Prevention of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after bronchoscopic lung volume reduction with endobronchial valves

IntroductionBronchoscopic lung volume reduction (BLVR) with endobronchial valves (EBVs) has emerged as an important treatment method for patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) are a frequent complication following BLVR with EBV. However, there is no consensus on the prevention of AECOPD.ObjectivesOur study aims to compare the outcomes of different prophylactic measures on the occurrence of AECOPD after BLVR with EBV.MethodsWe conducted a multicenter, retrospective study of patients who underwent BLVR with EBV at six different institutions. Emphasis was directed towards the specific practices aimed at preventing AECOPD: antibiotics, steroids, antibiotics plus steroids, or no prophylaxis. Subgroups were compared, and odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.ResultsA total of 170 patients were reviewed. The rate of AECOPD was 21.2% for the full cohort. Patients who received prophylaxis had a significantly lower rate of AECOPD compared with those who did not (16.7% vs. 46.2%; p = 0.001). The rate was lowest in patients who received antibiotics alone (9.2%). There was no significant difference in the rate of AECOPD between patients who received steroids alone or antibiotics plus steroids, compared with the other subgroups. The OR for AECOPD was 4.3 (95% CI: 1.8–10.4; p = 0.001) for patients not receiving prophylaxis and 3.9 (95% CI: 1.5–10.1; p = 0.004) for prophylaxis other than antibiotics alone.ConclusionsAdministration of antibiotics after BLVR with EBV was associated with a lower rate of AECOPD. This was not observed with the use of steroids or in combination with antibiotics.     

基于经支气管镜肺减容术治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病的临床研究进展

目的综述经支气管镜肺减容术（bronchoscopic lung volume reduction,BI,VR）治疗COPD的最新临床报道和研究进展,为COPD的临床治疗和研究思路提供更多的选择。方法对近20年来国内外发表的相关文献进行整理、分析和归纳。结果BI．VR是根据肺减容术（1ung volume reduction surgery,LVRS）原理,不需行开胸术,利用支气管镜完成肺减容的微创技术。目前常用的方法有支气管封堵法和支气管开窗法。其目的都是获得LVRS益处,而减少手术创伤、风险及长期的康复过程。结论BLVR是一种无须开胸、创伤性小的新治疗方法,在临床上大大降低了潜在的病死率和发病率,展现了巨大的临床应用前景。但由于目前还缺少大规模的随机对照临床试验结果,一些方法还处于动物实验阶段,缺乏临床研究,尚处于起步阶段。     

肺减容术治疗慢性阻塞性肺气肿疗效的临床观察

目的探讨肺减容术(LVRS)对慢性阻塞性肺气肿(COPE)患者的疗效。方法 23例该类患者用直线切缝器切除肺边缘20%～25%弥漫性大泡肺组织,常规用3/0prolene缝线连续往返缝合,必要时3/0prolene缝线加毛毡垫片行褥式缝合。结果本组共23例,采用LVRS治疗,无1例死亡,发生肺泡漏气者等并发症5例(21.7%)。23例中有17例随访,自觉症状均不同程度改善。结论 LVRS对于COPE患者,特别是合并多发性肺大泡患者的近期治疗效果明显,但远期效果仍有待进一步观察。该方法简单易行,易于基层医院推广。     

Chartis系统辅助经支气管镜肺减容术治疗重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并肺气肿1例临床观察

目的介绍Chartis系统辅助的经支气管镜肺减容术(BLVR)的方法及提高对其认识。方法对2011-05-05中国医科大学附属第一医院收治的1例重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并肺气肿患者行Chartis系统辅助的BLVR治疗的诊治过程及短期疗效。结果与治疗前比较,患者Chartis系统辅助的BLVR术后3个月的肺功能和圣乔治呼吸问卷(SGRQ)各指标得到了改善,6MWT中SpO2min略有提高,且出现SpO2min时的步行距离有所提高。术后第4天出现1枚气道瓣膜脱出,经重新植入后恢复良好。结论 Chartis系统辅助的BLVR安全、有效,并发症少。     

信必可治疗稳定期COPD的疗效观察

目的观察吸入信必可[布地奈德/福莫特罗干粉剂（160/4.5μg）]对稳定期Ⅱ~Ⅲ级COPD患者的临床疗效。方法将明确诊断的60例COPD病人随机分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组给予吸入布地奈德/福莫特罗干粉剂;对照组予茶碱缓释片口服;疗程为6个月。治疗前后进行肺功能指标测定。结果治疗前,治疗组和对照组的FEV1/FVC和FEV1/预计值的差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。治疗结束时,治疗组FEV1/FVC和FEV1/预汁值较治疗前均有显著提高（P〈0.05）;对照组FEV1/FVC和FEV1/预计值与治疗前的差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论布地奈德/福莫特罗干粉吸入剂能够改善稳定期Ⅱ~Ⅲ级COPD患者的肺功能和生活质量,降低住院率。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者氧化应激与肺功能的相关性

目的探讨COPD患者氧化应激状态以及对肺功能的影响。方法选择COPD患者88例,行肺功能测定,根据FEV1%及FEV1/FVC分为轻、中、重三组,并对所有入选者抽取静脉血,化学比色法检测血清还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的水平。结果与轻度组比较,中、重度COPD患者SOD、GSH水平明显下降,MDA明显升高(P<0.05、P<0.01)。相关分析显示:MDA与肺功能(FEV1%、FEV1/FVC)呈负相关(P<0.01、P<0.05),SOD、GSH与肺功能呈正相关(P<0.01、P<0.05)。结论 COPD患者体内存在氧化应激失衡,随着氧化/抗氧化功能失衡加重,肺功能下降加剧。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病的肺减容术治疗

肺减容术(lung volume reduction surgery,LVRS)是一种治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronicobstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)的外科方法.临床实验已经证实了LVRS在经过选择的COPD患者中的治疗效果,并且对LVRS的疗效进行了多角度的研究.微创LVRS可减少并发症、降低病死率,可能是现有外科治疗方式的有益补充.     

Advances in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by progressive airflow limitation in the presence of identifiable risk factors. Inflammation is the central pathological feature in the pathogenesis of COPD. In addition to its pulmonary effects, COPD is associated with significant extrapulmonary manifestations, including ischaemic heart disease, osteoporosis, stroke and diabetes. Anxiety and depression are also common. Spirometry remains the gold standard diagnostic tool. Pharmacologic and non‐pharmacologic therapy can improve symptoms, quality of life and exercise capacity and, through their effects on reducing exacerbations, have the potential to modify disease progression. Bronchodilators are the mainstay of pharmacotherapy, with guidelines recommending a stepwise escalating approach. Smoking cessation is paramount in managing COPD, with promotion of physical activity and pulmonary rehabilitation being other key factors in management. Comorbidities should be actively sought and managed in their own right. Given the chronicity and progressive nature of COPD, ongoing monitoring and support with timely discussion of advanced‐care planning and end‐of‐life issues are recommended.     

A new staging strategy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Background:

The best method for expressing lung function impairment is undecided. We tested in a population of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) whether forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV₁) or FEV₁ divided by height squared (FEV₁/ht²) was better than FEV₁ percent predicted (FEV₁PP) for predicting survival.

Method:

FEV₁, FEV₁PP, and FEV₁/ht² recorded post bronchodilator were compared as predictors of survival in 1095 COPD patients followed for 15 years. A staging system for severity of COPD was defined from FEV₁/ht² and compared with the Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) staging system.

Result:

FEV₁/ht² was a better univariate predictor of survival in COPD than FEV₁ and both were better than FEV₁PP. The best multivariate model for predicting survival included FEV₁/ht², age and sex. Comparing the GOLD stages with the FEV₁/ht² groups found that survival was more coherent within each FEV₁/ht group than it was within each GOLD stage. FEV₁/ht² had 60% more people in its most severe group than the severest GOLD stage with these extra subjects having equivalently poor survival and had 155% more in the least severe group with equivalent survival. GOLD staging misclassified 51% of subjects with regard to survival.

Conclusion:

We conclude that GOLD criteria using FEV₁PP do not optimally stage COPD with regard to survival. An alternative strategy using FEV₁/ht² improves the staging of this disease. Studies which stratify COPD patients to determine the effect of interventions such as drug trials, rehabilitation, or management guidelines should consider alternatives to the GOLD classification.     

脉冲振荡法测定在COPD患者中的应用研究

目的探讨脉冲振荡法(IOS)测定在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者中的临床应用。方法选择100例COPD患者(COPD组)和50例健康体检者(对照组),比较二者常规肺功能检测及IOS检测结果,并分析两种方法的相关性。结果与对照组比较,COPD组用力肺活量(FVC),第1s用力呼气容积(FEV1)、第1 s用力呼气容积/用力肺活量百分比(FEV1/FVC%)、FEV1实测值/预计值(FEV1/Pre%)均显著降低(P0.05);COPD组共振频率(Fres)、呼吸总阻抗(Zrs)、5 Hz时呼吸总阻抗(Z5)、5 Hz时电抗(X5)、总气道阻力(R5)、中心气道阻力(R20)、周边气道阻力(R5-R20)、中心阻力(Rc)及周边阻力(Rp)均较对照组显著升高(P0.05);Fres、R5、R20、R5-R20与FEV1、FEV1/FVC%、FEV1/Pre%均呈显著负相关(P0.05)。结论 IOS测定可较好地反映COPD患者气道阻力的变化,联合常规肺功能测定可更好地判断COPD患者的气道堵塞及病情变化,尤其适用于老年患者。     

Effects of yoga training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction

Currently, several studies have assessed the effect of yoga training on the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but these studies involved a wide variation of sample and convey inconclusive results. Hence, the present study was performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the efficacy of yoga training in COPD patients.

Methods

PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were searched for relevant studies. The primary outcomes were forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV₁), FEV₁% predicted (% pred). Secondary outcomes included 6-min walking distance (6 MWD), arterial oxygen tension (PaO₂), and arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO₂). Weighted mean differences (WMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated, and heterogeneity was assessed with the I² test.

Results

Five randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 233 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Yoga training significantly improved FEV₁ (WMD: 123.57 mL, 95% CI: 4.12-243, P=0.04), FEV₁% pred (WMD: 3.90%, 95% CI: 2.27-5.54, P<0.00001), and 6 MWD (WMD: 38.84 m, 95% CI: 15.52-62.16, P=0.001). However, yoga training had no significant effects on PaO₂ (WMD: 1.29 mmHg, 95% CI: –1.21-3.78, P=0.31) and PaCO₂ (WMD: –0.76 mmHg, 95% CI: –2.06-0.53, P=0.25).

Conclusions

The current limited evidence suggested that yoga training has a positive effect on improving lung function and exercise capacity and could be used as an adjunct pulmonary rehabilitation program in COPD patients. However, further studies are needed to substantiate our preliminary findings and to investigate the long-term effects of yoga training.     

Long-term outcomes from bronchoscopic lung volume reduction using a bronchial prosthesis

Background and objective: We evaluated long‐term safety and lung function outcomes in a cohort of patients with severe upper‐zone heterogeneous emphysema who underwent bronchoscopic lung volume reduction (BLVR) performed with the Emphasys one‐way valve. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was undertaken to assess long‐term outcomes in 23 consecutive patients who underwent upper lobe BLVR between July 2001 and November 2003 as part of a first‐in‐humans study. Long‐term follow up (>12 months) was available in 16/23 patients (median duration of follow up 64 months (range 15–90 months)). Both unilateral (n = 4) and bilateral (n = 12) BLVR procedures were performed with a mean of 6 (range 3–11) valves being inserted. Changes in pulmonary function tests were assessed longitudinally following the procedure. Results: 13/16 and 11/16 patients showed post‐procedure improvements in FEV₁ and DL_CO, respectively. However, early improvements in pulmonary function were not sustained with only 6/16 patients still showing improved lung function at the end of follow up. There were no significant improvements in other indices of pulmonary function. Three patients, in the absence of clinical benefit, proceeded to lung transplantation at 15, 16 and 44 months post BLVR. Four patients died during the course of the study at 27, 29, 39 and 50 months post procedure. Conclusions: BLVR with the Emphasys one‐way valve has an acceptable safety profile and in select patients may achieve long‐term sustained improvements in pulmonary function.     

老年COPD病患营养治疗的疗效观察

目的观察营养状况及营养支持治疗对COPD患者治疗及预后的重要性。方法 76例COPD住院患者随机分为营养支持组(A组)和常规对照组(B组),各38例,观察在住院期间临床总有效率,平均住院时间,营养状况,血清尿酸,肺功能变化。结果 A组临床总有效率明显高于B组;平均住院时间A组明显短于B组;营养状况、血清尿酸、肺功能A组明显优于B组。结论在常规治疗的基础上,应用营养支持治疗可以明显改善老年COPD患者营养状况、肺功能,提高临床疗效,减少住院天数。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病与致纤维化型间质性肺疾病患者阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停对比研究

目的探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(OSA)与慢性呼吸系统疾病(CRDs)交互作用可能的病理生理机制,对比评价致纤维化型间质性肺疾病(ILD)和慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者中OSA的发生情况和严重程度。方法选择2015年9月至2018年12月于中日友好医院呼吸与危重症医学科诊断的73例COPD患者和77例致纤维化型ILD患者,进行多导睡眠监测、肺功能检查和其他临床评估。OSA定义为睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)≥5次/h。结果不依赖于年龄、性别、体质指数(BMI)、白日嗜睡程度及并发症情况,致纤维化型ILD患者较COPD患者发生中、重度OSA更为常见(61%vs. 44%, P=0.02),程度更为严重[AHI(22.4±16.5)次/h vs.(16.8±13.2)次/h, P=0.02]。OSA的严重程度(AHI)与COPD和ILD患者的用力肺活量、肺总量及弥散功能无关。结论 OSA常见于慢性呼吸系统疾病患者,与COPD相比,致纤维化型ILD患者的OSA更为常见,程度更为严重;静态肺功能指标与慢性呼吸系统疾病患者OSA的严重程度无关。提示有必要开展ILD疾病特异性的OSA的临床研究及治疗方式探讨。     

COPD合并慢性肺源性心脏病与否的肺功能对比分析

目的 通过对单纯COPD与肺心病患者的肺功能进行对比分析,了解COPD合并肺心病与否时的肺功能改变.方法 对所有入选的COPD患者进行肺功能和心脏超声检查,COPD患者GOLD分级为Ⅱ～Ⅳ级.根据有无肺心病将入选患者分为单纯COPD组和COPD合并肺心病组.单纯COPD组37例;COPD合并肺心病组31例.结果 COPD合并肺心病组DLCO% pred显著低于单纯COPD组(P<0.05);两组间FEV1% pred、FVC% pred、FEV1/FVC、RV% pred、TLC% pred、RV/TLC和共振频率无显著差异(P＞0.05).结论 COPD合并肺心病患者较单纯COPD患者肺弥散功能的损害更为显著.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者夜间缺氧与肺功能损减的关系

目的分析慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者肺功能受损与夜间低氧缺氧的关系。方法对排除了睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的160例稳定期COPD患者进行夜间脉搏氧饱和度监测和肺功能检测。进行年龄及体质量指数匹配后,按COPD肺功能分级将患者分为3组：轻度缺氧、中度缺氧、重度缺氧组。比较各组间夜间缺氧的严重程度。结果各组间在夜间平均血氧饱和度血氧饱和度低于90％时间占总睡眠时间百分比、夜间平均脉搏、每小时脉搏上升6次的次数等方面差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。而且肺活量占预计值百分比、1秒钟用力呼气容积占预计值百分比、残气容积、残气容积与肺总量比值差异亦有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论COPD患者夜问缺氧的严重程度与肺功能受损的程度明显相关,这可能会影响患者的心血管系统。