensitivity, especially for small organ‐confined cancers. The additional use of prostate‐specific antigen velocity may enhance the specificity and sensitivity of detection.     

A systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and safety comparing holmium laser enucleation of the prostate with transurethral resection of the prostate for patients with prostate volume less than 100 mL or 100 g

BackgroundTo assess the efficacy and safety of holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) and transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) for patients with prostate volume less than 100 mL or 100 g.MethodsWe searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Science from inception to July 2021 to collect randomized controlled trials. Two reviewers independently screened the literature, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias of the included studies by using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Review Manager 5.3 software was used for meta-analysis. We synthesised effect estimates using risk ratios (RR), mean difference (MD), and standardized mean differences (SMD).ResultsA total of eight studies were included, involving 764 patients, 384 patients in the HoLEP group and 380 patients in the TURP group. The meta-analysis showed that the catheterization time (SMD =−1.44; 95% CI: −2.17 to −0.70; P=0.0001), hospital stay (SMD =−1.01; 95% CI: −1.58 to −0.44; P=0.0005), haemoglobin loss (MD =−0.29; 95% CI: −0.52 to −0.07; P=0.01), and transfusion rate (RR =0.16; 95% CI: 0.05–0.49; P=0.001) in the HoLEP group were lower than those in the TURP group. In addition, the 12-month postvoid residual volume (PVR) of the HoLEP group (MD =−9.93 95% CI: −18.59 to −1.27; P=0.02) were superior to the TURP group. Although the operation time of the HoLEP group was longer (MD =17.89; 95% CI: 9.18–26.60; P<0.0001), more tissues were removed (SMD =0.47; 95% CI: 0.10–0.85; P=0.01).DiscussionCompared with TURP, HoLEP has a shorter catheterization time and hospital stay, with more tissue removed, a lower blood transfusion rate and better results in the short-term follow-up after surgery. Therefore, HoLEP has better efficacy and safety in the treatment of small- and medium-sized benign prostatic obstruction. Our results found that HoLEP is also suitable for patients with prostate volume <100 mL/100 g, suggesting that it is necessary to redefine the prostate size that is best for HoLEP. Overall, the certainty of evidence was assessed to be moderate to low due to potential risk of bias and inconsistent outcome indicators in some studies. More data on the efficacy of HoLEP and TURP on small- and medium-sized prostates are needed to determine the optimal prostate volume of HoLEP.     

三种经尿道前列腺切除术治疗良性前列腺增生的疗效比较

目的比较良性前列腺增生（BPH）的三种经尿道手术治疗效果。方法分别采用经尿道前列腺电切术（TURP）、经尿道双极等离子前列腺切除术（PKRP）和经尿道铥激光前列腺切除术（TmLRP）治疗BPH共137例。结果三种术式患者手术前后前列腺症状评分（IPSS）、生活质量评分（QOLs）、残余尿（RUV）、最大尿流率（Qmax）比较均得到显著改善（P〈0．01），疗效满意。前列腺重量（PW）〈40g时，TmLRP组手术时间明显短于PKRP和TURP组（P〈0．01）。PW〉50g时，TmLRP组手术时间明显长于PKRP和TURP组（P〈0．01）。TmLRP和PKRP组术中出血少，术后膀胱冲洗时间、留管时间及住院时间均短于TURP组（P〈0．01）。站论三种经尿道手术方法均是治疗BPH的有效手段，TmLRP和PKRP比TURP更安全，术中及术后并发症更少。