胫骨干骨折伴同侧后踝骨折的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨胫骨干骨折伴同侧无移位的后踝骨折的损伤机制与防治. 方法 2001年5月至2004年11月,共收治34例胫骨干骨折伴后踝骨折,2例为开放性骨折.手术前摄胫腓骨全长和踝关节x线片,发现或怀疑有后踝骨折者,均予CT检查,术中先予后踝骨折块经皮螺钉固定,再行胫骨髓内钉手术治疗. 结果所有患者平均随访时间11个月.33例患者骨折愈合良好,踝关节功能优良.1例患者术前漏诊,随访时发现后踝骨折,踝关节疼痛功能差. 结论胫骨干合并后踝骨折在临床常见,后踝骨折漏诊是后期踝关节功能障碍的主要原因,术前踝关节CT检查及术中后踝精确固定是防治的关键.     

成人后孟氏骨折与经尺骨近端骨折后脱位的鉴别与治疗

经典孟氏骨折的定义是尺骨骨折伴上尺桡关节脱位,如合并桡骨头后脱位,即肱桡关节后脱位时,称为后孟氏骨折。而对于不伴有上尺桡关节脱位者,不应笼统称为后孟氏骨折,可称为经尺骨近端骨折后脱位。对于伴有上尺桡关节脱位后孟氏骨折,临床相对少见,其冠突骨折通常粉碎,上尺桡关节遭到破坏,环状韧带及骨间膜损伤,治疗时在恢复骨性结构及处理外侧韧带复合体后,还须关注与处理上尺桡关节的稳定,预后疗效不确定。而经尺骨近端骨折后脱位临床相对多见,其冠突骨折块通常完整,环状韧带及骨间膜完好,在治疗上以恢复骨性结构为主,同时处理肘关节外侧韧带复合体,预后效果好。通过解剖基础、影像学特征、损伤特点、治疗方法及预后等方面鉴别和区分后孟氏骨折与经尺骨近端骨折后脱位。     

河北医科大学第三医院956例后踝骨折的流行病学分析

目的探讨后踝骨折特点及其变化,为治疗后踝骨折制订更合理的方案。 方法回顾性分析2009年1月至2014年12月河北医科大学第三医院收治的后踝骨折患者的临床资料,分析患者性别、年龄、骨折部位分布等特点。 结果共收集踝关节骨折4 278例,956例发生后踝骨折,其中男性555例（58.05%）,女性401例（41.95%）,男女比为1.38∶1。骨折高发年龄为20~60岁;≤50岁的患者中,男性明显多于女性;>50岁的患者中,女性明显多于男性;各年龄段性别构成比差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。前三年骨折高发部位为后踝骨折合并外踝骨折（37.7%）,其次为后踝合并内踝骨折（10.2%）和三踝骨折（1.9%%）,后三年骨折高发部位为三踝骨折（26.1%）,其次为后踝合并内踝骨折（7.0%）和后踝合并外踝骨折（4.5%）;两时间段骨折部位构成比差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。致伤原因的前三位分别为扭伤（35.4%）、交通伤（28.1%）和摔伤（23.0%）。 结论后踝关节骨折高发年龄段为20~60岁,男性多于女性;骨折高发部位为后踝骨折合并外踝骨折,后三年三踝骨折人数明显增加,致伤原因以扭伤、交通事故和摔伤为主。     

Acetabular depression fracture accompanying posterior fracture dislocation of the hip

The acetabular depression fracture is defined as a rotated, impacted, osteocartilaginous fragment of the posteromedial acetabulum that occurs in conjunction with a posterior fracture dislocation of the hip. Displacement of this fracture fragment creates incongruity of the posterior acetabular articular surface and the potential for hip joint instability. A retrospective review of hip dislocations over a 3-year period disclosed 75 posterior fracture dislocations of the hip. A total of 71 hips had computerized tomography (CT) scanning after successful closed reduction of the dislocation. Of the 75 dislocations, 58 were treated with open reduction and internal fixation for reproducible posterior subluxation or redislocation upon clinical examination, non-concentric closed reduction, and/or unacceptable articular fracture displacement. The acetabular depression fracture was identified in 17 cases (23%). A total of 16 were found on preoperative CT scans, and one was discovered at the time of open reduction. Preoperatively, each of these injuries demonstrated posterior instability with hip flexion less than 90 degrees. Treatment consisted of disimpaction of the fragment with elevation to the level of the concentrically reduced femoral head. The fragment was stabilized with packed cancellous bone graft obtained from the greater trochanter. The separate posterior lip fragment was then reduced and internally stabilized to ensure reduction of the acetabular depression fragment. We conclude that this variant of the posterior fracture dislocation of the hip occurs in a significant percentage of these injuries. Preoperative recognition of this fracture may correlate with posterior hip instability, and its presence may be an indication for open reduction and internal fixation of the fracture. Long-term studies of this lesion are still needed.     

Kocher-Langenback入路手术治疗髋臼骨折

目的：总结髋臼骨折的手术方法和治疗效果。方法：在26例髋臼骨折病人中,22例采用Kocher-Langenback入路治疗。结果：经12～36个月平均15个月随访,解剖复位20例,复位满意1例,不满意1例,临床效果优良率为95.45%,并发坐骨神经不全性牵拉损伤1例。结论：采用Kocher-Langenback入路手术治疗涉及髋臼后壁或后柱的骨折,可取得满意的骨折复位和临床疗效。     

CT和MRI在胫腓骨螺旋骨折合并后踝隐匿性骨折中的诊断价值

目的 探讨CT、MRI在胫腓骨螺旋骨折合并后踝隐匿性骨折中的诊断价值.方法 对2007年7月至12月收治的39例胫腓骨螺旋骨折合并后踝隐匿性骨折患者的资料进行分析,其中男30例,女9例;平均年龄39.9岁;左侧15例,右侧24例.39例患者术前均行X线、CT和MRI检查,根据结果做出诊断并分别统计上述方法对后踝隐匿性骨折的显示情况. 结果 本组胫腓骨螺旋骨折同时合并后踝骨折30例,胫骨螺旋骨折合并后踝骨折7例,腓骨螺旋骨折合并后踝骨折2例.患者后踝均为斜形裂纹骨折,其中长斜形骨折30例,短斜形骨折9例;后踝骨折轻度分离7例.X线片、CT、MRI对后踝骨折的诊断准确率分别为10.3%、94.9%、100%,假阴性率分别是89.7%、5.1%、0,假阳性率均为0. 结论 CT、MRI可以提高胫腓骨螺旋骨折患者合并后踝隐匿性骨折的诊断率.MRI是显示后踝隐匿性骨折最敏感的检查方法.     

Posterior pelvic ring injury of straddle fractures: Incidence,fixation methods,and clinical outcomes

Straddle fracture, a superior and inferior ramus fracture of both sides, is generally treated conservatively. However, posterior pelvic ring injury is often associated with straddle fracture, leading to unstable pelvic bone fracture that requires surgical treatment. The present study reports the clinical and radiological outcomes of straddle fracture with posterior pelvic ring injury.This study included 73 patients (41 men, 32 women) with a straddle fracture injury. The injury mechanism, injury severity score (ISS), accompanying injuries, presence of posterior pelvic ring injury, and fixation methods for the pelvic fracture were analyzed, and outcomes were evaluated functionally and radiologically.Of the 73 patients, 56 (77%) had a posterior pelvic ring injury and 7 died. In 43 patients, the posterior pelvic ring injuries constituted unstable pelvic injury and were treated surgically. The fixation method was determined based on the severity of the posterior pelvic injury. The patients’ mean ISS was 24.7 points. Radiological evaluation of surgical outcomes in 43 patients revealed the outcomes as anatomic in 20, nearly anatomic in 14, moderate in 5, and poor in 4, whereas functional evaluation revealed the outcomes as excellent in 21, good in 9, fair in 7, and poor in 6.Posterior pelvic ring fracture can accompany straddle fractures, which may lead to pelvic injury instability. Thus, special attention is required for patients with a straddle fracture.     

胫骨下1/3螺旋形骨折合并隐匿性后踝骨折的治疗分析

目的探讨胫骨下1/3螺旋形骨折合并隐匿性后踝骨折的发生原因、受伤机制和治疗方案。方法于2005年2月至2011年6月收治胫骨下1/3螺旋形骨折22例,其中有显性后踝骨折6例。采用胫骨髓内钉固定8例,胫骨下端前侧钢板1例,胫骨前外侧钢板13例;2例腓骨中段骨折采用重建钢板固定,其余腓骨均未固定。结果术中有4例患者在应用前外侧钢板固定最远端时发现隐匿性后踝骨折并移位,1例采用胫骨髓内钉的患者术后1个月复查X线片发现隐匿性后踝骨折伴移位。结论术前没有CT、MRI检查能够确诊后踝骨折类型和大小时,胫骨下端前外侧钢板可作为首选的内固定。     

自制弹簧钢板在髋臼后壁骨折手术中的应用

目的探讨自制弹簧钢板在手术治疗髋臼后壁骨折中的应用及疗效。方法 2013年6月-2017年6月,收治髋臼后壁骨折患者38例。男27例,女11例;年龄28~68岁,平均53岁。致伤原因:交通事故伤18例,高处坠落伤15例,跌倒伤5例。其中,单纯后壁骨折4例,后壁骨折伴髋关节后脱位18例,后壁骨折伴后柱骨折10例,后壁骨折伴横断骨折6例。受伤至入院时间1~4 d,平均2.5 d;受伤至手术时间4~8 d,平均5 d。采用Kocher-Langenbeck入路(35例)和联合髂腹股沟入路(3例)复位骨折后,首先采用弹簧钢板压住固定后壁骨折,然后使用重建钢板压住弹簧钢板固定于后柱。结果术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合。患者均获随访,随访时间12~36个月,平均28个月。发生创伤后坐骨神经损伤5例及术中牵拉致坐骨神经损伤2例,均在术后3个月完全恢复。影像学复查示骨折均愈合,骨折愈合时间10~16周,平均12周。随访期间无内固定物断裂和失效发生;末次随访时发生股骨头坏死2例,创伤性关节炎1例,骨化性肌炎1例。术后12个月根据Harris评分标准评价髋关节功能,获优27例,良5例,可2例,差4例。结论髋臼后壁骨折术中使用弹簧钢板固定后壁骨折块后,再使用重建钢板压住弹簧钢板固定于后柱,具有手术操作简便、固定可靠的优点。     

The posterior fat pad sign in association with occult fracture of the elbow in children.

BACKGROUND: An elevated posterior fat pad visible on a lateral radiograph of a child's elbow following trauma is generally considered to be suggestive of an intracapsular fracture about the elbow. However, in previous studies, the prevalence of fracture in elbows with an elevated posterior fat pad and no other radiographic evidence of fracture has ranged from only 6 percent (two of thirty-one) to 29 percent (nine of thirty-one). We are not aware of any prospective studies, limited to children, on the value of an elevated posterior fat pad as an indicator of an occult fracture about the elbow. While it is common practice to manage children who have radiographic evidence of an elevated posterior fat pad as if they have a fracture, scientific evidence for this approach is lacking. METHODS: Forty-five consecutive children who had an average age of four and a half years, a history of trauma to the elbow, and an elevated posterior fat pad without other radiographic evidence of a fracture were enrolled in the study. At an average of three weeks after the injury, anteroposterior, lateral, and two oblique radiographs were made and evaluated for evidence of fracture-healing. If there was evidence of new-bone formation on any of these four radiographs, it was considered to indicate a fracture of the elbow. RESULTS: Thirty-four (76 percent) of the forty-five patients had evidence of a fracture. Eighteen (53 percent) of the thirty-four had a supracondylar fracture of the humerus; nine (26 percent), a fracture of the proximal part of the ulna; four (12 percent), a fracture of the lateral condyle; and three (9 percent), a fracture of the radial neck. CONCLUSIONS: This prospective study demonstrated that the posterior fat pad sign was predictive of an occult fracture of the elbow following trauma in thirty-four (76 percent) of forty-five children who had no other evidence of fracture on anteroposterior, lateral, and oblique radiographs after the injury. This finding is in contrast to those of previous studies, in which the highest prevalence of fracture in elbows with an elevated posterior fat pad and no other radiographic evidence of fracture was 29 percent (nine of thirty-one elbows). Our results support the practice of managing children who have a history of trauma to the elbow, an elevated posterior fat pad, and no other radiographic evidence of fracture as if they have a nondisplaced fracture about the elbow.     

髋臼骨折并移位的手术治疗

目的 提高对复杂髋臼骨折的治疗水平。方法 总结１９９３年３月～１９９８年５月对５６例有移位髋臼骨折进行手术治疗的经验。按Ｌｅｔｏｕｒｎｅｌ－ｊｕｄｅｔ骨折分型,髋臼后壁骨折７例,后柱骨折６例,前柱骨折４例,横断骨折６例,Ｔ型骨折６例,后柱伴后壁骨折６例,前方伴后方半横形骨折２例,双柱骨折９例。根据不同骨折类型,分别采用Ｋｏｃｈｅｒ－Ｌａｎｇｅｎｂａｃｋ入路、髂腹股沟和、髂骨股骨入路、扩展的髂骨股骨     

髋臼骨折手术并发症分析

目的探讨髋臼骨折手术并发症,提高髋臼骨折手术疗效。方法1998年6月~2006年12月手术治疗髋臼骨折95例,按Letounel-Judet分型,其中后壁骨折22例,后柱骨折8例,前壁骨折5例,前柱骨折6例,横形骨折15例,后柱伴后壁骨折8例,横形伴后壁骨折12例,"T"形骨折5例,前柱伴后半横形骨折3例,双柱骨折11例。根据不同骨折类型,手术分别采用Kocher-Langenbeck(K-L)入路52例,髂腹股沟入路35例,前后联合入路6例,髂股入路2例。对术后患者关节功能和主要并发症进行分析。结果所有病例平均随访26.8(6~48)个月。术后发生创伤性关节炎10例、股骨头坏死7例、异位骨化15例、坐骨神经损伤8例。结论正确选择手术时机、切口入路和内固定植入位置是减少髋臼骨折手术并发症的关键。     

髋臼骨折、髋关节脱位合并坐骨神经损伤的临床分析

目的探讨髋臼骨折、髋关节脱位合并坐骨神经损伤的临床特点及发病机制。方法回顾髋臼骨折、髋关节脱位及髋臼骨折合并髋关节脱位的患者155例(159侧),其中合并坐骨神经损伤35侧。分析髋臼骨折、髋关节脱位的流行病学特点及坐骨神经损伤与髋臼骨折、髋关节脱位分型的关系。结果81.3%的患者为男性,86.5%的患者年龄为20～50岁,83.9%为车祸伤所致。坐骨神经损伤总发病率为22.01%,而在髋臼骨折为17.19%,在单纯髋关节后脱位为12.90%,在髋臼骨折合并髋关节后脱位为36.36%。31侧坐骨神经损伤中48.39%为腓总神经成分损伤,51.61%为腓总神经 胫神经损伤。结论车祸伤是髋臼骨折、髋关节脱位的主要原因,多见于成年男性。坐骨神经损伤主要发生于髋臼后壁、后柱骨折合并髋关节后脱位患者,且腓总神经成分损伤多见。     

Mimics软件重建距骨模型结合踝后内侧入路治疗距骨后突骨折

目的评价术前Mimics软件重建距骨后突骨折三维模型,结合踝后内侧入路治疗距骨后突骨折的优势。方法回顾性分析北京积水潭医院创伤骨科2015年5月至2019年2月采用术前Mimics软件重建距骨后突骨折三维模型结合踝后内侧入路治疗的7例距骨后突骨折患者资料。男5例,女2例;年龄20~70岁,平均39岁。术前常规行CT检查,应用Mimics软件基于CT扫描数据三维重建距骨后突以明确骨折块大小、数量和移位程度,踝后内侧入路切开复位螺钉内固定治疗距骨后突骨折。术后采用美国足踝外科协会(AOFAS)的踝-后足评分系统评估功能恢复情况。结果本组患者手术时间70~105 min,平均87.1 min。术后早期伤口均愈合良好,无神经、肌腱损伤。所有患者术后随访4~24个月,平均12个月。10~16周复查X线片骨折愈合,未发现断钉、骨不连和畸形愈合及创伤性关节炎等并发症发生。末次随访时AOFAS的踝-后足评分为80~98分,平均87分。结论术前CT影像基于Mimics软件重建距骨后突骨折三维模型可精确定位进钉点和进钉方向,用于踝后内侧入路术中有清楚显露、骨折易复位、置钉方便的优势。     

手术治疗移位髋臼骨折31例

目的探讨移位髋臼骨折的手术方法和疗效。方法回顾分析2003年5月至2009年7月在我院治疗的31例移位髋臼骨折,按Letournel分类方法而采用不同手术入路使用重建钢板及螺钉内固定治疗后壁骨折6例,后柱骨折4例,前壁骨折2例,前柱骨折3例,横行骨折6例,横行伴后壁骨折3例,双柱骨折2例,后壁伴后柱骨折3例,T型骨折2例。结果所有病例获3-36个月随访,按美国矫形外科评价髋关节功能的方法进行评价,优20例,良6例,可3例,差2例,优良率为83.8%。结论术前结合X线CT正确判断髋臼骨折类型,选择合适的手术入路,使骨折复位精确,结合重建钢板和螺钉固定,可获得良好的治疗效果。     

胫骨平台后髁骨折的诊断和治疗进展

胫骨平台后髁骨折是指胫骨内外侧平台后1/3区的骨折,与Schatzker、AO等其他临床分型相比,三柱理论在诊断、治疗胫骨平台后髁骨折中应用更为广泛。开放手术治疗中常用的后侧、外侧相关入路以及环形外固定架、球囊扩张等微创治疗方法在学习曲线、术中风险、治疗效果等方面各有利弊,对于最佳术式尚无共识。本文就胫骨平台后髁骨折的诊断、分型、治疗方法等方面做一综述。     

Extension tear-drop fracture of the axis: a surgically treated case

Tear-drop fracture of the axis is an exceptional spinal fracture which generally occurs after high-energy trauma with hyper-extension of the cervical spine. Purely anterior fracture can occur with no real impact on stability. Orthopedic treatment provides good results in this situation. If the fracture is posterior, it continues into the C2-C3 intervertebral disc and the common posterior vertebral ligament, leading to C2C3 instability and possible retrolisthesis of C2 over C3 and neurological involvement. We report a case of tear-drop fracture of C2 with C3 instability without neurological involvement. This patient underwent posterior fixation with C2C3 arthrodesis which provided good quality bone fusion without secondary displacement or clinical aggravation.     

髋臼后壁骨折的手术治疗

目的：探讨髋臼后壁骨折治疗中的有关问题，提高治疗效果，方法：分析13例手术治疗的临床资料，结果：11例早期手术疗效优良，2例陈旧性损伤疗效差，结论：髋臼后壁骨折早期切开复位内固定可获较好疗效，对合并股骨头后脱位同时关节内有游离碎骨者，不宜手法整复脱位，就尽早手术治疗。     

External rotation-lateral view of the ankle in the assessment of the posterior malleolus.

Demonstration of a posterior malleolar fragment on a radiograph of an ankle fracture is important in the diagnosis and evaluation of posterior malleolus fractures. The size and extent of displacement of a posterior malleolar fragment can be evaluated. The diagnosis of non-union of the posterior malleolus is also important because it can lead to failure of reduction of ankle fractures. The authors present a case in which nonunion of the posterior malleolus was diagnosed by an external-rotation lateral view of the ankle. This could not be demonstrated on the AP or the lateral views. Thirteen cadaver feet were then used to study the external-rotation lateral view. A posterior malleolar fracture was created, and the borders of the fracture line were marked with solder wire. The average external rotation angle required to best demonstrate the posterior malleolar fracture was 50 degrees (range, 43 degrees -55 degrees). The actual size of the posterior malleolus fragment was measured and compared to the x-ray measurement. There was a 0.10 correction for the determination of the actual size of the fragment. The unmarked fragment could not be demonstrated on AP and lateral views.     

Morphological analysis and classification of posterior malleolar fractures based on CT scans

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to propose a classification system of posterior malleolar fractures by fracture lines with the use of CT scans, including 3D CT reconstruction, which can better understand morphological characteristics, analyze the mechanism and guide the surgeon to choose the optimal approach and fixation.MethodsPatients with OTA/AO type 44 fractures involving the posterior malleolus and preoperative CT scans were included. We retrospectively analyzed 128 consecutive patients with posterior malleolar fractures from January 2013 to December 2019 at our institution. CT data were loaded into Mimics software (V20.0, Materialize), in which 3D CT reconstruction, morphological analysis and data measurements were made.ResultsBased on the number of fracture lines in 128 consecutive patients, posterior malleolar fractures were classified into three types: type 1 with a single fracture line, type 2 with double fracture lines and type 3 with multiple fracture lines. According to the distribution of the fracture line, type 1 was divided into types 1A, 1B and 1C, and type 2 was divided into types 2A, 2B and 2C. The fracture line from the fibular notch to the posterior rim of the distal tibia was defined as type 1A, and the fracture line to the medial malleolus was defined as type 1B. Type 1C was a small fragment in the posterior rim of the distal tibia. Type 2A was regarded as type 1A with type 1C. It was considered type 2B because another fracture line started from the fracture line of type 1A and extended to the medial malleolus. In type 2C, we could see that the double fracture lines were all from the fibular notch to the posterior rim of the distal tibia and did not cross. Type 3 fractures were comminuted fractures with multiple fracture lines.ConclusionThe morphology of posterior malleolar fractures, involvement of the fibular notch, or the medial malleolus can be obviously assessed by our classification system. We found the relation of the injury mechanism between type 1 and type 2 by comparing the area of the fragment. We have indicated that each type of fracture corresponds to its associated injury mechanism and which surgical approach and fixation can be chosen.