非洛地平/美托洛尔复方贴剂体外透皮特性及皮肤刺激性考察

目的 制备非洛地平/美托洛尔复方透皮贴剂,考察其对离体兔皮的经皮渗透性及对家兔皮肤的刺激性.方法 采用改良的Franz透皮扩散装置,以离体兔皮为渗透屏障,NS-乙醇(6040)为接受液,用HPLC法同时测定经皮渗透液中两药浓度并计算其渗透动力学参数.通过皮肤刺激性试验法考察该贴剂对家兔皮肤的刺激性.结果 非洛地平/美托洛尔复方透皮贴剂中非洛地平和美托洛尔48h内均以零级动力学经兔皮转运,并具一定同步性;该贴剂对家兔皮肤无刺激性.结论 非洛地平/美托洛尔复方透皮贴剂缓释长效特征明显,药物体外经皮渗透性较好且稳定,符合经皮给药系统应对皮肤无刺激性的设计要求.     

格列美脲凝胶骨架控释贴剂的制备及体内外评价

目的研究格列美脲凝胶骨架控释贴剂的药剂学性质及其经大鼠皮肤给药的药代动力学和相对于口服水溶液的生物利用度。方法建立格列美脲体外含量测定的HPLC方法，考察贴剂的体外透皮吸收速率和经皮渗透机制，并进行质量控制和评价；建立高灵敏度的HPLC柱前衍生化方法测定格列美脲血药浓度，研究贴剂经皮给药后在大鼠体内的药代动力学和生物利用度。结果该控释贴剂具零级动力学特征，其含量测定和重量差异检查符合2000年版中国药典规定，稳定性好；贴片给药的血药浓度明显较口服平稳，达峰时间推后，持效时间延长，相对生物利用度为20.3%。结论格列美脲凝胶骨架型贴剂经皮给药后，能使药物的吸收和消除较口服缓慢而持久，具明显的控释特征。     

非洛地平-美托洛尔复方贴剂经不同动物皮肤的药物渗透性

目的制备非洛地平-美托洛尔复方透皮贴剂并研究经不同动物皮肤的体外药物渗透特性。方法采用改良的Franz透皮扩散装置,分别以离体小鼠、大鼠和兔皮肤为渗透屏障,生理盐水-乙醇(60:40)为接受液,用HPLC同时测定经皮渗透液中两药物的浓度,并计算渗透动力学参数。结果贴剂中,非洛地平和美托洛尔48 h内均以零级动力学经不同动物皮肤转运,并具一定同步性,动物皮肤对药物渗透性依次为:小鼠>大鼠>兔。结论非洛地平-美托洛尔复方透皮贴剂缓释长效特征明显,药物体外经皮渗透性稳定,各指标均可满足治疗血药浓度的要求。     

非洛地平-美托洛尔透皮贴剂与缓释片在兔体内药动学及生物利用度比较

目的：研究非洛地平-美托洛尔复方透皮贴剂与两药市售缓释片在兔体内药动学和生物利用度差异。方法：采用三周期随机交叉试验法，6只健康白兔随机分为3组，分别给予复方非洛地平-美托洛尔静脉注射液、透皮贴剂及两药市售缓释片各l片，以气相色谱-电子捕获法分别测定非洛地平和美托洛尔血药浓度，用DAS软件计算药动学参数和生物利用度，通过统计学检验评价不同剂型间差异。结果：透皮贴剂较口服缓释片药物吸收时间显著延长（P〈0.05），达峰时间显著推后（P〈0．05），血药浓度平稳，波动性小，体内作用时间长达2d-3d。贴剂中非洛地平和美托洛尔的生物利用度分别是其口服缓释片的114．30％和192．92％。结论：该贴荆缓释特征明显，达到了预期提高生物利用度、延长药物体内驻留时间、维持平稳血药浓度和方便用药的新剂型设计目的。     

非洛地平-美托洛尔复方经皮贴剂单次给药降压作用研究

目的评价非洛地平-关托洛尔复方经皮贴剂的降压作用。方法研制非洛地平-关托洛尔复方透皮给药系统，并将其应用于高血压大鼠，进行药效学评价。结果单次给药后，3个剂量组对收缩压、舒张压和心率的影响均呈剂量依赖性降低，分别与空白对照组和灌胃给药组比较，均有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论非洛地平-美托洛尔复方透皮贴剂的降压效果确切，降压作用平稳，持续时间长；其降压作用强度和持续时间具有剂量依赖性，降压效果优于非洛地平和美托洛尔的口服给药。     

透皮贴剂渗透性研究进展

与传统注射剂和口服制剂相比，透皮贴剂具有避免首过消除效应、维持稳定的血药浓度以及提高患者的用药依从性等许多优势，其研发和产业化发展近年来受到了广泛的关注，但经皮吸收这一过程的存在使得透皮贴剂的生物利用度难以达到临床要求。因此，如何改善药物的经皮渗透以及如何评价药物的体外渗透成为透皮贴剂开发的关键和难点。本文结合国内外相关文献将现阶段透皮贴剂的促透方法及其机制进行归纳，为开发新的促透方法，提高药物的生物利用度提供思路；同时总结了体外渗透试验主要方法及常用皮肤模型、用于体外渗透分析的成像技术等，为解决目前关于透皮贴剂渗透性存在的诸多问题与挑战，制定更为完善的关于透皮贴剂渗透性的要求和标准提供参考。     

非洛地平和美托洛尔联用大鼠经皮给药的协同降压作用

目的：研究非洛地平和美托洛尔联用经皮给药对自发性高血压大鼠的协同降压作用，为其复方经皮给药系统的研制提供药理学依据。方法：50只自发性高血压大鼠随机分为10组（均为单次给药）：空白对照组，非洛地平-美托洛尔剂量分别为1-10、3—30、9—90mg／kg的复方透皮贴剂治疗组，非洛地平剂量分别为1、3、9mg／kg和美托洛尔剂量分别为10、30、90mg／kg的单方透皮贴剂治疗组。以无创性尾套法测定给药后大鼠的血压和心率，评价两药联用的协同降压作用。结呆：非洛地平和美托洛尔联用经皮给药对收缩压和舒张压的降低作用均显著高于两药各自单用（P〈0．05），对心率有降低作用但显著低于单用美托洛尔（P〈0．05）。单方与复方药物经皮给药对血压及心率的作用强度和持续时间均具有剂量依赖性（P〈0．05）。结论：作用机制不同的非洛地平和美托洛尔联用，协同和互补作用明确，该透皮给药复方制剂可以提高血压控制率、治疗安全性和病人用药依从性。     

不同药物浓度双氯芬酸钠贴剂的体外经皮渗透研究

目的:研究不同药物浓度双氯芬酸钠贴剂的体外经皮渗透行为.方法:不同药物浓度双氯芬酸钠贴剂进行体外经皮渗透试验,用高效液相色谱法测定接收液中双氯芬酸钠含量,以零级、一级、Higuchi动力学方程分别对试验结果进行数据拟合,进而阐明不同载药量对贴剂经皮渗透速率的影响及其透皮规律.结果:双氯芬酸钠贴剂的药物浓度为2.5%时体外经皮渗透过程以Higuchi动力学方程拟合为优,表明贴剂在此浓度下属于骨架溶蚀型释药系统.药物浓度在4.9%~14.67%时,体外经皮渗透均以零级动力方程拟合为优,表明该贴剂此时透过皮肤是一个被动扩散过程,Q-t关系可用Ficks扩散定律来描述.结论:双氯芬酸钠贴剂中药物浓度不仅影响其体外经皮渗透速率,而且决定其释药类型.     

丁螺环酮贴剂透皮吸收的药物动力学研究

目的:研究丁螺环酮透皮贴剂给药的药物动力学及生物利用度。方法:以丁螺环酮片剂为对照,采用HPLC法测定家兔随机交叉使用丁螺环酮贴剂和片剂在相同单剂量给药后的血药浓度,采用3p97软件处理数据,进行药物动力学及生物利用度的研究。结果:与片剂比较,贴剂达峰时间较长,但可维持较长时间平稳的血药浓度,在1.5～8 h内血药浓度保持在34.190±3.382 ng·ml~(-1)左右;贴剂和片剂的AUC_(0→∞)分别为(40.741±108.828)和(102.031±39.570)h·ng·ml~(-1),二者有极显著性盖异(P<0.01),贴剂相对生物利用度是片剂生物利用度的3.96倍。结论:外用贴剂相对口服片剂而言,有较高的生物利用度。     

非洛地平-美托洛尔复方贴剂的透皮吸收促进剂优化

目的：优化复合透皮吸收促进剂，制备非洛地平-美托洛尔复方贴剂，并对其外观、物理特性、体外药物释放和经皮渗透性能进行综合评价。方法：以药物体外释放速率和稳态透皮速率为指标，通过正交设计试验考察桉叶油醇、月桂氮[艹卓]酮和丙二醇体系对贴剂质量的影响，优选最佳复合透皮吸收促进剂构成。结果：优选的透皮吸收促进剂最佳含量分别为桉叶油醇5％、月桂氮[艹卓]酮3％和丙二醇12%，以该促透体系制备的贴剂药物体外释放速率和稳态透皮速率高，外观和理化特性较佳，物理黏性适宜，各指标均达到预期设计要求。结论：桉叶油醇-月桂氮[艹卓]酮-丙二醇（5：3：12）复合体系对非洛地平和关托洛尔的协同促透作用显著，且稳定可靠，是非洛地平关托洛尔复方贴剂的优良透皮吸收促进剂。     

Natural oils as skin permeation enhancers for transdermal delivery of olanzapine: in vitro and in vivo evaluation

The feasibility of development of transdermal delivery system of olanzapine utilizing natural oils as permeation enhancers was investigated. Penetration enhancing potential of corn (maize) oil, groundnut oil and jojoba oil on in vitro permeation of olanzapine across rat skin was studied. The magnitude of flux enhancement factor with corn oil, groundnut oil and jojoba oil was 7.06, 5.31 and 1.9 respectively at 5mg/ml concentration in solvent system. On the basis of in vitro permeation studies, eudragit based matrix type transdermal patches of olanzapine were fabricated using optimized concentrations of natural oils as permeation enhancers. All transdermal patches were found to be uniform with respect to physical characteristics. The interaction studies carried out by comparing the results of ultraviolet, HPLC and FTIR analyses for the pure drug, polymers and mixture of drug and polymers indicated no chemical interaction between the drug and excipients. Corn oil containing unsaturated fatty acids was found to be promising natural permeation enhancer for transdermal delivery of olanzapine with greatest cumulative amount of drug permeated (1010.68 μg/cm2/h) up to 24 h and caused no skin irritation. The fabricated transdermal patches were found to be stable. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of the final optimized matrix patch (T2) were determined after transdermal application to rabbits. The calculated relative bioavailability of TDDS was 113.6 % as compared to oral administration of olanzapine. The therapeutic effectiveness of optimized transdermal system was confirmed by tranquillizing activity in rotarod and grip mice model.     

Transdermal atenolol releasing system: an approach towards its development

A polymer matrix system for transdermal delivery of atenolol was developed for its prolonged and controlled release using different ratios of ethylcellulose and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. These polymeric matrix films were characterized for thickness, tensile strength, moisture content and drug content. They were also studied for in vitro drug release and in vitro drug skin permeation. The drug release from the films was found to be Fickian diffusion type and exhibiting linear relationship between drug release (Q) vs. square root of time (t0.5). The in vitro skin permeation of drug from transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) was evaluated using dermatomed pig skin. The product which shows in vitro drug skin permeation near to 64 mcg/h/ml was selected for in vivo studies. The in vivo studies revealed that Ma EC HPMC 46 is most effective among the other polymeric matrix TDDS. The AUC0-28 with Ma EC HPMC 46 was better than orally administered conventional doses at twelve hours interval (AUC0-28 1587 ng h/ml) as well as no trough and peaks in drug plasma level was recorded with TDDS. Hence, it could be concluded that the designed polymeric matrix TDDS of atenolol could be used successfully for effective and prolonged delivery of atenolol. However, it further demands exploration in clinic, an insight vision towards the development of TDDS for commercial use.     

Transdermal delivery of praziquantel: effects of solvents on permeation across rabbit skin

To explore a new method for the transdermal delivery of praziquantel (PZQ), the effects of solvents on permeation across rabbit skin were investigated. The solubility of PZQ in five different solvents, ethylene glycol monophenyl ether (EGPE), 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl sulfoxide, and oleic acid, were measured with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The determination of the n-octanol/water partition coefficient of PZQ in the five different solutions and assay of serum concentration following PZQ transdermal administration in rabbits were performed using HPLC. The results indicated that the transdermal absorption of the drug was related to the partition coefficient and lipophilic characteristics of the solvent. The optimal solvent for PZQ transdermal delivery was EGPE in our protocol. The solubility of PZQ in EGPE is >400 mg/ml, and the apparent partition coefficient of PZQ in the solution is 0.895 (log P value). After transdermal administration of PZQ in EGPE solution, the bioavailability is 2.85-fold that after oral administration. The serum drug concentration was maintained at 4.0 mug/ml over 4 h, which is sufficient for the treatment of schistosomiasis. At the same time, no apparent side effects were found on the skin. EGPE may thus be a promising vehicle for the transdermal delivery of PZQ in the future.     

Transdermal atenolol releasing system: An approach towards its development

A polymer matrix system for transdermal delivery of atenolol was developed for its prolonged and controlled release using different ratios of ethylcellulose and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. These polymeric matrix films were characterized for thickness, tensile strength, moisture content and drug content. They were also studied for in vitro drug release and in vitro drug skin permeation. The drug release from the films was found to be Fickian diffusion type and exhibiting linear relationship between drug release (Q) vs. square root of time (t^0.5). The in vitro skin permeation of drug from transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) was evaluated using dermatomed pig skin. The product which shows in vitro drug skin permeation near to 64 mcg/h/ml was selected for in vivo studies. The in vivo studies revealed that Ma EC HPMC 46 is most effective among the other polymeric matrix TDDS. The AUC_0–28 with Ma EC HPMC 46 was better than orally administered conventional doses at twelve hours interval (AUC_0–28 1587 ng h/ml) as well as no trough and peaks in drug plasma level was recorded with TDDS. Hence, it could be concluded that the designed polymeric matrix TDDS of atenolol could be used successfully for effective and prolonged delivery of atenolol. However, it further demands exploration in clinic, an insight vision towards the development of TDDS for commercial use.     

Development of drug-in-adhesive transdermal patch for α-asarone and in vivo pharmacokinetics and efficacy evaluation

A transdermal drug delivery system has been reported that can increase the bioavailability, reduce the administration duration, and maintain the concentration of drug in blood. In the present study, drug-in-adhesive transdermal patches of α-asarone using Eudragit E100 as pressure-sensitive adhesives and oleic acid plus isopropyl myristate as penetration co-enhancers were developed. In vitro permeation, in vivo pharmacokinetics in rabbits, and efficacy in asthmatic rats were evaluated. The results showed that co-enhancers could induce a synergistic effect on α-asarone permeability. In vivo study suggested that the patch can keep a relatively certain blood level of drug within 10–30?h in rabbits. Furthermore, the patch with the size of 4?cm² containing drug 3?mg/cm² showed a noticeable treating effect on asthmatic rats which is equivalent to the effect of dexamethasone, while avoiding the side-effect induced by the corticorsteroid. This suggests that the drug-in-adhesive transdermal patch is a promising delivery system containing α-asarone to be used for asthma treatment.     

Development of drug-in-adhesive transdermal patch for α-asarone and in vivo pharmacokinetics and efficacy evaluation

A transdermal drug delivery system has been reported that can increase the bioavailability, reduce the administration duration, and maintain the concentration of drug in blood. In the present study, drug-in-adhesive transdermal patches of α-asarone using Eudragit E100 as pressure-sensitive adhesives and oleic acid plus isopropyl myristate as penetration co-enhancers were developed. In vitro permeation, in vivo pharmacokinetics in rabbits, and efficacy in asthmatic rats were evaluated. The results showed that co-enhancers could induce a synergistic effect on α-asarone permeability. In vivo study suggested that the patch can keep a relatively certain blood level of drug within 10-30?h in rabbits. Furthermore, the patch with the size of 4?cm2 containing drug 3?mg/cm2 showed a noticeable treating effect on asthmatic rats which is equivalent to the effect of dexamethasone, while avoiding the side-effect induced by the corticorsteroid. This suggests that the drug-in-adhesive transdermal patch is a promising delivery system containing α-asarone to be used for asthma treatment.