Giant cell tumor of bone: oncological and functional results of long-term follow-up

BACKGROUND: Giant cell tumor (GCT) of bone is a rare and unpredictable lesion. Its standard treatment has ranged from surgical curettage to wide resection and varying oncological and functional results have been reported. METHODS: A retrospective review of 47 patients (17 males and 30 females) with GCT of bone was performed to evaluate the oncological and functional results. The patients were followed up for at least 5 years. The average age of the patients was 32 years (range 15-66 years). The tumor sites were distal femur in 15 cases, proximal tibia in 10, distal radius in five, spinal column in four, proximal femur in three, proximal humerus in three, proximal fibula in two, pelvis in two and others in three. Enneking's surgical stages were Stage 1 in three, Stage 2 in 34 and Stage 3 in 10 cases. In these 47 patients, 80 surgical procedures were performed. RESULTS: The rate of local recurrence was 75% in the 28 patients undergoing intralesional excision, 50% in those receiving excision and curettage and 0% in those receiving wide resection. Although there was no statistical significance, surgical stages tended to be correlated with the local recurrence rate (Stage 1, 0%; Stage 2, 53%; Stage 3, 70%). Functional evaluation was performed according to the most recent system of the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society. Functional results of the patients with extremity tumors were 28.2 (average) in those undergoing intralesional excision, 30 (average) in those receiving excision and curettage and 27.1 (average) in those receiving wide resection. Functional results were significantly correlated with the initial surgical stages (Stage 1, 30; Stage 2, 27.5; Stage 3, 24.4; Kruskal-Wallis test, P = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: To preserve good function of the extremities and avoid local recurrence, we consider that intralesional excision with adjunctive therapy such as phenol cauterization should be employed for the treatment of benign GCT of bone.      

病灶内切除与整块切除治疗骨巨细胞瘤的比较研究——4个相关研究的Meta分析

目的用Meta分析的方法对国内外已发表的高质量的有关比较病灶内切除术和整块切除术对骨巨细胞瘤患者术后复发率和并发症发生率影响的临床研究进行综合定量分析，为骨巨细胞瘤的外科治疗模式的选择提供参考依据。方法收集已公开发表的有关病灶内切除与整块切除治疗骨巨细胞瘤所有随访严密的随机对照研究或设计良好的非随机对照研究，按Meta分析的要求对检索到的原始研究的质量进行评估，对符合条件的所有研究结果用Meta分析专用统计软件RevMan4．2版进行统计分析，计算病灶内切除术相对整块切除术其复发及并发症发生危险的优势比（OR），评价病灶内切除术与整块切除术对GCT患者复发及并发症发生的影响。结果符合纳入标准的文献4篇，总样本量156例。其中病灶内切除术组83例，复发8例，发生并发症5例；整块切除术组73例，复发2例，发生并发症26例；合并OR复发=3．16，95％可信区间0．81～12．30，合并OR并发症=0．12，95％可信区间0．04～0．32。结论两种手术治疗模式对术后GCT复发的影响无统计学意义，还不能说明两种术式术后GCT复发率有差别。两种手术治疗模式对术后并发症发生的影响有统计学意义，病灶内切除组的并发症发生优势比整块切除组低88％。     

A staging system for soft-tissue sarcoma and its evaluation in relation to treatment

In order to define the significant factors for a staging system of soft-tissue sarcomas(STS), histologic and clinical findings in 190 adult patients with localized STS in the extremities and trunk were reviewed. The male-to-female ratio was 1.21. The histologic grading of tumors was defined according to the criteria recently proposed by us: tumors were low-grade in 65 cases, intermediate-grade in 57 cases and high-grade in 68 cases. The initial surgical procedure was as follows: intracapsular excision in 9 cases, marginal excision in 104 and wide local excision in 77, including 15 amputations. The mode of treatment was surgery alone (101 patients), surgery and chemotherapy (58), surgery and radiotherapy (22) and surgery and combined chemo- and radiotherapy (9). Univariate analysis revealed histologic grade, sex, tumor size and tumor depth to be significant prognostic factors. Multivariate analysis revealed histologic grade to be the only independent factor for prognosis. Significant clinical factors in each histologic grade were then evaluated. In the low-grade group, local recurrence significantly affected prognosis. Most of the patients with local recurrence had had marginal resection as the initial surgical procedure. No clinical factors affecting prognosis in the intermediate-grade group could be determined. In the high-grade group, patients with wide local excision and adjuvant chemotherapy had a better prognosis than those with marginal excision with or without adjuvant chemotherapy and wide local excision without chemotherapy (p=0.09). In conclusion, histologic grade was the only significant factor for the staging of STS. On the basis of our staging system, different modalities of treatment for each grade of STS might be indicated; adequate surgery is essential for the prevention of local recurrence, which resulted in reduced mortality in patients with low-grade STS. For high-grade STS, the prevention of distant metastasis by combined extensive surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy may make long-term survival possible.     

Phenol as an adjuvant for local control in the treatment ofgiant cell tumour of the bone

AIMS: Intralesional treatment of giant cell tumour (GCT) of the bone may result in a high rate of local recurrence. The introduction of local adjuvant therapy, such as cementation or phenolization, has lead to a significant reduction in recurrence rates. Due to the combined use of phenol and cementation in most studies, the effect of phenol alone is described in this study. METHODS: Twenty primary and nine recurrent surgical procedures in 26 patients with GCT of the bone with a median follow-up of 61 months were reviewed retrospectively. The mean age was 33.5 years (range 13.5-76.5 years). Eighteen curettages and 11 resections were performed. For the curettages, a large bone window was cut followed by high speed burring and bone graft reconstruction. In 11 of 18 curettages and three of 12 resections, phenol was additionally applied. RESULTS: Four patients showed pulmonary metastasis. Three of these four cases also experienced local recurrences. Three patients died due to metastatic disease. In total, five patients developed local recurrence (17.2%); three in the first 2 years and one after 4 years. Four of 18 curettages recurred (22.2%), compared to one of 11 resections (9.1%). Only one of 11 patients (9.1%) treated with curettage and adjuvant phenol recurred, whereas three of seven patients (42.9%) treated with curettage alone recurred. CONCLUSION: Phenolization is an effective and safe local adjuvant therapy for GCT. We did not observe any significant differences in recurrence rates for curettage, phenolization and bone grafting compared to most published results using cryosurgery or cementation alone. We recommend adjuvant phenolization in the treatment of GCT of the bone after careful curettage in applicable cases, regardless of whether additional cementation is used.     

不同辅助灭活方式对初治CampanacciⅠ级、Ⅱ级骨巨细胞瘤患者复发率的影响

目的探讨不同辅助灭活方式对初诊CampanacciⅠ级、Ⅱ级骨巨细胞瘤患者治疗后复发率的影响,以指导临床工作。方法对2005年1月至2011年12月期间由我中心收治的75例确诊为CampanacciⅠ级或Ⅱ级四肢骨巨细胞瘤的初治患者进行随访及随访资料回顾性分析,75例患者中共有54例获得随访,随访率为72％。其中门诊随访40例,电话随访和信访14例;男30例,女24例;年龄12～50岁,平均30．6岁。平均随访时间是50．6个月。治疗方法主要包括：A：病灶刮除、植骨术;B：病灶刮除、灭活、植骨术。灭活方式有高速磨钻、骨水泥、电刀烧灼、液氮、酒精。随访内容包括：（1）单纯刮除植骨术与刮除、灭活植骨术对术后复发率的影响;（2）辅助灭活方法在降低复发率中的作用;（3）不同辅助灭活方式对术后复发率影响的比较。应用SPSSl3．0软件对数据进行统计学分析。结果（1）9例采取病灶刮除、植骨术的患者复发5例,复发率为55．6％;45例采用病灶刮除、灭活、植骨术的患者复发7例,复发率为15．6％;（2）不同灭活方法都可以降低复发率,但不同辅助灭活方式比较,得出只有高速磨钻在使用和不使用时的复发率是有差别的,液氮、酒精、电刀烧灼及骨水泥之间差异无统计学意义。结论（1）灭活方法及其联合使用可以明显降低复发率。但是对其作用单独进行分析,只有高速磨钻达到统计学意义,其他的4种灭活方法都可以不同程度降低复发率,但其差异无统计学意义;（2）对初诊CampanacciⅠ级、Ⅱ级骨巨细胞瘤患者,为减少复发,应根据本医院具体情况,积极联合应用多种辅助灭活方式。     

双膦酸盐辅助治疗骨巨细胞瘤的临床研究

目的：探讨双膦酸盐作为辅助治疗方法降低四肢骨巨细胞瘤复发率的可行性。方法：２００１年２月～２００７年８月我院及香港中文大学威尔士亲王医院收治的３９例四肢骨巨细胞瘤患者,男性２８例,女性１１例,年龄１８～４５岁。肿瘤影像学分级按Ｃａｍｐａｎａｃｃｉ分级标准,其中Ⅱ级１８例,Ⅲ级２１例。所有患者治疗前均经过病理活检诊断为骨巨细胞瘤。分为治疗组和对照组。对照组２０例患者,未予双膦酸盐治疗。治疗组１９例患者,于手术前给予１～３疗程的双膦酸盐治疗（唑来膦酸４ｍｇ,２～３周１次）,术后继续给予３个疗程以上的双膦酸盐治疗。所有患者均接受了手术治疗,手术方式包括囊内切除＋骨水泥或骨移植重建,瘤段切除＋骨移植或人工关节重建。结果：随访１９～３４个月。双膦酸盐治疗后患者疼痛减轻,ＶＡＳ疼痛评分由８.１９±１.３３减轻至２.４２±１.０１,差异有显著性意义（ｔ＝１５.３０４Ｐ＝０.０００）。７８.９％的患者肿胀减轻,６３.２％的患者在唑来膦酸治疗２～３疗程后Ｘ线片上肿瘤内出现明显的骨矿化增加或骨生成。治疗组的复发率为５.３％,低于对照组３５％,差异有显著性意义（χ２＝５.２８４,Ｐ＝０.０２２）。３级骨巨细胞瘤对照组的复发率为５０.０％,治疗组为９.１％,差异有显著性意义（χ２＝４.２９５,Ｐ＝０.０３８）。结论：双膦酸盐作为辅助治疗能够显著降低四肢骨巨细胞瘤的复发率。用药后症状与体征的改善,影像学中骨矿化或骨生成都可作为双膦酸盐疗效的评价方法。     

桡骨远端骨巨细胞瘤手术疗效观察

目的 观察桡骨远端骨巨细胞瘤手术治疗的效果。方法 选取19例接受手术治疗的桡骨远端骨巨细胞瘤患者,其中3例桡骨远端病变患者接受了病灶刮除术,另16例采用瘤段切除自体腓骨移植术。术后随访患者复发情况和关节功能状况。结果 术后平均随访45月,3例接受病灶刮除术患者1例局部复发,其余患者无局部复发, 无感染或周围神经损伤等并发症。2例患者接受自体腓骨移植后出现骨不连,采用自体髂骨块植骨治疗后骨愈合。术后根据骨与软组织协会（Musculoskeletal Tumor Society,MSTS）功能评判系统对肢体功能进行评价,平均得分为76％,肢体功能得分与患者性别、肿瘤发生部位和Campanacci骨巨细胞瘤影像学分期无关,与手术方式有关。结论 瘤段切除术治疗桡骨远端骨巨细胞瘤可降低肿瘤局部复发率,自体腓骨移植是重建桡腕关节的可行方法。     

Giant cell tumor of the skull.

BACKGROUND. Most giant cell tumors (GCT) occur at the ends of long bones. There is little information about GCT of the skull bones. METHODS. The authors reviewed the Mayo Clinic files, which contained 546 cases of GCT, and their own consultation files, which contained approximately 1500 cases. RESULTS. Eleven tumors occurred in the sphenoid bone with extension to the surrounding bones and structures in 8 patients. One tumor (in Paget's disease) occurred in the frontal bone, one tumor was in the occipital bone, and one tumor was in the temporal bone. There were 4 men and 11 women whose ages ranged from 8 to 78 years, with a mean of 36.5 years. Radiographic findings were not suggestive of a specific diagnosis, although the features were those of an aggressive lesion. Histologically, the tumors had features typical of GCT. However, a prominent spindle cell component was seen in five tumors. The initial treatment in all patients but one was intralesional excision that was as complete as possible. The last patient had a wide excision and had soft tissue recurrence at 1 year. This was excised and she was free of disease at 2.7 years. Three patients died, one in the immediate postoperative period and the other two at 1.6 and 4 years with progression of tumor. One patient had postoperative radiation therapy and was without evidence of disease for 2 years when he was lost to follow-up. The remaining 10 patients all had postoperative radiation therapy; 6 patients were alive without disease from 4 to 34 years. However, one of these six patients had a recurrence that was treated surgically with additional radiation. Four patients were alive with tumor from 2.1 to 26 years at the time of this report. CONCLUSIONS. GCT of the skull bones is rare but should be distinguished from giant cell reparative granuloma because of the tendency for progression. Surgical ablation (as complete as possible) and postoperative radiation therapy seem to be the treatment of choice for GCT of the skull bones.     

不同手术方法对骨巨细胞瘤治疗疗效的影响

目的探讨不同手术方式对骨巨细胞瘤疗效的影响。方法1991年1月至2005年12月我院治疗长骨骨巨细胞瘤59例。男28例,女31例。平均年龄32．5岁。刮除植骨术8例次、刮除＋灭活＋瘤腔内化疗＋植骨术16例次、瘤段切除自体骨移植术14例次、瘤段切除人工关节置换术22例次、截肢术4例次、瘤段切除灭活再植术3例次。分析刮除＋灭活＋瘤腔内化疗＋植骨术、瘤段切除自体骨移植术、瘤段切除人工关节置换术3种手术方式对术后复发、肢体功能、综合评定的影响。结果本组患者均获得随访,平均51（14～168）个月。术后复发7例,其中刮除植骨术3例,刮除、灭活、瘤腔内化疗、植骨术2例,瘤段切除人工关节置换术1例,瘤段切除灭活再植术1例。5种手术方式（除截肢术外）肢体功能平均得分分别为28．4、28．1、25．7、22．6、21．3。术后综合评定优良率分别为62．5％、81．3％、57．1％、54．6％、0％、33．3％。结论从降低术后复发率和保留肢体功能角度而言,刮除灭活植骨并行瘤腔内化疗是治疗骨巨细胞瘤较理想的手术方式。对于瘤段切除假体置换术应严格掌握适应证。     

Multivariate analysis for clinical prognostic factors in 163 patients with soft tissue sarcoma

Clinical and histologic findings in 163 patients with localized soft tissue sarcoma (STS) in the extremities and trunk were reviewed. There were 91 male patients and 72 female patients ranging in age from 2 to 84 years (median, 46 years). The histologic status of the tumors was as follows: low grade, 29 cases; intermediate grade, 52 cases; and high grade, 82 cases. The primary tumors were treated by intralesional excision (two cases), marginal (88), wide local (52), or amputation (21). Subsequent adjuvant therapy was given to 61 patients; 17 had radiotherapy (RT), 27 had chemotherapy (CH), and 17 had combined RT and CH. The overall survival (P less than 0.1) and disease-free survival (P less than 0.001) were better in the group that received multimodal treatment (radical surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy) than in the group treated only by surgery. This suggests the favorable role of adjuvant therapy. The univariate and the Cox multivariate analysis for prognosis revealed that sex, tumor-related symptoms, tumor size, tumor depth, and histologic grade were the significant factors. Among the treatment schemes, adjuvant chemotherapy was the only one that affected survival, especially for the intermediate-grade tumors. Initial surgical treatment (marginal versus wide local excision) significantly contributed to the local control of the primary tumors.     

复发性骨巨细胞瘤的手术治疗

 目的 探讨复发性骨巨细胞瘤的手术治疗选择。方法 回顾我院近3年收治的复发性骨巨细胞瘤23例,分析术后复发情况,评价关节功能。结果 本组病例中,7例行再次病灶刮除植骨,13例行瘤段切除,3例行截肢。平均随访26.5个月,21例无复发,1例复发伴肺转移,1例死亡。瘤段切除病例中,10例行人工关节置换,2例行异体骨移植。对病灶刮除组、关节置换组和异体骨移植组进行Ennek-ing功能评分,分别为29.8、25.2和22分。病灶刮除组和异体骨移植组差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 复发性骨巨细胞瘤首选病灶刮除。如存在病灶刮除反指征,则膝关节周围选择瘤段切除人工关节置换,腕关节周围选择带关节异体骨移植或同时合并关节融合。骨盆部位复发病例首选瘤段切除。     

计算机导航辅助肢体骨巨细胞瘤的扩大切刮术

目的 报告应用计算机导航技术辅助完成肢体骨巨细胞瘤病灶扩大切刮术,评估其临床意义.方法 2007年11月至2009年5月,对15例肢体长骨骨巨细胞瘤患者行计算机导航辅助病灶扩大切刮术.男性5例,女性10例,年龄14～54岁,平均31岁,位于股骨下端5例,胫骨上端9例和颈骨下端1例.原发骨巨细胞瘤9例,复发病例6例.将术前CT和MRI数据导入计算机导航系统的工作站,依据CT图像确定骨组织的侵袭范围,依据MRI确定髓内或软组织侵袭范围,将CT和MRI图像融合,识别肿瘤的边界,在CT图像中标记,供术中导航指引.术中按照术前标记操作,导航指引病灶开窗,肿瘤刮除,以高速磨钻精确扩大切刮范围,并精确评判外科切除边界,验证术者术前的手术计划和术中的操作结果.结果 15例患者全部随访,17-34个月,平均23.5个月,无术后复发.1例术后2周伤口深部感染,清创后两周伤口愈合,其余无伤口延迟愈合及关节感染发生.结论 计算机导航技术有助于肢体骨巨细胞瘤病灶的扩大刮除精确手术,降低复发率,同时更多保留正常骨质.     

Treatment and local control of primary extremity soft tissue sarcomas.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Modern series of adult extremity soft tissue sarcomas utilize combinations of modalities in all patients. Remaining questions: 1) is it necessary to strive for wide margins in the multimodality era; 2) to use adjuvant therapy in every high-grade sarcoma? 3) Does previous partial or marginal resection seriously interfere with the definitive resection? METHODS: In a retrospective review of 194 extremity soft tissue sarcomas (1977-1994), limb preservation was possible in 181/194 (93%) of cases. Patients with narrow margins received adjuvant radiation. Some patients were referred after partial (n = 39) or "complete" (n = 63) excision. RESULTS: Local recurrence was observed in 181/141 (13%) of patients treated with wide or compartmental resection, and in 10 of 42 (24%) of those treated with conservative resection plus radiation (P = 0.14). The 5-year survival rate for grade III, >/=5-cm sarcomas was not significantly different (P = 0.82) with adjuvant (46%) or without (48%) adjuvant systemic chemotherapy. Five-year survival varied (P = 0.0001) according to grade. Patients referred with partial, or "complete" (63%, 38/63, had residual tumor at reoperation) excision had a local recurrence rate of 8% and 6%, and 5-year survival rates of 75% and 84%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: 1) It is important to strive for wide margins even when adjuvant radiation is intended. 2) When a wide margin is possible, adjuvant radiation may not be necessary. 3) Adjuvant systemic chemotherapy may be considered for high-grade tumors, preferably within a prospective protocol. 4) A partial or "complete" excision of the tumor before referral to a tertiary center does not appear to compromise the limb preservation, local control, or survival rates of these patients.     

两种不同微波灭活技术在肢体骨巨细胞瘤治疗中的比较

目的 回顾性分析两种不同的微波灭活技术应用于肢体骨巨细胞瘤的手术方法,观察手术疗效,从而找出一种更加安全有效的应用微波治疗肢体骨巨细胞瘤的手术方法.方法 2006年9月至2010年9月,21例肢体骨巨细胞瘤的患者在我院接受手术治疗,其中原发病例18例,复发3例（均为局部复发,未发现远处转移）.病变部位股骨8例,胫骨5例,肱骨5例,桡骨2例,尺骨1例.肿瘤伴发病理性骨折3例.8例行肿瘤原位微波灭活刮除术,即先行肿瘤原位微波灭活后刮除肿瘤;13例行肿瘤囊内刮除微波辅助残腔灭活术,即先采用常规的方法刮除肿瘤后,辅助以微波灭活肿瘤刮除术后的残腔.全部病例均得到病理学证实.结果 全部患者均得到随访,平均随访时间23个月.各有1例肿瘤微波原位灭活刮除及肿瘤刮除微波辅助残腔灭活的病例,术后10个月及18个月局部复发.2例股骨远端病例及1例胫骨近端病例在术后6-12个月内发生骨折,均为肿瘤原位微波灭活刮除病例.无伤口并发症及深部感染的发生,无远处转移.术后MSTS功能评分微波原位灭活刮除组平均为24分,囊内刮除辅助微波灭活组平均为28分,全部微波灭活治疗的病例平均为26分.结论微波灭活技术是一种有效的治疗肢体骨巨细胞瘤的手术方法,可以获得较满意的术后局部复发率.肿瘤囊内刮除微波辅助残腔灭活术在保持局部低复发率的基础上,进一步降低了微波灭活术后骨折的发生率.     

病灶刮除植骨术治疗中青年膝关节周围骨巨细胞瘤的疗效分析

目的:探讨中青年患者膝关节周围骨巨细胞瘤(giant cell tumor,GCT)的临床特征、影像学特点及手术治疗效果。方法:回顾性分析2014年5月至2016年1月在陕西省人民医院就诊并经组织病理学确诊的GCT患者共32例。其中男14例,女18例,均为初次手术治疗患者。所有患者均行膝关节周围GCT病灶刮除植骨术。结果:患者均获得随访,时间24~30个月,术后4例复发,复发率12.5%,末次随访时根据MSTS标准评定疗效:优21例,良8例,可3例,差0,总体优良率90.6%。结论:膝关节周围GCT患者行病灶刮除植骨术疗效满意,正确使用广泛刮除术配合辅助方法是降低其复发率的重要手段。     

囊内刮除、石炭酸辅助及植骨治疗四肢长骨中央型Ⅰ级软骨肉瘤疗效分析

目的总结囊内刮除＋石炭酸辅助＋植骨方法治疗四肢长骨中央型Ⅰ级软骨肉瘤的临床效果。方法采用回顾性研究方法,对2007年4月至2010年12月,收治20例四肢长骨中央型Ⅰ级软骨肉瘤患者进行分析。纳入标准为经组织病理学确诊的位于四肢长骨的中央型Ⅰ级软骨肉瘤。男5例,女15例;年龄23—66岁,平均45．2岁。病灶长度4～15cm,平均6．7cm,手术方式采用局部骨皮质开窗、刮除病灶、石炭酸辅助、植骨术,有选择地进行预防性内固定。术后进行随访。疗效评定包括：肿瘤复发、转移情况、手术并发症、肢体功能采用MSTS评分方法。结果所有患者切口均一期愈合,未出现围手术期麻醉、神经血管损伤等并发症。1例患者术后2d摔倒后发生肱骨病理性骨折,后行切开复位内固定,8个月后骨折愈合。18例患者得到随访,2例失访。随访时间18—69个月,平均39个月。随访期间未见肿瘤复发转移,所有随访患者植骨愈合、邻近关节功能良好,MSTS评分平均27．7分（25～30分）。结论囊内刮除、石炭酸辅助、植骨治疗四肢长骨中央型Ⅰ级软骨肉瘤能够较好的控制肿瘤,完整保留关节功能,手术创伤小,并发症少,是一种安全、有效的手术方法。     

The cryosurgical treatment of chondroblastoma of bone: long-term oncologic and functional results

BACKGROUND: Chondroblastoma of bone is a rare tumor that occurs most often in the epiphysis or apophysis of long bones. This benign tumor sometimes shows aggressive or malignant behaviour, and rarely metastases occur. Since wide resection often leads to growth impairment, intra-lesional curettage followed by an adjuvant therapy is developed to decrease the negative effects on growth and function without increased recurrence rates. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1980 and 2001, 18 patients were treated for chondroblastoma of bone. Since 1989 cryosurgery has been used as an adjuvant treatment. The functional and oncologic results at follow-up were studied. RESULTS: Four patients were treated with curettage, and four with wide resection without adjuvant therapy. One patient developed a local recurrence and distant metastases. Ten patients were treated with curettage and cryosurgery. One patient developed a local recurrence 6 years later that was treated with curettage and cryosurgery again. No serious complications from cryosurgery occurred and the functional results at follow-up were excellent [mean MSTS score at follow-up 29]. CONCLUSIONS: Chondroblastoma of bone is a benign tumor with a relatively high recurrence rate. The local recurrence rates can be decreased with cryosurgery as a local adjuvant therapy with excellent functional results.     

Prognostic factors in soft tissue sarcomas: the Aarhus experience

In the present study, the outcome, patterns of local recurrence and survival, as well as prognostic factors, were evaluated in patients surgically treated for soft tissue sarcomas. Between January 1979 and July 1993, 316 consecutive patients were referred to the Sarcoma Centre in Aarhus with localised malignant soft tissue sarcoma of the extremities or trunk. If possible, the patients were treated with a limb-sparing resection, primarily by use of a wide excision. 50 patients received adjuvant radiotherapy. There were 161 men (51%) and 155 women (49%) median age 56 years (range 1-94 years). 94 patients (30%) had tumours in the trunk, including shoulder and buttock lesions, 163 (52%) in the lower extremity and 59 (19%) in the upper extremity. 52 patients (16%) had grade 1 tumour, 60 (19%) grade 2 and 204 (65%) grades 3A-3B. The 5-year local recurrence rate was 18% and the 5-year survival rate was 75%. Multivariate analysis indicated the following variables as independent unfavourable factors for local recurrence: extracompartmental location, histological high grade, local excision, no adjuvant radiotherapy and intralesional/marginal excision. Independent unfavourable factors for survival were advanced age, extracompartmental location, histological high grade, lower extremity location and large tumour size. If the variable local recurrence was included in the analysis, it was found to have a very strong influence on survival. Based on these variables, a prognostic model was developed.     

Megavoltage radiotherapy for aneurysmal bone cysts

Purpose: An aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) is a rapidly expansile and destructive benign tumor of bone that is usually treated by curettage and bone graft, with or without adjuvant treatment. For recurrent tumors, or tumors for which surgery would result in significant functional morbidity, does radiotherapy (RT) provide a safe and effective alternative for local control?

Patients and Methods: Nine patients with histologically diagnosed aneurysmal bone cysts without other associated benign or malignant tumors were treated at the University of Florida with megavoltage RT between February 1964 and June 1992. The patients received local radiotherapy doses between 20 and 60 Gy, with 6 patients receiving 26–30 Gy. In 6 patients the diagnosis was made by biopsy alone; 3 underwent intralesional curettage before RT. Minimum follow-up was 20 months; 7 of 9 patients (77%) had follow-up greater than 11 years.

Results: No patient experienced a local recurrence (median follow-up, 17 years). One patient required stabilization of the cervical spine 10 months after RT because of dorsal kyphosis from vertebral body collapse. No other significant side effects were experienced, and no patients developed secondary malignancies. Four patients were lost to follow-up: at 20 months, 11.5 years, 17 years, and 20 years after the initiation of treatment, none with any evidence of local recurrence. All of the patients who had significant pain before RT had relief of their symptoms within 2 weeks of completion of therapy.

Conclusions: Using modern-day RT, patients with recurrent or inoperable aneurysmal bone cysts can be treated effectively (with minimal toxicity) using a prescribed tumor dose of 26–30 Gy.     

骨巨细胞瘤p53、c-myc表达

[目的]探讨骨巨细胞瘤p53、c鄄myc的表达与骨巨细胞瘤临床分期及复发之间的关系。[方法]对75例骨巨细胞瘤标本,采用免疫组织化学法检测p53、c鄄myc蛋白的表达,分析其与骨巨细胞瘤临床病理特性的关系。[结果]骨巨细胞瘤p53、c鄄myc的表达率分别为28%、24%。p53、c鄄myc的表达与Enneking’s外科分期有关(P<0.05)。p53表达阳性组复发率明显高于阴性组(P<0.05)。c鄄myc表达与p53表达有显著相关性(P<0.05),且p53(+)/c鄄myc(+)组肿瘤复发率明显高于单一阳性组及双阴性组(P<0.05)。[结论]p53、c鄄myc的表达与骨巨细胞瘤的恶性程度及复发有关,可作为判定骨巨细胞瘤恶性程度、复发潜能及指导临床治疗的参考指标。