Comparison of anesthetic management and outcomes of robot-assisted versus open radical cystectomy

Robot-assisted cystectomy surgery may be advantageous for patients. The purpose of this study was to compare anesthetic management and outcomes in patients undergoing robot-assisted versus open radical cystectomy. In a retrospective review of 256 cystectomy procedures, procedure duration, blood loss, respiratory parameters, recovery room opiate consumption, pain scores and antiemetic use in the recovery room, and hospital length of stay were compared. After exclusions, 96 robot-assisted and 102 open procedures were analyzed. Anesthesia and surgery duration were significantly longer in the robot-assisted group, while the length of hospital stay was significantly shorter in the robot-assisted group: 7.1 ± 5.8 versus 9.8 ± 5.03 days, p = 0.0005. Estimated blood loss was 601.8 ± 491.4 ml in the open group versus 257.7 ± 164.3 ml in the robot-assisted group, p < 0.0001. Recovery room opiate consumption was significantly less in the robot-assisted group: 9.5 ± 8.9 versus 12.6 ± 9.9 mg (morphine equivalents), p = 0.02. The highest recorded respiratory rate was significantly higher in the robot-assisted group, as was the highest recorded peak airway pressure. Among patients with arterial blood gas data, the highest arterial partial pressure of CO₂ was significantly greater in the robot-assisted group than in the open surgery group: 42.6 ± 5.6 versus 37.4 ± 4.8 mmHg CO₂, p = 0.0001. Surgeons and anesthesia providers can expect robot-assisted radical cystectomy surgery to last longer than traditional open surgery, but to be associated with less pain and blood loss. Positioning and abdominal insufflation for robot-assisted surgery may contribute to ventilation challenges.     

Comparative effectiveness of robot-assisted vs. open radical cystectomy

Objectives

Over the past decade, robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) has gained traction as an alternative to the conventional open approach open radical cystectomy (ORC). However, the benefits of RARC over ORC remain unclear. Our objective was to conduct a comparative effectiveness analysis between RARC and ORC using data from the National Cancer Data Base.

Comparative analysis of outcomes and costs following open radical cystectomy versus robot-assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy: results from the US Nationwide Inpatient Sample

Background

Although robot-assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy (RARC) was first reported in 2003 and has gained popularity, comparisons with open radical cystectomy (ORC) are limited to reports from high-volume referral centers.

Objective

To compare population-based perioperative outcomes and costs of ORC and RARC.

Design, setting, and participants

A retrospective observational cohort study using the US Nationwide Inpatient Sample to characterize 2009 RARC compared with ORC use and outcomes.

Outcome measurements and statistical analysis

Propensity score methods were used to compare inpatient morbidity and mortality, lengths of stay, and costs.

Results and limitations

We identified 1444 ORCs and 224 RARCs. Women were less likely to undergo RARC than ORC (9.8% compared with 15.5%, p = 0.048), and 95.7% of RARCs and 73.9% of ORCs were performed at teaching hospitals (p < 0.001). In adjusted analyses, subjects undergoing RARC compared with ORC experienced fewer inpatient complications (49.1% and 63.8%, p = 0.035) and fewer deaths (0% and 2.5%, p < 0.001). RARC compared with ORC was associated with lower parenteral nutrition use (6.4% and 13.3%, p = 0.046); however, there was no difference in length of stay. RARC compared with ORC was $3797 more costly (p = 0.023). Limitations include retrospective design, absence of tumor characteristics, and lack of outcomes beyond hospital discharge.

Conclusions

RARC is associated with lower parenteral nutrition use and fewer inpatient complications and deaths. However, lengths of stay are similar, and the robotic approach is significantly more costly.     

Haemodynamic and respiratory perioperative outcomes for open versus robot-assisted radical cystectomy: A double-blinded,randomised trial

Background

The clinical impact of prolonged steep Trendelenburg position and CO₂ pneumoperitoneum during robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RC) on intraoperative conditions and immediate postoperative recovery remains to be assessed. The current study investigates intraoperative and immediate postoperative outcomes for open RC (ORC) versus robot-assisted RC with intracorporal urinary diversion (iRARC) in a blinded randomised trial. We hypothesised that ORC would result in a faster haemodynamic and respiratory post-anaesthesia care unit (PACU) recovery compared to iRARC.

Methods

This study is a predefined sub-analysis of a single-centre, double-blinded, randomised feasibility study. Fifty bladder cancer patients were randomly assigned to ORC (n = 25) or iRARC (n = 25). Patients, PACU staff, and ward personnel were blinded to the surgical technique. Both randomisation arms followed the same anaesthesiologic procedure, fluid treatment plan, and PACU care. The primary outcome was immediate postoperative recovery using a standardised PACU Discharge Criteria (PACU-DC) score. Secondary outcomes included respiration- and arterial O₂ saturation scores as well as perioperative interventions and recordings.

Results

All patients underwent the allocated treatment. The total PACU-DC score was highest 6 h postoperatively with no difference in the total score between randomisation arms (p = 0.80). Both the ORC and iRARC groups maintained a mean respiration- and arterial O₂ saturation score below 1 (out of 3) throughout PACU stay. The iRARC patients had significantly, but clinically acceptable, higher maximum airway pressure and arterial blood pressure, as well as lower minimum pH levels. The ORC group received significantly more opioids after extubation but marginally less analgesics in the PACU, compared to the iRARC group.

Conclusions

A prolonged Trendelenburg position and CO₂ pneumoperitoneum was well-tolerated during iRARC, and immediate postoperative recovery was similar for ORC and iRARC patients.     

机器人辅助全膀胱切除术的研究进展

机器人辅助全膀胱切除术是近年新发展起来的微创手术方式。为总结机器人辅助全膀胱切除术的疗效,本文回顾近年来机器人辅助全膀胱切除术的文献,总结和比较了机器人辅助全膀胱切除术与开放手术在围手术期结果、早期手术并发症、肿瘤转归和盆腔淋巴结清扫术的情况,初步评估该微创手术与开放全膀胱切除术相比具有的优势和不足。文献统计发现与开放全膀胱切除术相比,机器人手术具有术中出血量少、平均住院时间短、肠道功能恢复时间快、围手术期并发症发生率低等优点,而且,机器人手术在短期肿瘤控制和盆腔淋巴结清扫术中也具有一定的优势。但是,仍需要长期随访和多中心随机对照研究对机器人辅助全膀胱手术作进一步的评价。     

Intermediate-term survival of robot-assisted versus open radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive and high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer in The Netherlands

BackgroundRadical cystectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection is the recommended treatment in non-metastatic muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). In randomised trials, robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) showed non-inferior short-term oncological outcomes compared with open radical cystectomy (ORC). Data on intermediate and long-term oncological outcomes of RARC are limited.ObjectiveTo assess the intermediate-term overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) of patients with MIBC and high-risk non-MIBC (NMIBC) who underwent ORC versus RARC in clinical practice.Methods and materialsA nationwide retrospective study in 19 Dutch hospitals including patients with MIBC and high-risk NMIBC treated by ORC (n = 1086) or RARC (n = 386) between January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2015. Primary and secondary outcome measures were median OS and RFS, respectively. Survival outcomes were estimated using Kaplan-Meier curves. A multivariable Cox regression model was developed to adjust for possible confounders and to assess prognostic factors for survival including clinical variables, clinical and pathological disease stage, neoadjuvant therapy and surgical margin status.ResultsThe median follow-up was 5.1 years (95% confidence interval ([95%CI] 5.0–5.2). The median OS after ORC was 5.0 years (95%CI 4.3–5.6) versus 5.8 years after RARC (95%CI 5.1–6.5). The median RFS was 3.8 years (95%CI 3.1–4.5) after ORC versus 5.0 years after RARC (95%CI 3.9–6.0). After multivariable adjustment, the hazard ratio for OS was 1.00 (95%CI 0.84–1.20) and for RFS 1.08 (95%CI 0.91–1.27) of ORC versus RARC. Patients who underwent ORC were older, had higher preoperative serum creatinine levels and more advanced clinical and pathological disease stage.ConclusionORC and RARC resulted in similar intermediate-term OS and RFS in a cohort of almost 1500 MIBC and high-risk NMIBC.     

腹腔镜途径与开放途径根治性膀胱切除对机体创伤的影响

目的探讨腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术与开放手术对机体损伤程度的差异。方法收集开放根治性膀胱切除术24例（开放组），手助腹腔镜和纯腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术14例（腹腔镜组），测定并比较两组患者在手术麻醉后、术中以及术后第三天IL-6和IFN-1的变化以及机体全身炎症反应综合征的发生情况。结果两组患者在年龄、性别、体重指数、尿流改道方式及肿瘤分期方面均无差别（P〉0．05）。腹腔镜组术后8例出现全身炎症反应综合征，占57．1％，而开放组中19例出现全身炎症反应综合征，占79．2％，两组相比无统计学意义（P=0．149）。腹腔镜组全身炎症反应综合征的平均持续时间为1．4d，而开放组为2．8d，腹腔镜组明显少于开放组（P=-0．032）。腹腔镜组和开放组术中IL-6的浓度均较术前升高，但无统计学意义（P〉0．05），两组术后第三天的IL-6浓度均较术前、术中明显升高（P〈0．05）。两组术前IL-6的浓度无明显差异（P=0．607），但开放组术中和术后IL-6的浓度均比腹腔镜组升高更明显（P〈0．05）。两组术中和术后的IFN-1浓度均较术前降低，但两组术前、术中和术后IFN-1浓度相比都无明显差别（P〉0．05）。结论腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除手术对机体的损伤较开放手术小，全身炎症反应综合征持续的时间明显短于开放手术。     

腹腔镜和开放手术膀胱癌根治术疗效比较的Meta分析简

目的 利用Meta分析的方法,评价腹腔镜膀胱癌根治术（LRC）与开放性膀胱癌根治术（ORC）两种手术方式治疗浸润性膀胱癌的疗效。 方法 选取发表于中国核心期刊及PubMed上的1990-2012年的文献,对比LRC与ORC两种术式治疗浸润性膀胱癌的临床对照试验,并应用Meta分析评价手术所需时间、手术过程中出血量、手术过程中输血情况、术后胃肠道恢复情况、术后患者住院时间、术后并发症、切缘阳性率、膀胱容量、膀胱内压、残余尿等相关指标。结果 本篇Meta分析6篇临床同期对照试验。共纳入了597例患者,其中行LRC 336例患者,行ORC 261例患者。LRC手术所需时间（WMD 34.87 min,95%CI 25.94～43.79 min,P＜0.000 01）长于开放手术,而LRC手术过程中出血量（WMD -506.61 mL,95%CI-571.13～-442.09 mL,P＜0.000 01）、术中输血几率（OR 0.20,95% CI 0.11～0.38,P＜0.000 01）均小于ORC,术后胃肠道恢复时间（WMD -2.12 d,95% CI-2.20～ -2.03 d,P＜0.000 01）、术后患者住院时间（WMD -4.99 d,95% CI-5.79～-4.19 d,P＜0.000 01）、术后并发症发生率（OR 0.30,95% CI 0.18～0.48,P＜0.000 01）均少于ORC。LRC术后手术切缘阳性率、新膀胱的膀胱容量、膀胱内压、残余尿与ORC组均无统计学差异。 结论 对于浸润性膀胱癌,LRC的手术时间长于ORC,但在减少术中出血量、缩短术后肠道功能恢复时间及术后住院时间、降低并发症发生率方面更优越。而腹腔镜与ORC的手术切缘阳性率及新膀胱功能相似。     

机器人辅助腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术的预后风险因素

目的:探讨机器人辅助腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术(RARC)后的预后风险因素。方法:回顾性分析南京鼓楼医院2014年12月至2018年12月收治的224例行RARC患者的临床和随访资料,男193例,女31例。平均年龄68(36~92)岁。7例(3.1%)接受新辅助化疗。125例(55.8%)美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)评分>2...     

Port site metastases after robot-assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy

Laparoscopy has become a well-established alternative to open surgery for the management of many urologic tumors. Metastases at one of the port sites is not a common complication, though there are some reports of port site metastases after laparoscopic management for renal tumors and pelvicaliceal tumors, as well as after laparoscopic lymphadenectomy. Herein, we report a case of port site metastases after robot-assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. To the best of our knowledge this is the first case of such pathology to be reported. Although rare, the laparoscopic surgeon should be aware of such complications when dealing with malignant masses.     

The lymph node yield during robot-assisted radical cystectomy

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the lymph node yield (LNY) during robot‐assisted radical cystectomy (RC), as it has been questioned as to whether robot assistance allows adequate pelvic LN dissection (LND), especially during the initial experience.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In all, 67 consecutive patients were selected for robot‐assisted RC and LND with open urinary diversion from October 2005 to November 2007. Data was collected prospectively in a standard fashion as part of a quality assurance programme. Nine patients were excluded (three had unresectable disease and six underwent palliative cystectomy) and the remainder were divided into five groups. Data included demographics, operative variables, complications and pathological outcomes. Evidence of the LNY curve was examined using nonlinear regression to compare the number of LNs obtained.

RESULTS

The mean (range) patient age was 67 (36–90) years and the mean body mass index (BMI) was 27 (17–45) kg/m². The mean operative duration for the robot‐assisted pelvic LND was 44 (19–85) min. There was one postoperative complication that required exploration for vascular injury. The mean number of LNs retrieved was 18 (6–43). The mean LNY for each of the five groups was 13, 16, 21, 19 and 23, respectively, and neither BMI nor previous major abdominal surgery affected LNY.

CONCLUSION

Robot‐assisted RC with pelvic LND was performed safely. LNY was oncologically acceptable and increased with experience.     

Impact of body mass index on robot-assisted radical cystectomy

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Obesity is a major comorbidity in the Western world and influences outcomes of patient care. A minimally invasive approach towards radical cystectomy has been increasing in popularity. We sought to determine the influence of body mass index (BMI) on robot-assisted radical cystectomy. METHODS: Fifty-one consecutive patients underwent robot-assisted radical cystectomy for bladder cancer from October 2005 to April 2007 and were categorized into 3 groups based on their weight: normal (BMI <25), overweight (BMI=25 to 29) and obese (BMI= 30 to 39.9). Effect of BMI on intraoperative, pathologic, and postoperative outcomes was assessed by retrospective review of the robot-assisted radical cystectomy database. RESULTS: Mean BMI was 28.0, and 71% of the patients were overweight or obese. BMI did not correlate with age, sex, or American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score. Overweight and obese patients had similar operative times and estimated blood loss compared with patients with normal BMI. Overweight and obese patients with bulky disease (pT3-4) had significantly higher rates of positive surgical margins (P=0.05). Complication rates were similar. CONCLUSION: Robotic-assisted radical cystectomy can be considered for patients of all body mass indices. Wider excision should be performed in patients with higher BMI.     

机器人腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术中手术室护理配合的意义

目的探讨达芬奇机器人辅助腹腔镜下膀胱根治性切除原位回肠新膀胱手术的护理配合流程,评估其临床意义。 方法回顾性分析2016年1月至2017年12月93例达芬奇机器人辅助腹腔镜膀胱根治性切除原位回肠新膀胱手术患者的临床资料,阐述机器人腹腔镜手术围手术期护理配合自身特点。根据开展手术的时间,分为早期组和后期组,比较两组机器人准备时间、手术时间、出血量、并发症发生率等指标。 结果93例手术均顺利完成,无中转开腹,护理配合满意。早期组与后期组机器人准备时间[（50±10）min vs （30±5）min]和手术时间[（305±25）min vs （255±20）min]差异具有统计学意义;出血量早期组略大于后期组[（110±20）ml vs （95±15）ml],差异有统计学意义;均未发生明显并发症。 结论娴熟的护理配合在机器人腹腔镜膀胱根治性切除术中具有较重要的意义,通过节省准备时间、优化机器布局、术中熟练配合等方面,最终使整个手术得以顺利、高效的开展。     

机器人辅助腹腔镜与开放、腹腔镜下膀胱根治性切除及Bricker回肠膀胱术比较分析

目的 比较分析机器人辅助腹腔镜、传统腹腔镜以及开放手术下膀胱根治性切除+Bricker回肠膀胱术的围手术期资料及并发症情况. 方法 人组2010年1月至2015年10月在我院行膀胱根治性切除+Bricker回肠代膀胱术的132例膀胱癌患者,其中行开放手术者69例,行腹腔镜手术者57例,行机器人辅助腹腔镜手术者6例,比较各组手术时间、术中出血量、输血量、进食时间、拔管时间及术后住院时间等围手术期情况和术后并发症. 结果 全部手术均顺利完成,3组患者的术后进食时间和盆腔引流管拨管时间比较无差异.开放组手术时间[398(360,450)min]低于腹腔镜组[435(390,510)min](P =0.011),而机器人组手术时间[338(330,480)min]与开放组和腹腔镜组之间无差异.机器人组出血量[300(200,375)ml]低于腹腔镜组[700(400,1 200) ml](P =0.043)和开放组[1 200(800,2 000)ml](P＜0.001),腹腔镜组出血量低于开放组(P=0.003).机器人组术中所输红细胞量(0 U)低于开放组[6(4,7.5)u](P =0.001),与腹腔镜组[2(0,4)U]无差异,而腹腔镜组术中输红细胞量低于开放组(P＜0.001).术中输血浆量3组总体存在差异(P=0.040),但两两比较无差异.机器人组术后住院时间[11(10,19.5)d]少于开放组[19(14,23)d](P =0.027),腹腔镜组术后住院时间[15(13,20)d]与开放组及机器人组比较,均无差异.3组间肿瘤TNM分期、淋巴结阳性率及病理分级均无明显差异.3组患者间手术并发症比较,差异无统计学意义,以Clavien-Dindo评分对并发症进行分级,3组并发症分级无统计学差异. 结论 机器人辅助腹腔镜下根治性膀胱切除+ Bricker回肠膀胱术具术中出血少、创伤小和术后恢复快的优势,是治疗浸润性膀胱癌安全有效的手术方法.