Arthroscopic treatment of ankle osteochondral lesions

Arthroscopic treatment of osteochondral lesions (OCLs) of the ankle is a popular first-line surgical option after conservative therapy has failed. MRI is the preferred imaging modality to evaluate OCLs and aid in surgical planning. Associated soft tissue pathology must be appreciated and addressed surgically, because associated synovitis and soft tissue impingement often contribute to symptoms. The diverse treatment modalities available via arthroscopy offer simplistic and straightforward solutions for biologically and mechanically complicated pathology. Marrow-stimulating techniques, particularly microfracture, have shown good to excellent results in most patients with small (<15 mm) acute lesions, and have a low complication rate.     

踝关节骨折切开复位内固定术后踝关节镜手术的临床结果

目的研究踝关节骨折切开复位内固定(ORIF)手术后再次踝关节镜的疗效。 方法回顾性分析2011年1月至2014年12月在解放军第81集团军医院骨科因踝关节骨折ORIF手术后各种原因行踝关节镜手术66例患者,平均年龄(40±13)岁。纳入踝关节骨折ORIF术后因残余痛及其他各种原因行踝关节镜手术的患者,排除炎症性关节炎及下肢神经病变、合并精神疾病者。记录术前、术后4周、6月的疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)及美国足踝骨科协会踝－后足(AOFAS)评分,记录并发症及处理方法。组间比较采用单因素ANOVA方差分析。 结果术后早期无关节镜相关并发症发生。术后4周、6月VAS评分比术前显著改善(t＝2.783, P<0.05), AOFAS评分与术前相比明显升高(t＝6.271, P <0.01)。术后4年再次手术率为19.7%。 结论踝关节骨折ORIF手术后因各种原因行踝关节镜手术早期可以减轻疼痛、改善功能,但中期再手术率高。     

距骨骨软骨损伤的诊断及关节镜治疗

目的 总结、分析距骨骨软骨损伤的症状、体征、影像学特点、关节镜下治疗方法及手术效果.方法 2000年至2005年共收治34例距骨骨软骨损伤患者,对其临床资料包括症状、体征、X线片、MRI表现、关节镜手术方法等进行回顾性分析,术后随访根据主观和客观评分判断疗效.术前美国足踝外科后足评分平均(71±8)分,术前主观疼痛程度评分(7.5±1.3)分.结果 34例患者MRI均有骨软骨损伤征象,其中21例通过X线片检查发现距骨骨软骨损伤.距骨骨软骨损伤的主要症状为负重疼痛以及运动后加重,MRI诊断准确率较X线片高(χ2=16.07,P＜0.001).31例患者获得随访,平均随访时间为28个月.术后美国足踝外科后足评分(91±9)分,显著高于术前(t=9.147,P＜0.001);术后主观疼痛程度评分(2.4±2.3)分,显著低于术前(t=10.853,P＜0.001);临床疗效优良率为87.1%.结论 MRI检查能够提高诊断的正确率,关节镜微创手术治疗距骨骨软骨损伤效果良好.     

Treatment strategies for osteochondral lesions of the talus: A review of the recent evidence

BackgroundThere has been no consensus regarding the treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talus, there has been many attempts to formulate a treatment pathway, with multiple proposed modalities and adjuncts used.ObjectivesThe aim of this paper was to investigate the evidence published in the recent history, identify the relevant papers, review and summarize the findings, to help clarify the available operative treatment options and their respective efficacies based on the level of evidence provided.Study design & methodsA literature search through electronic databases MEDLINE and EMBASE was done, these databases were screened for publications and papers form June 2004 to June 2019. Key words were utilised in the search ‘talus, talar, tibia, cartilage, osteochondral, ankle, osteochondritis dissecans, articular cartilage’. Studies on adults aged 18–60 years were included. Exclusion criteria were studies with less than 10 patients, or no clear outcome was recorded. Papers were reviewed by the authors and data extracted as per a pre-defined proforma.ResultsFollowing screening, 28 published articles were included and reviewed. Of these publications 5 were level I, 7 level II, 4 level III and 12 level IV. The total number of patients was 1061 patients. Treatment modalities included arthroscopic microfracture, drilling, hyaluronic acid injection, platelet rich plasma, osteochondral autologous transplantation (OAT), vascularised free bone graft among others. The most common functional measures used to assess efficacy were the Visual analogue scale (VAS) and the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle (AOFAS) score. Follow up ranged from 26 weeks upto 4 years.ConclusionsDespite the abundance of treatment options, high level evidence (level I) remains limited and does not conclude a definitive treatment modality as superior to others. Further research, in the form highly organised randomised clinical trials, is needed to help improve the efficacy and develop new treatment modalities in the future.     

后外侧入路切开复位内固定治疗三踝骨折

目的评价采用后外侧入路切开复位内固定治疗三踝骨折的价值。方法自2009-03—2012—06采用后外侧入路切开复位内固定治疗三踝骨折23例,处理外踝骨折时钢板放置于腓骨后侧或外侧,对后踝骨折行钢板或螺钉固定。观察术后切口及骨折愈合情况,术后3、12个月采用AOFAS踝一后足评分标准评价踝关节功能。结果术后3个月23例均获得随访,术后12个月2例失访。术后7d2例外侧和内侧切口周围同时出现张力性水泡．2例外侧切口周围出现张力性水泡,未出现切口感染。1例出现足背外侧麻木,术后3个月复诊时症状消失。术后3个月X线片显示23例骨折线均模糊,AOFAS评分：优12例,良8例,可2例,差1例,优良率86．96％。术后12个月X线片显示骨折线均消失,AOFAS评分：优17例,良2例,可2例,优良率90．48％。结论采用后外侧入路行切开复位内固定术治疗三踝骨折可以一次性复位固定外踝和后踝骨折,联合内侧切口可以一个体位下完成三踝骨折的治疗,对软组织破坏少,骨折可获得解剖复位,术后踝关节功能恢复佳、并发症少。     

踝关节距骨骨软骨损伤的影像学及关节镜下表现

目的分析踝关节距骨骨软骨损伤的影像学特点,包括病灶位置、病灶大小等形态学数据及MRI分期,并根据关节镜下表现进行分级,分析MRI分期与关节镜分级之间的关系。方法 2006年7月至2008年6月,35例距骨骨软骨损伤患者术前进行踝关节正侧位X线检查及MRI检查,分别根据BerdntHarty标准及Hepple's标准进行分期,在PACS系统上应用测量软件工具分析MRI图像,确定病灶位置、测量其前后径、左右径及深度。所有患病的踝关节均进行关节镜探查,并进行病灶分级。分析MRI分期与关节镜下分级之间的相关性。结果 35例患者的平均年龄为29.1岁(16～44岁),其中男30例,女5例。通过X线发现13例距骨骨软骨损伤,根据BerdntHarty分期:6例为Ⅰ期,3例为Ⅱ期,3例为Ⅲ期,1例为Ⅳ期;6例病灶位于外侧,7例位于内侧。MRI检查共发现38处距骨骨软骨损伤(3例患者均有两处病灶),根据Hepple分期:Ⅰ期1例,Ⅱ期17例,Ⅲ期7例,Ⅳ期2例,Ⅴ期11例。14例病灶位于外侧,24例位于内侧;按照9宫格分区法,55.3%的病灶位于4区(内侧中部),23.7%位于6区(外侧中部)。内侧组病灶大小为:前后径(9.0±2.5)mm、左右径(11.2±2.9)mm、深度(8.4±4.0)mm;外侧组病灶大小为:前后径(7.8±3.2)mm、左右径(10.9±3.2)mm、深度(7.9±4.2)mm。两组病灶大小的差异无统计学意义。关节镜探查共发现38处距骨骨软骨损伤(A级1例、B级1例、C级4例、D级27例、E级3例、F级2例)。MRI分期与关节镜下分级之间无相关性(r=0.12,P=0.474)。结论距骨骨软骨损伤主要位于距骨内侧中部及外侧中部,内侧病损以Hepple's Ⅱ期和Ⅴ期为主,外侧病变以Ⅲ期为主;内外侧病灶的大小差异无统计学意义。内外侧病变的关节镜下表现均以D级为主。Hepple'sMRI影像学分期与关节镜下分级无对应关系。     

关节镜辅助下切开复位内固定治疗踝关节骨折的临床观察

目的：探讨Lauge-HansenⅣ度踝关节骨折关节镜辅助下手术治疗的临床效结果。方法：自2008年1月至2009年12月,对42例踝关节骨折采用关节镜辅助下切开复位内固定治疗。骨折按Lauge-Hansen分类法：旋后外旋型Ⅳ度26例,女11例,男15例,平均年龄（36.8±11.7）岁;旋前外旋型Ⅳ度16例,女6例,男10例,平均年龄（37.6±11.2）岁。所有患者在关节镜辅助下行骨折切开复位内固定,镜下观察韧带及软骨损伤情况,下胫腓联合分离患者行下胫腓联合螺钉固定,软骨损伤按Cheng-Ferkel分期进行治疗。临床疗效采用AOFAS评分系统进行评价。结果：42例均获随访,时间1年。术后AOFAS评分为（92.00±9.32）分,临床疗效优28例,良11例,可3例,其中31例存在不同程度的软骨损伤。无软骨损伤患者的AOFAS评分高于软骨损伤患者,C级以下软骨损伤患者的AOFAS评分高于C级以上软骨损伤患者,无软骨损伤患者的AOFAS评分高于C级以上软骨损伤患者。下胫腓联合固定患者AOFAS评分低于未固定组患者。结论：Lauge-HansenⅣ度踝关节骨折常合并有关节内软骨及周围韧带损伤,其中下胫腓联合损伤及C级以上的软骨损伤是导致踝关节功能恢复欠佳的重要因素,关节镜辅助下切开复位内固定治疗不仅利于关节面的解剖复位,同时可以对合并的软骨和韧带损伤进行更好的诊治,从而提高手术的临床效果。     

Osteonecrosis of distal tibia in open dislocation fractures of the ankle

Introduction

Open ankle dislocation fractures are one of the most severe injuries of the ankle. Development of posttraumatic arthrosis is well known. However, there are just a few case reports describing evidence of posttraumatic osteonecrosis (PON) of distal tibia. The pathophysiological mechanism remains unclear and the question of morphologic or personal risk factors cannot be answered. The goal of this study was to evaluate the morphologic characteristics of open dislocated ankle fractures in correlation with the development of PON to facilitate early identification of patients with higher risk of posttraumatic osteonecrosis.

Material and methods

In this study data from 28 patients with open dislocation fractures of the ankle between 1975 and 2006 found at our databases were evaluated retrospectively. For each patient we documented personal data, mechanism of injury, type of lateral malleolar fracture, severity of open fracture, degree of tibiotalar dislocation, presence of medial malleolar fracture, presence of deltoid ligament rupture, time until joint reduction and kind of surgical treatment. We also documented clinical complications and number of surgeries. Presence of PON was examined by radiographs, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or histological analysis.

Results

Within 12 out of 28 patients with open ankle dislocation fractures a PON of the distal tibia could be found. Nine out of 15 patients with high-energy trauma and 12 out of 19 patients with type C fibular fracture developed PON. 73% of male patients and 88% of the patients with type III soft tissue damage according to Gustillo developed PON. However, if patients suffered from type C fibular fracture, total talus dislocation and grade III soft tissue damage (“necrotic triad”) PON was developed in 100% of cases. Other patient's characteristics like late joint reduction, postoperative infection or bimalleolar fracture showed no higher proportion of patients with PON.

Conclusion

In this study we were able to identify clinical manifestations and risk factors for the development of PON of the distal tibia. All indentified risk factors were associated with heavy fracture mechanisms leading most likely to a serious devascularisation of at least parts of the distal tibial epiphysis. With regard to presented results early identification of patients with higher risk of PON might be possible and maybe additional treatment options can be initialised to protect patients from this process.     

踝部开放性骨折的急症手术治疗

目的探讨踝部开放性骨折的损伤特点及相关的急症手术技术特点。方法2001年8月至2006年4月，急症手术治疗踝部开放性骨折51例，男39例，女12例；年龄18-72岁，平均36岁。伤口Gustilo分度，Ⅰ度3例，Ⅱ度37例，ⅢA度7例，ⅢB度3例，ⅢC度1例。急诊给予有效抗生素治疗，尽早开始手术。冲洗及彻底清创后，根据骨折类型、粉碎程度及伤口情况制定骨折处理的顺序，依次完成骨折复位、固定。结果48例患者获得随访，随访时间8-48个月，平均26个月。无一例发生深部感染。12例伤口发生浅表皮缘坏死，2例伤口延迟愈合，2例伤口发生浅表感染。踝部骨折在10-18周（平均13周）愈合。采用AOFAS踝后足功能评分标准，48例评分在76-100分，平均90分。结论踝部开放性骨折在急症手术时应彻底清创，注意保护皮肤活力。在处理后踝骨折时，可采用胫骨远端脱出法。多数手术应先精确复位、固定外踝骨折，对旋后内收型、外踝严重粉碎的踝部骨折应先进行内踝骨折的复位、固定。对严重的下胫腓联合分离，应直视下复位且常规使用下胫腓螺钉固定。     

A nomogram for predicting skin necrosis risk after open reduction and internal fixation for tibia fractures

The purpose of our study was to determine the risk factors for skin necrosis after open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) for tibia fracture and establish a nomogram prediction model. We retrospectively analysed the clinical data of patients who suffered from tibia fractures and had been surgically treated by ORIF in our institution between August 2015 and October 2020. Perioperative information was obtained through the electronic medical record system, univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the risk factors of skin necrosis, and a nomogram model was constructed to predict the risk of skin necrosis. The predictive performance and consistency of the model were evaluated by the Hosmer‐Lemeshow (H‐L) test and the calibration curve. In total, 444 patients were enrolled in our study. Multivariate analysis results showed that limb swelling, time until the operation, operation time, distance from fracture end to the skin, and soft‐tissue injury (Tscherne classification type 3) were independent risk factors for skin necrosis. The AUC value for skin necrosis risk was 0.906 (95% confidence interval 0.88~0.94). The H‐L test revealed that the nomogram prediction model had good calibration ability (P = .467). Finally, we found a correlation between skin necrosis and limb swelling, time until the operation, operation time, distance from fracture end to the skin, and soft‐tissue injury (Tscherne classification type 3) after ORIF for tibia fracture patients. Our nomogram prediction model might be helpful for clinicians to identify high‐risk patients, as interventions could be taken early to reduce the incidence of skin necrosis.     

不同内固定方式对踝关节骨折的疗效分析

目的比较不同内固定方式对踝关节骨折的疗效,以期为临床提供依据。方法回顾性分析治疗的踝关节骨折患者38例,其中接受闭合复位内固定手术的患者22例,设为闭合复位组;接受传统切开复位内固定手术的患者16例,设为切开复位组。术后对患者进行随访,比较两组患者治疗优良率及术后并发症发生率。结果闭合复位组患者术后优良率86.36%(19/22),并发症发生率9.09%(2/22);切开复位组术后优良率为75%(12/16),并发症发生率为18.75%(3/16)。闭合复位组治疗优良率显著高于切开复位组,闭合复位组并发症发生率显著低于切开复位组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论与传统的切开复位内固定术相比,闭合复位经皮空心螺钉内固定法能够有效提升治疗效果并减少并发症发生率,减轻患者负担、提高患者生存质量,值得在临床上推广应用。     

Early mobilization of ankle fractures after open reduction and internal fixation

The effect of early mobilization and unrestricted weight bearing on final ankle motion in 51 operatively stabilized ankle fractures was prospectively investigated. Patients were treated with an ankle-foot orthosis (AFO) or a cast. Full weight bearing was unrestricted in both groups. Thirty-two fractures received an AFO and 19 received a cast. The follow-up period ranged from 2.3 to 66 months, with a median of eight months. At the final follow-up examination, the motion in the AFO-treated group was not functionally different from that of the cast-treated group. However, 72% of the patients treated in an AFO compared with 37% of patients treated in a cast had ankle dorsiflexion greater than 15 degrees (p = 0.014). No complications were directly related to the AFO. No loss of reduction occurred in any patient. The results of this series indicate that early motion of a fractured ankle treated operatively does not affect ankle motion. Early motion was not associated with increased morbidity or loss of reduction.     

切开复位内固定治疗后踝骨折的疗效分析

目的评价切开复位内固定治疗后踝骨折的手术方法及临床疗效。方法回顾分析2005年6月-2008年12月,46例采用切开复位内固定治疗并获完整随访的涉及后踝骨折的踝关节骨折患者临床资料。男29例,女17例;年龄19～76岁,平均47.7岁。扭伤17例,摔伤15例,交通事故伤12例,其他伤2例。左踝25例,右踝21例。单纯后踝骨折6例,外踝及后踝骨折13例,三踝骨折22例,外踝及后踝骨折伴三角韧带损伤5例。伴内踝或外踝骨折者根据Lauge-Hansen分型标准:旋后外旋Ⅲ度13例,Ⅳ度9例;旋前外旋Ⅳ度18例。后踝骨折按照Naoki分型:后外侧斜型29例,内侧延伸型11例,小块撕脱骨折型6例。7例急诊手术,39例择期手术。结果术后2例出现切口浅表感染,经加强换药后切口愈合;其余患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合。46例均获随访,随访时间18～63个月,平均37个月。骨折均于术后3～6个月愈合,平均4.3个月。术后1个月1例出现腓肠外侧皮神经损伤症状,未作特殊处理;末次随访时9例负重或行走时出现踝关节疼痛不适,加强康复锻炼及止痛药物治疗。末次随访时根据美国矫形足踝协会(AOFAS)踝与后足评分标准进行功能评估,获优17例,良21例,中8例,优良率为83%。患者疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)为0～5分,平均1.9分。结论切开复位内固定治疗后踝骨折可获得较好疗效,但应根据骨折类型选择手术方式和固定方法。     

胫腓骨开放骨折外固定改内固定后发生并发症的影响因素

目的探讨胫腓骨开放骨折去除外固定器改内固定后发生并发症的影响因素。方法回顾分析54例胫腓骨开放骨折一期临时外固定二期改内固定手术患者的临床资料,包括二期术前白细胞计数(WBC)、中性粒细胞(N)、超敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、血沉(ESR)、降钙素原(PCT)、外固定器放置时间等情况,评价各项指标对内固定术后皮肤坏死缺损、感染率、骨折愈合时间及踝关节功能的影响。结果 54例均获得随访,时间10~12个月。N、hs-CRP、PCT是术后感染、皮肤坏死缺损、骨折延迟愈合、踝关节功能障碍并发症的相关危险因素,多元Logistic回归分析3项指标的P值分别为0.029、0.046、0.011。结论胫腓骨开放骨折外固定改内固定应待N、hs-CRP、PCT 3项指标降至正常区间后施行手术,可减少术后感染、皮肤坏死缺损、骨折延迟愈合、踝关节功能障碍并发症发生。     

Osteonecrosis after open reduction and internal fixation of a bicolumnar fracture of the distal humerus: a report of four cases

Four cases with osteonecrosis of the trochlea after open reduction and internal fixation of a fracture involving both the medial and lateral columns of the distal humerus above the base of the olecranon fossa (a bicolumnar fracture of the distal humerus) are reported to bring attention to this complication.     

距骨骨软骨损伤的MRI诊断及骨软骨移植术后的动态随访分析

目的 :研究踝关节距骨骨软骨损伤的MRI表现,评价MRI对距骨骨软骨损伤的诊断及分期的价值,探讨MRI对自体骨软骨移植术后的临床随访价值。方法:收集2013年2月至2015年3月治疗的距骨骨软骨损伤患者79例,以踝关节镜检查结果为参考标准,研究MRI诊断的准确性,并进行Hepple分期。其中15例行自体骨软骨移植手术,1年后行踝关节MRI随访,进行软骨修复评分(MOCART),分析术后MRI随访的价值。结果:79例Hepple分期诊断:Ⅰ期7例,Ⅱ期12例,Ⅲ期24例,Ⅳ期16例,Ⅴ期20例。踝关节镜分级(剔除Ⅴ期20例,共59例):A级2例,B级2例,C级4例,D级14例,E级22例,F级15例。将MRI对HeppleⅤ期的准确率定为100%,HeppleⅠ期对应于关节镜A、B、C期,Ⅱ-Ⅳ期分别对应D-F级。MRI对HeppleⅠ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期软骨损伤的准确率分别为87.5%、85.7%、95.4%、93.3%。15例术后MRI检查显示移植区域的软骨面较平滑,骨质愈合良好,周围水肿消失。MOCART评分30~80分,平均(59.0±15.6)分,其中9例得分高于60分。结论:MRI对踝关节距骨软骨损伤具有明显的临床诊断及分期价值,MRI作为术后远期随访手段,可较好地评估术后骨软骨修复情况。     

切开复位内固定治疗移位的桡骨头骨折

[目的]探讨切开复位内固定治疗成人移位桡骨头骨折的手术技术。[方法]本组移位桡骨头骨折26例,MasonⅡ型16例,Ⅲ型6例,Ⅳ型4例。22例用肘后外侧Kocher切口,另外4例用肘后正中切口以便同时处理合并的尺骨近端骨折。复位后用微型钢板螺钉固定,并使内固定物不妨碍关节活动。[结果]随访平均32个月,无骨间后神经损伤及感染发生,26例骨折均顺利愈合。按照Broberg和Morrey肘部评分标准,优17例,良9例。[结论]切开复位内固定治疗移位桡骨头骨折可取得满意疗效,术中应注意以下方面：（1）保护、修复尺骨外侧副韧带;（2）防止损伤骨间后神经;（3）努力达到解剖复位;（4）固定既要坚强可靠,又要不阻碍关节的运动。     

Clinical outcomes in the surgical management of ankle fractures: A systematic review and meta-analysis of fibular intramedullary nail fixation vs. open reduction and internal fixation in randomized controlled trials

BackgroundWhat level I evidence exists to support the use of FNF for surgical management of ankle fractures in high risk patients? The purpose of this study was to compare clinical outcomes following fibular intramedullary nail fixation (FNF) and open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of ankle fractures.MethodsA systematic review of the current literature was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Certainty of evidence reported according to GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation). Our primary hypothesis was that patients undergoing FNF procedures to manage an ankle fracture would have significantly higher patient reported outcome scores (PROs) than patients undergoing ORIF. Primary study outcome measures were validated PROs. Secondary outcome measures included complication rate, secondary surgery rate, and bony union.ResultsThe primary outcome analysis revealed no evidence of a significant effect difference on Olerud and Molander Ankle Score (OMAS) PRO and no evidence of statistical heterogeneity. Secondary outcome analysis revealed a significant 0.30 (0.12–0.74 95CI) relative risk reduction for complications in FNF (P = 0.008). No evidence of an effect difference for bony union. The GRADE certainty of the evidence was rated as low for bone union. No evidence of reporting bias was appreciated. Sensitivity analyses did not significantly alter effect estimates.ConclusionThis systematic review and meta-analysis restricted to evidence derived from RCTs revealed that the quality of evidence is reasonably strong and likely sufficient to conclude: (1) there is likely no clinically important difference between FNF and ORIF up to 12 months post-operatively, as defined by OMS (moderate certainty); (2) surgeons may reasonably expect reduced complications in 14 out of every 100 patients treated with FNF (moderate certainty); (3) there is likely no difference in bony union (low certainty). Future studies should investigate more patient-centered outcomes and if short-term findings are durable over time if these findings apply to lower risk populations.Level of EvidenceSystematic review and meta-analysis of level I evidence