缺血性心肌病的左心室舒张功能障碍和预后

目的探讨缺血性心肌病(ischemiccardiomyopathy,ICM)左心室舒张功能不全与病死率的关系。方法应用多普勒超声测定ICM35例的二尖瓣和肺静脉血流频谱,分析11项参数与正常组进行比较。ICM组再分成非限制型和限制型充盈障碍亚组。对ICM病例进行8个月～5年的观察及死亡病因的调查。结果正常组与ICM组比较,二尖瓣E峰最大峰值(peakvelocityatearlydiastole,MV-E)、E/A比值(E/Aratio)、E峰减速时间(Ewavedecelerationtime,EDT);PV-S峰、D峰、S/DT、S/D比值,EPSS差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。非限制型和限制型充盈障碍亚组比较,左心室射血分数差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),MV、PV指标,EPSS差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。非限制型充盈障碍亚组病死率27%(4/15)。检查至死亡时间(24±8)个月;限制型充盈障碍亚组病死率55%(11/20)。检查至死亡时间(11±8)个月,心力衰竭是死亡主要原因。非限制型充盈障碍亚组与限制型充盈障碍亚组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论左心室舒张功能不全是心力衰竭的一个重要表现。限制性充盈异常与重度收缩功能不全有关,是严重充血性心力衰竭的标志,病死率高。     

Association of diabetes mellitus with myocardial collagen accumulation and relaxation impairment in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy

Aims

To assess the effects of diabetes mellitus (DM) on myocardial collagen accumulation, myocardial relaxation, and prognosis in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM).

Methods

A total of 102 consecutive DCM patients with a New York Heart Association functional class of I or II were enrolled. Patients were allocated to two groups on the basis of the presence (DCM + DM group, n = 30) or absence (DCM − DM group, n = 72) of DM. Cardiac catheterization performed and left ventricular pressure were measured in all patients. The pressure half-time (T_1/2) was determined as an index of myocardial relaxation function. Endomyocardial specimens were subjected to histological analysis.

Results

The T_1/2 was significantly longer (P < 0.001) and the collagen volume fraction was significantly greater (P = 0.018) in the DCM + DM group than in the DCM − DM group. Multivariate analysis showed that DM was significantly associated with increased incidence of cardiac events (hazard ratio, 3.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.05 to 13.16; P = 0.03).

Conclusions

The prognosis of DCM patients with DM was worse than that of those without DM. Impairment of myocardial relaxation, increased myocardial fibrosis, and mitochondrial degeneration associated with DM may underlie this difference.     

Fragmented QRS on electrocardiography as a predictor for diastolic cardiac dysfunction in type 2 diabetes

Aims/IntroductionDiastolic cardiac dysfunction in type 2 diabetes (DD2D) is a critical risk of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. However, there is no established biomarker to detect DD2D. We aimed to investigate the predictive impact of fragmented QRS (fQRS) on electrocardiography on the existence of DD2D.Materials and MethodsWe included in‐hospital patients with type 2 diabetes without heart failure symptoms who were admitted to our institution for glycemic management between November 2017 and April 2021. An fQRS was defined as an additional R′ wave or notching/splitting of the S wave in two contiguous electrocardiography leads. DD2D was diagnosed according to the latest guidelines of the American Society of Echocardiography.ResultsOf 320 participants, 122 patients (38.1%) had fQRS. DD2D was diagnosed in 82 (25.6%). An fQRS was significantly associated with the existence of DD2D (odds ratio 4.37, 95% confidence interval 2.33–8.20; p < 0.0001) adjusted for seven potential confounders. The correlation between DD2D and diabetic microvascular disease was significant only among those with fQRS. Classification and regression tree analysis showed that fQRS was the most relevant optimum split for DD2D.ConclusionsAn fQRS might be a simple and promising predictor of the existence of DD2D. The findings should be validated in a larger‐scale cohort.     

Tei指数评价风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄患者左心室功能

目的运用脉冲型组织多普勒技术(PW-TDI)测算左心室心肌综合指数(Tei指数),评价风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄(MS)患者左心室功能,并探讨其与右心室功能的关系。方法测量30例MS患者及25例健康对照者的常规超声心动图指标,在PW-TDI条件下测算左心室二尖瓣环四个位点(后间隔、侧壁、前壁、下壁)的Tei值及其均值(t-Tei)以及三尖瓣环位点(右心室游离壁)的Tei值,对各组值进行对比分析。结果(1)与正常对照组相比,MS患者左、右心室的Tei值明显增大(P<0.001);左心室二尖瓣环四个位点t、-Tei、右心室三尖瓣环位点的等容舒张时间延长(P<0.001)、射血时间缩短(P<0.01或P<0.05),前壁、下壁及t-Tei等容收缩时间延长(P<0.05);(2)相关性分析表明MS患者左、右心室的Tei指数呈正相关关系(r=0.73,P<0.001)。结论MS患者左心室在收缩功能正常时舒张功能已减退,左、右心室功能状态可能相互影响,重视改善MS患者左心室功能具有重要的临床意义。     

Hypocalcemia is related to left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in patients with chronic kidney disease

BackgroundLeft ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is of a complex nature and is the predominant cause of congestive heart failure in this group of patients. This work aimed to evaluate the potential effect of disturbances in calcium-phosphorus (Ca-P) metabolism in patients with CKD on LV diastolic function as assessed by echocardiography.Materials and methodsThe study group consisted of 81 ambulatory patients with CKD, stages 2–5, with preserved LV systolic function–LV ejection fraction >50% and with sinus rhythm. Standard echocardiography was performed in all patients with tissue Doppler echocardiography for the evaluation of the systolic velocity and both diastolic velocities of LV (EmLV and AmLV). The following laboratory parameters were measured: serum creatinine concentration, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and the levels of urea, P, Ca, parathormone, platelet count, hemoglobin level, and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels. Patients were divided into two groups according to the results of EmLV: group with LV diastolic dysfunction (EmLV < 8 cm/s) DF (+) and group with normal LV diastolic function DF (−), when EmLV was ≥8 cm/s.ResultsPatients in DF (+) group, as compared to DF (−) patients, manifested a lower serum Ca level and an elevated NT-proBNP level [9.03 ± 0.76 mg/dL vs 9.44 ± 0.78 mg/dL, p = 0.02, and 257.9 (32.6–12,633) pg/ml vs 149 (11.7–966) pg/ml, p = 0.035, respectively]. The area under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve of Ca for diastolic dysfunction was 0.627, 95% CI (0.511–0.734), p = 0.04, whereas ROC derived Ca value of ≤9.82 mg/dL was characterized by a sensitivity of 91.8% and specificity of 38.1% for diagnosing LV diastolic dysfunction. The only independent variable predicting LV diastolic dysfunction as measured by a multivariate logistic regression analysis was Ca level ≤ 9.82 mg/dL with odds ratio = 8.81 (95% CI 1.49–51.82), p = 0.014.ConclusionsHypocalcemia is an independent predictive factor for LV diastolic dysfunction in patients with CKD.     

No evidence for systolic or diastolic left ventricular dysfunction at rest in selected patients with long-term type I diabetes mellitus

We assessed left ventricular systolic and diastolic function using pulsed-waved Doppler echocardiography in a selected group of 20 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) (mean age, 35 +/- 8 years; mean diabetes duration, 17 + 7 years). Our patients were free of autonomic neuropathy and major micro- or macrovascular complications and had no evidence of ischemic heart disease or hypertension. The results were compared with those of 20 age- and sex-matched control subjects. We found that left ventricular geometry and mass, systolic function by M-mode and 2D-echocardiography, isovolumetric relaxation time, deceleration time and the PEP/LVET ratio were not significantly different between patients and control subjects. Hemodynamic parameters were also not significantly different except for a slightly higher heart rate in the patient group (75 +/- 11 vs. 68 + 6 bpm, P = 0.019). After correction of A-peak velocities for differences in heart rate, there was no significant difference of Doppler indices of diastolic left ventricular function between patients and control subjects. The absence of significant left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction by Doppler echocardiography in our study patients may be explained by our patient selection. Left ventricular dysfunction in diabetic patients without concomitant hypertensive or ischemic heart disease may only occur in conjunction with microvascular disease in other organ systems, with autonomic neuropathy or with poor metabolic control.     

Evaluation of Tissue Doppler Tei index for global left ventricular function in mice after myocardial infarction: comparison with Pulsed Doppler Tei index.

AIM: The Pulsed Doppler Tei index is a parameter to evaluate combined systolic and diastolic function in humans. However, one major limitation is that the parameters of Pulsed Doppler Tei index cannot be measured within one cardiac cycle. Therefore, accuracy of the Pulsed Doppler Tei index may be affected by anesthesia induced heart rate variation in mice echocardiography. Tissue Doppler Imaging (TDI) enables us to measure both relaxation and contraction velocities simultaneously. Thus, the aim of our study was to validate TDI and Pulsed Doppler Tei index and their reproducibility in mice after experimental anterior myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS AND RESULTS: Pulsed Doppler Tei index and TDI Tei index were assessed before and 4 weeks after MI. Both parameters increased significantly after MI (Pulsed Doppler: 0.4+/-0.04 to 0.7+/-0.03; P<0.001; TDI: 0.2+/-0.03 to 0.5+/-0.04; P<0.0001). In addition, TDI Tei index showed a good correlation with ejection fraction and fractional shortening, and was indicated by better reproducibility than Pulsed Doppler Tei index. CONCLUSION: Tissue Doppler Tei index is appropriate to characterize global left ventricular function in mice after MI.     

Tei指数评价老年2型糖尿病性心肌病变左室功能的临床研究

目的应用Doppler超声心动图检测左室Tei指数指标评价老年2型糖尿病性心肌病变致左心收缩与舒张的整体综合功能的改变。方法受检对象为老年男性95例,其中无糖尿病史正常老年人30例〔年龄(69.9±3.7)岁〕,组Ⅰ为34例无左室二维结构改变的老年2型糖尿病患者〔年龄(69±4)岁〕,组Ⅱ为31例检出左室壁肥厚、左室扩大等二维结构改变的老年2型糖尿病性心肌病变患者〔年龄(71.0±5.3)岁〕。Doppler超声心动图检测指标包括:左室壁厚度、左室内径及射血分数和主动脉瓣口、二尖瓣口Doppler血流速度及相应的时间测量并计算左室Tei指数。结果组Ⅰ、组Ⅱ分别与正常对照组比较:A峰、E峰、E/A值和Tei指数均有显著性差异,均P<0.05。组Ⅱ分别与组Ⅰ、正常对照组比较:左室壁厚度差异均显著(均P<0.05)。结论左室Tei指数是反映老年2型糖尿病左心整体功能改变的较简便、无创、敏感及准确的指标,可为临床老年2型糖尿病性心肌病变的早期诊治及预后提供依据。     

Cardiovascular disorders in patients with diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a disease with multiorgan involvement. Besides retinopathy, nephropathy and peripheral neuropathy induced by microangiopathy, both cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications are significant. Both cardiomyopathy and coronary artery disease are observed in patients with diabetes, and the latter is clinically more important because of its high incidence and seriousness.     

Assessment of the Tei index by tissue Doppler imaging in patients with acromegaly: serum growth hormone level is associated with the Tei index

BACKGROUND: The Tei index reflects both systolic and diastolic ventricular function. The aim of this study was to assess the Tei index by tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) and also to evaluate the correlation with growth hormone (GH) and the Tei index and left ventricular (LV) function assessed by TDI in patients with acromegaly. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 25 patients with acromegaly and 27 control subjects. LV systolic and diastolic function was assessed by conventional echocardiography and TDI. RESULTS: Peak E velocity and E/A ratio were lower in those with acromegaly than in those without (P = 0.01; P = 0.002, respectively). Deceleration time of the mitral E-wave (P = 0.01) and isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) (P = 0.01) were higher in acromegalic patients than those in controls (P = 0.006, P = 0.002). Em (P = 0.01) and Em/Am (P = 0.001) were lower in patients with acromegaly than in controls. In patients with acromegaly, the Tei index was significantly higher than that in controls (0.49 +/- 13.4 vs 0.39 +/- 5.2, P = 0.005). GH was positively correlated with the Tei index (r = 0.65, P = 0.041), Em/Am (r = 0.63, P = 0.021), and interventricular septum (IVS) thickness (r = 0.65, P = 0.008) only in patients with acromegaly. LV diastolic dysfunction was detected 36% by conventional echocardiography and 48% by the Tei index derived from TDI in acromegalic patients. CONCLUSION: TDI analysis of mitral annular velocities is useful to assess LV diastolic dysfunction in patients with acromegaly. GH was positively correlated with the Tei index and LV diastolic dysfunction. The Tei index may be superior to conventional mitral Doppler indices for identification of LV diastolic dysfunction in patients with acromegaly.     

Evaluation of left ventricular diastolic functions in patients with frequent premature ventricular contractions from right ventricular outflow tract

This study was sought to examine the effects of repetitive monomorphic premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) on left ventricular (LV) diastolic function. Thirty-three symptomatic patients (Study group, 10 males, mean age 40 ± 8 years) with normal LV systolic function and repetitive PVCs originating from the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT-PVCs) on 24-h Holter monitoring, and 30 healthy controls (Control group, 9 males, mean age 37 ± 9 years) were enrolled in the study. None of the patients had structural heart disease. Diastolic function was assessed by echocardiographic mitral inflow pattern and tissue Doppler imaging. The study group displayed a lower E/A ratio, longer isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT), and longer E-wave deceleration time (EDT). In the study group 13 patients showed impaired relaxation. While mean values of the systolic velocity (Sa), early diastolic velocity (Ea), and early/late diastolic velocity (Ea/Aa) ratio were significantly lower in the study group, the Aa velocity and E/Ea ratio were significantly higher. Ea velocity was <10 cm/s in 7 study patients. Mitral inflow pattern and Ea velocity was normal in all controls. Significant correlations were found between ventricular premature beats percentage and early to late transmitral flow velocity ratio, EDT, IVRT, Ea velocity, the Ea/Aa ratio, and the E/Ea ratio. In multivariate analysis, total PVC count and age were found to be independent predictors of impaired relaxation. These results suggest that repetitive monomorphic RVOT-PVCs lead to abnormalities of LV diastolic function that may contribute to clinical symptoms in patients with structurally normal hearts.     

Autonomic neuropathy tests correlate with left ventricular mass and cardiac diastolic function in normotensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and without left ventricular hypertrophy

BACKGROUND:

Hypertensive diabetic patients, when compared with essential hypertensive patients, have a higher left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and an impaired cardiac diastolic function (CDF). Autonomic neuropathy (AN) could contribute to this finding.

OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate the relationship between AN tests, and LVMI and CDF in normotensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and without AN symptoms or left ventricular hypertrophy.

METHODS:

In 21 normotensive patients with DM2 (group 1) and 16 control subjects (group 2), LVMI and CDF were evaluated using atrial deceleration time, isovolumic relaxation time, E wave, A wave and E/A wave ratio. AN tests performed included a deep breathing test, Valsalva manoeuvre and lying-to-standing test.

RESULTS:

Groups did not differ in clinical and echocardiographic characteristics. None of the patients in either group presented with left ventricular hypertrophy. In group 1, there were correlations between the deep breathing test and LVMI (r=−0.6; P<0.01) and between the deep breathing test and E/A wave ratio (r=0.4; P<0.05). No correlations were found in the control group.

CONCLUSION:

In DM2 patients, AN tests correlated with LVMI and CDF before left ventricular hypertrophy, hypertension, impaired CDF and diabetic AN symptoms were present. The present study suggests that AN tests could be regularly performed in DM2 patients. Any abnormalities in tests should be followed by a cardiac evaluation.     

高血压病心功能不全Doppler超声图的表现及意义

目的：研究高血压病心功能不全（HD）的Doppler超声表现形式及临床意义。方法：采用2500型多功能超声心动图78例高血压病HD患进行检测。结果：轻度HD组：以E／A（二尖瓣舒张早期最大流速／舒张晚期最大流速）＜1．S／D（肺静脉收缩期最大流速／舒张期最大流速）＞1为多，占74．3％；中度HD组：以1＜E／A＜2．S／D＜1为多，占70．8％；重度HD组：以E／A≥2，S／D＜1为多，占80％。单纯左室舒张功能障碍或左室收缩功能障碍并存时，E／A、S／D比值的变化规律与高血压病不同程度NYHA心功能分级的相似。结论：测定高血压病患的E／A、S／D对于评价其心功能、预后，指导治疗有重要意义。     

Tei指数对系统性硬皮病患者右室功能的诊断价值评估

目的应用脉冲多普勒超声(PW)测定右室Tei指数评价系统性硬皮病(SSc)患者的右室功能,并观察肺动脉高压(PH)对右室Tei指数的影响。方法纳入2009年1月~2010年1月包头医学院第一附属医院SSc患者30例作为观察组,同期纳入正常体检者30例作为对照组,应用PW对所有入组人员进行右室Tei指数测定,即测量三尖瓣口血流频谱A波终末至下一个三尖瓣口血流频谱E波起始的时间(a)和肺动脉血流频谱的起止时间(b),Tei指数=(a-b)/b;应用三尖瓣返流法估测肺动脉收缩压(PASP),并应用Pearson相关分析评价右室Tei指数和PASP的相关性。结果①病例组右室Tei指数显著高于对照组[(0.36±0.13)vs.(0.23±0.08),P0.05];②右室Tei指数与肺动脉收缩压(PASP)呈正相关(r=0.702,P0.001)。结论 SSc患者右室Tei指数显著升高,可作为提示肺动脉高压的重要指标。     

Myocardial performance index (Tei index) does not reflect long-term changes in left ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction

AIMS: To evaluate whether changes in myocardial performance index (MPI or Tei index) were related to changes in other Doppler echocardiographic parameters after acute myocardial infarction, or had any independent prognostic impact in a 2-year observational study. METHODS AND RESULTS: Seventy-one patients with acute myocardial infarction without heart failure were examined at baseline, 3 months, and 2 years. MPI was significantly related to end-diastolic and end-systolic volume indexes, ejection fraction, maximal velocity, and time velocity integral of early mitral filling wave at 3 months and 2 years. MPI did not contribute significantly to the prediction of any changes in the measures of diastolic or systolic function at 3 months or 2 years. Baseline MPI was significantly higher in patients who later developed heart failure(0.55 +/- 0.16)than in other patients(0.43 +/- 0.13, P = 0.006), but had no independent predictive power for the development of heart failure or death relative to end-systolic volume index and deceleration time of early mitral filling wave. CONCLUSION: MPI did not accurately reflect changes in Doppler and two-dimensional echocardiographic measures of diastolic or systolic function during a 2-year follow-up after acute myocardial infarction, and did not have any independent prognostic impact.     

Evolution of cardiac dysfunction in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies and/or antiphospholipid syndrome: A 10-year follow-up study

Objectives

To describe the evolution of valve involvement and myocardial dysfunction over time in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with or without antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) and/or antiphospholipid syndrome (APS).

Methods

From an initial cohort of 150 patients assessed by transthoracic echocardiography 10 years ago, 17 patients with primary APS (PAPS), 23 with SLE-associated APS (SLE/APS), 19 with SLE positive for aPL without APS, and 23 with SLE negative for aPL were re-evaluated in the present echocardiography study.

Results

Valvulopathy was detected in 65% of PAPS and 62% of SLE patients with or without aPL. Disease duration [odds ratio (OR), 1.63; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.13–2.36; p = 0.009 for every 5 years of increase] and presence of SLE/APS (OR, 3.51; 95% CI, 1.27–9.67; p = 0.015) were the only factors associated with the progression of valvular disease in univariate and multivariate analyses. Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction similarly progressed over time, with deceleration time (DT) and isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) being equally prolonged in each of the four groups (p < 0.05). Right ventricular DT was significantly prolonged in each of the three SLE patient groups (p < 0.001), whereas IVRT increased only in SLE/APS patients (p = 0.040).

Conclusions

Among patients with APS and SLE (with or without aPL), SLE/APS and disease duration were independent factors for valvular disease progression in the present 10-year follow-up echocardiography study. Anticoagulation did not arrest valvular disease progression. Ventricular diastolic dysfunction, primarily of the left ventricle, also progressed over the 10-year period.     

非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者心脏舒张功能变化的研究

目的 应用彩色多普勒超声心动图技术研究非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)患者心脏舒张功能的变化.方法 2005年7月～2008年6月间我院120例NAFLD患者和120例配对的健康对照者被纳入本研究.采用B超对患者进行脂肪肝的诊断,应用彩色多普勒超声心动图技术评价心脏的舒张功能,E/A比值用于评价心脏舒张功能.结果 NAFLD患者心脏舒张功能不全(DCD)的发生率为26.7%,显著高于健康对照组的5.0%(χ2=21.136,P=0.001).NAFLD患者E/A比值为1.178±0.32,明显低于健康对照组的1.32±0.20(P=0.001).随着脂肪肝的进展,患者的DCD的发生率逐步升高(χ2=12.97,P=0.01),中度NAFLD患者的E/A比值为1.07±0.33,明显低于轻度的1.30±0.25(F=17.13,P=0.001),明显高于重度NAFLD的0.91±0.31(F=17.13,P=0.001).结论 非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者常见有DCD,且DCD可能与脂肪肝的存在和严重程度关系密切.     

糖尿病肾血流变化的彩色多普勒超声观察

用彩色多普勒血流显象（ＣＤＥＩ）和脉冲多普勒超声心动图（ＰＤＥ）检测２６例肾功能正常的非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病病人及２０例正常人的双侧肾动脉血流，以探讨糖尿病肾病血流动力学改变。糖尿病病人与正常人对照，肾动脉内径增宽（Ｐ〈０．０１），血流量增加（Ｐ〈０．０１），搏动指数及阻力指数降低（Ｐ〈０．０５）。结果表明，糖尿病临床肾病前期呈高灌注、低阻力改变。提示ＣＤＦＩ和ＰＤＥ可为临床异期发现糖尿糖尿病肾病提