RP-HPLC法测定5-Fu磁性微球及小鼠各组织中5-Fu的含量

目的:以反相高效液相色谱法测定5-氟尿嘧啶(5-Fu)磁性微球及小鼠各组织中5-Fu的含量,并评价5-Fu磁性微球在小鼠体内的靶向性。方法:15只小鼠尾静脉注射5-Fu及其磁性微球,采用0.5%胃蛋白酶消解磁性微球后经乙酸乙酯2次萃取后以反相高效液相色谱法测定心、肝、肾、脾、肺、脑和肌肉等组织匀浆中5-Fu含量。结果:组织匀浆中5-Fu检测浓度在0.1～25mg·L-1范围内线性关系良好,最低检测浓度为0.1mg·L-1。与注射单一5-Fu对照品比较,小鼠静脉注射5-Fu磁性微球后在肝脏分布明显增加(P<0.05),加入磁性支架和体表磁场的肌肉组织中可见5-Fu分布。结论:本方法适用于测定磁性微球及小鼠各组织中5-Fu的含量;5-Fu磁性微球具有肝靶向性和磁靶向性。     

N-(2-羟丙基)甲基丙烯酰胺聚合物-5-氟尿嘧啶接合物的体外释药规律、体内分布及抗肿瘤活性研究

考察本实验室合成的N-(2-羟丙基)甲基丙烯酰胺［N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide，HPMA］聚合物-5-氟尿嘧啶(5-flurouracil，5-FU)接合物(P-FU)的体外释药、体内分布及抗肿瘤活性。以小鼠血浆为介质，考察P-FU中5-FU的释放规律；以小鼠H22肝癌实体瘤模型(皮下型)为肿瘤模型，考察接合物在荷瘤小鼠体内的分布情况、药代动力学规律及抑瘤活性。结果表明，37 ℃时P-FU在小鼠血浆中具有一定的稳定性，半衰期(t_1/2)为32.4 h。与5-FU相比，P-FU在荷瘤小鼠体内的循环时间明显延长(血浆中t_1/2为原药的166倍)，在肿瘤中的沉积量(AUC为5-FU的3.3倍)及滞留时间(t_1/2为5-FU的2.3倍)均有明显增加。体内药效学研究表明，P-FU组对荷瘤小鼠的肿瘤生长抑制率(69.09%)显著高于5-FU组(56.49%，P<0.05)，瘤块组织病理学观察结果也显示P-FU组小鼠肿瘤组织中细胞凋亡程度大于5-FU组。HPMA聚合物可被用于为5-FU构建一种新型实体瘤高分子给药系统。     

肝靶向氟尿嘧啶类脂纳米粒的研究

目的　为了提高氟尿嘧啶(5-Fu)的疗效,降低其毒副作用,制备具肝靶向的5-Fu类脂纳米粒。方法　利用氟尿嘧啶与硬脂酰氯进行反应,制备了5-Fu前体药物N₁-硬脂酰-5-Fu,通过红外光谱及核磁共振谱对合成的目标化合物进行结构确认。同时研究了前体药物的性质及稳定性。采用物理凝聚法制备类脂纳米粒,并研究其形态、粒径及粒径分布、载药量、体外释药特征、动物体内分布与药代动力学参数等。结果　平均粒径d_av=240.19 nm,载药量为20.53%。体外释药速率符合一级动力学模型。与5-Fu水针剂比较,类脂纳米粒组在肝脏中药物含量平均增加了一倍以上。家兔体内主要药动学参数为：V_c=0.04336 L.kg^-1,T_1/2β=1.2834 h,CL=0.1632 L.h^-1。结论　利用前体药物可提高药物的脂溶性,首次以物理凝聚法制备类脂纳米粒,小鼠体内分布研究表明类脂纳米粒有明显的肝靶向,有一定的优越性和参考价值。     

5-氟尿嘧啶控释植入剂在小鼠肿瘤组织的分布

目的 建立5-氟尿嘧啶(5-Fu)在小鼠肿瘤组织中的分析方法,并用于考察5-Fu控释植入剂在小鼠肿瘤组织的分布.方法 荷瘤小鼠瘤周植入分别由PLGA 50/50和PLGA 75/25为载体制备的5-Fu控释植入剂,RP-HPLC测定小鼠肿瘤组织中的药物浓度.结果 肿瘤组织中5-Fu的线性范围为0.5～15.4 μg·g-1,准确度为97.5％～ 104.0％,提取回收率为81.9％～88.3％,日内RSD均＜2.0％,日间RSD均＜7.6％.以PLGA50/50、PLGA75/25为载体的5-Fu控释植入剂在荷瘤小鼠体内的药动学参数:tmax分别为9、15 d;Cmax分别为3.79、2.83 μg·g-1; AUC分别为41.15、43.50 (μg·g 1)×d.结论 该分析方法可用于5-Fu在肿瘤组织中的分布行为研究,2种载体的5-Fu控释植入剂均能维持小鼠肿瘤组织中较长时间的药物分布,延长药效作用时间.     

川陈皮素纳米乳的理化性质及其在小鼠体内的分布

本文制备了川陈皮素纳米乳(NOB-NE)，考察了纳米乳载药前后的理化特性、稳定性及其在小鼠体内的分布情况。制得的川陈皮素纳米乳的粒径、表观黏度和pH值分别为(15.5±2.9)nm，(3.10±0.33)mPa·s，6.56±0.05，且稳定性好。小鼠各组织中川陈皮素的浓度采用HPLC法进行测定。纳米乳静脉注射给药后，脑和肾中药物浓度增加最为显著(P<0.01)，同时靶向效率增大。结果显示，制得的NOB-NE质量稳定，且可改变药物在小鼠体内的分布，增强了药物的脑和肾靶向性。     

微透析技术结合HPLC法比较研究5-氟尿嘧啶在大鼠血液和肿瘤组织中的药动学

目的比较5-氟尿嘧啶在正常大鼠和荷瘤大鼠血液和肿瘤中的药动学差异。方法采用微透析技术结合高效液相色谱-紫外检测器(HPLC-UV),分析静脉注射5-氟尿嘧啶(30 mg·kg-1)后药物在大鼠血液和肿瘤内的药物浓度,经体内回收率校正后,用DAS2.1.1软件拟合药动学参数并加以比较。结果 5-氟尿嘧啶在大鼠血液和肿瘤组织的药-时曲线符合二室模型(W=1/C/C),其消除和分布为一级动力学过程。在正常大鼠和荷瘤大鼠血液中,5-氟尿嘧啶分布无显著性差异。在荷瘤大鼠肿瘤内,药物半衰期为(2.15±0.96)h,消除显著慢于血液(0.51±0.16)h。结论双位点微透析技术可用于活体动物体内同时采集血液和靶组织中5-氟尿嘧啶样品,分析抗肿瘤药物的靶向性,更加客观表现肿瘤内部药物的分布情况,可用于抗肿瘤药物的局部药动学研究。     

多柔比星壳聚糖聚合物胶束的制备及其在小鼠体内的组织分布

本文制备了多柔比星壳聚糖聚合物胶束(doxorubicin-loaded N-octyl-N′-succinyl chitosan，DOX-OSC)，研究其在小鼠体内的组织分布并进行靶向性评价。采用透析法制备DOX-OSC，以多柔比星注射液(doxorubicin for injection，DOX-INJ)为对照，小鼠分别尾静脉注射5 mg·kg^-1的DOX-OSC和DOX-INJ，HPLC法测定各组织中不同时间的药物量，以各组织药代动力学参数(AUC、MRT)和靶向参数(R_e、C_e、T_e)为靶向评价指标。DOX-OSC载药量为(35.8±0.4)%，包封产率为(75.3±1.1)%，粒径为(174±12)nm，zeta电位为(-37.1±3.0)mV，形态为球形结构。小鼠尾静脉注射DOX-OSC和DOX-INJ后，DOX-OSC表现出较好的长循环及缓释特性。与对照组比较，DOX-OSC具有肝和脾靶向特性及滞留特性，AUC分别提高20.0和47.4倍，MRT分别延长11.2和37.2倍；在心脏和肾脏中药物分布显著降低，AUC分别为对照组的17.0%和11.4%。结果表明DOX-OSC具有优良的载药性能，有利于肝和脾靶向，并能显著降低心脏和肾脏毒性，对于DOX的临床应用具有重要意义。     

氟比洛芬酯微乳注射液大鼠组织分布及靶向性研究

摘 要 目的： 研究自制的氟比洛芬酯（FA）微乳注射液在大鼠体内的组织分布并评价其在手术切口创伤炎症部位靶向性。方法: 建立大鼠手术切口创伤模型,随机分成2组,分别经尾静脉注射氟比洛芬酯微乳和氟比洛芬溶液注射液,在给药后15,30,60,120,240 min处死大鼠,取血清、心、肝、脾、肺、肾、创伤肌肉组织及正常肌肉组织,HPLC法测定样本氟比洛芬浓度。结果:微乳注射液组在体内血液及各组织脏器消除速度较溶液组慢,5个时间点氟比洛芬酯微乳注射液组手术侧创伤肌肉组织中药物浓度均高于非手术侧正常肌肉组织（P<0.05）,而溶液注射液组差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。微乳组药物创伤肌肉组织靶向效率T_e=12.21%,而溶液组T_e=3.97%,微乳注射液对普通溶液注射液创伤肌肉组织相对摄取率R_e=4.15。结论: 氟比洛芬酯微乳注射液静脉注射后在大鼠手术切口创伤炎症部位有靶向性,具有靶向消炎镇痛的作用。     

肝靶向去甲斑蝥素微乳的研究

目的考察去甲斑蝥素(NCTD)微乳的形态、粒径分布及生物安全性，研究去甲斑蝥素微乳及其注射液在小鼠体内的组织分布、药代动力学和体外药效学。方法用气相法测定小鼠体内去甲斑蝥素含量。数据用3P87处理，得到各主要药代动力学参数。采用体外细胞毒性和体内全身急性毒性试验方法，评价去甲斑蝥素微乳的抗肿瘤活性及其生物安全性。结果微乳平均粒径为(44±9) nm。血浆中成分及制剂中辅料不干扰去甲斑蝥素测定。小鼠静脉注射去甲斑蝥素微乳及其去甲斑蝥素注射液后的药-时曲线均符合二室模型。去甲斑蝥素微乳的药代动力学研究表明，在同剂量条件下，NCTD微乳可在体内较长时间保持较高浓度，即可在一定程度上延长体内循环时间；微乳及注射液的AUC，MRT，T_1/2分别为(29.7±0.9)，(9.25±0.09) mg·h·L^-1，(110±11)，(86.7±0.8)，(103±12)，(42±4) h，NCTD微乳改变NCTD注射剂在小鼠体内的药时曲线和血药浓度的高低，其消除T_1/2和MRT比其注射剂分别增加了2.48和1.27倍，AUC增加了3.21倍；NCTD微乳在肝、肾中的靶向指数分别为0.43和0.12。去甲斑蝥素微乳的生物安全性与其市售注射液比较无显著性差异。结论去甲斑蝥素微乳较去甲斑蝥素注射液增强了药物的肝靶向性，降低了肾脏分布，在一定程度上延长药物在小鼠体内的循环时间。     

高三尖杉酯碱在大鼠及小鼠的代谢

本文报告³H-高三尖杉酯碱在正常大鼠、小鼠和荷瘤小鼠体内的吸收、分布和排泄。给大鼠静注后,t_1/2(α)和(β)分别为2.1和53.7分钟。静注后15分钟,以骨髓、肾和肝的放射性最高。荷瘤小鼠体内的放射性分布情况与正常大鼠的趋势相仿。静注后24小时,自大鼠尿排泄剂量的42.2%,在粪中排出6.3%,其中原形药放射性占剂量的15.9%。静注后48小时,自胆汁排泄剂量的57.7%,其中原形药放射性占剂量的20.2%。该碱经肌注也可被迅速吸收入血。     

Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of 5-fluorouracil encapsulated by galactosylceramide liposomes in mice

AIM: To study the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of 5-fluorouracil encapsulated by galactosylceramide liposomes (5-Fu-GCL) in mice. METHODS: The concentration of 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) in serum was detected by high performance liquid chromatography after 5-Fu-GCL (80, 40, 20 mg/kg) and free 5-Fu (40 mg/kg) were injected intravenously into mice. The tissue distribution of 5-Fu-GCL (40 mg/kg) and free 5-Fu (40 mg/kg) was investigated, and concentration-time profile of the two preparations in the liver were studied. Data were analyzed by 3p97 program. RESULTS: Serum concentration-time curves of 5-Fu-GCL and free 5-Fu conformed to one compartment model of first order absorption. 5-Fu-GCL at 80, 40, and 20 mg/kg had T(1/2Ke) of 25.8+/-4.2, 27.3+/-4.4, and 28.2+/-5.6 min; C0 of 24.9+/-4.9, 17.7+/-3.6, and 11.5+/-2.7 mg/L; and AUC of 990.0+/-45.2,622.5+/-38.3, and 340.4+/-25.6 mg x min x L(-1), respectively. In contrast free 5-Fu at 40 kg/mg had T(1/2Ke) of 15.8+/-2.2 min, C0 of 35.8+/-6.2 mg/L, AUC of 639.0+/-35.9 mg x min x L(-1). The tissue distribution of 5-Fu-GCL in the liver and immune organs was significantly increased, while in heart and kidney it was remarkably decreased. The AUC of 5-Fu-GCL in the liver was 3 times higher than that of free 5-Fu. CONCLUSION: The pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of 5-Fu-GCL appears to be linear-related and dose-dependent, and exhibits sustained-release and hepatic target characteristics.     

Pharmacokinetics of CPU0213, a novel endothelin receptor antagonist, after intravenous administration in mice

AIM: To determine the pharmacokinetics associated with acute toxic doses of CPU0213, a novel endothelin receptor antagonist in mice after a single intravenous administration. METHODS: Concentrations in serum and the pharmacokinetic parameters of CPU0213 were assayed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) following a single intravenous bolus of CPU0213 at concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg in mice. The intravenous acute toxicity of CPU0213 was also assessed in mice. RESULTS: A simple, sensitive and selective HPLC method was developed for quantitative determination of CPU0213 in mouse serum. The concentration-time data conform to a 2-compartment model after iv administration of CPU0213 at concentrations of 25, 50, 100 mg/kg. The corresponding distribution half-lives (T1/2 alpha ) were 3.6, 4.2, 1.1 min and the elimination half-lives (T1/2beta) were 39.4, 70.3, 61.9 min. There was a linear increase in C0 proportional to dose, and the same as AUC(0-t) and AUC(0-infinity);. AUC(0-t) and AUC(0-infinity) were 4.511, 13.070, 23.666 g x min x L(-1 ) and 4.596, 13.679, 24.115 g x min x L(-1), respectively. The intravenous LD50 was 315.5 mg/kg. CONCLUSION: First order rate pharmacokinetics were observed for CPU0213 within the range of doses used, and the acute toxicity of CPU0213 is mild.     

溴泰君(W198)在大鼠和比格狗体内的药代动力学

目的研究溴泰君(W198)在大鼠和比格狗的药代动力学。方法采用HPLC紫外检测方法测定大鼠及比格狗注射W198后血清药物浓度。结果大鼠iv W198 10,20和40 mg·kg^-1 3个剂量的T_1/2β分别为6.60,7.36和6.77 h,AUC_0-24h分别为3.797,7.371和15.192 mg·h·L^-1,V_d分别为7.14,4.33和4.13 L·kg^-1,CL分别为2.83,2.60和2.71 L·(kg·h)^-1。大鼠im W198 20 mg·kg^-1后T_1/2β为11.61 h,AUC_0-24h为4.191 mg·h·L^-1,im的生物利用度为56.9%。比格狗iv W198 5 mg·kg^-1,T_1/2β为11.72 h,AUC_0-24h为12.646 mg·h·L^-1,V_d为0.70 L·kg^-1,CL为0.46 L·(kg·h)^-1。W198与人血浆蛋白的结合率平均为78.0%。结论W198 im的T_1/2β比iv的略长,其生物利用度为56.9%。在10～40 mg·kg^-1剂量内的吸收呈现一级动力学特征。     

Lack of an effect of oral iron administration on mycophenolic acid pharmacokinetics in stable renal transplant recipients

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To determine if coadministration of polysaccharide iron complex and slow-release ferrous sulfate alter the absorption of mycophenolic acid (MPA), and to examine the potential influence of dosing relative to mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) administration and the effect of immediate- versus sustained-release iron products on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of MPA. DESIGN: Prospective, open-label, three-phase, crossover, steady-state pharmacokinetic study. SETTING: National Institutes of Health-sponsored General Clinical Research Center at a university medical center. PATIENTS: Twelve adult (mean age 50 yrs) renal transplant recipients who were receiving concomitant iron and MMF maintenance therapy. INTERVENTION: Oral iron therapy was coadministered with MMF on days -6-0, MMF was administered alone on days 1-8 (control phase), then oral iron therapy was administered 2 hours after MMF administration on days 9-16. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Baseline demographics, concurrent drug regimens, and clinical laboratory values were assessed. Blood samples were obtained at baseline and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours after MMF administration on days 0, 8, and 16. The MPA levels were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. We found no significant differences in the dose-standardized area under the concentration-time curve from 0-12 hours (AUC(0-12)) for MPA between the control phase (39.66 +/- 8.70 mg mg x hr/L) and the concomitant ferrous sulfate or dose-separated ferrous sulfate (37.56 +/- 9.95 or 32.84 +/- 8.43 mg x hr/L, respectively, p>0.05) phases. Dose-standardized AUC(0-12) values for MPA did not significantly differ after the concomitant administration of polysaccharide iron complex from that of the control phase (48.46 +/- 9.68 and 43.80 +/- 9.46 mg x hr/L, respectively, p=0.065). However, the AUC(0-12) for MPA significantly increased when polysaccharide iron complex was administered 2 hours after MMF (53.41 +/- 11.75 mg x hr/L, p=0.012). Maximum concentrations and times to reach maximum concentrations remained consistent across all study phases in each arm of the trial (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Multiple doses of iron therapy-slow-release ferrous sulfate, or polysaccharide iron complex-did not significantly reduce systemic exposure to MMF, as measured by using AUC(0-12) values.     

Disposition and tissue distribution of imatinib in a liposome formulation after intravenous bolus dose to mice

Imatinib is an efficacious anticancer drug with a spectrum of potential antitumour applications limited by poor biodistribution at therapeutic concentrations to the tissues of interest. We assess the pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution profile of imatinib in a liposome formulation. Its single dose (6.25 mg x kg(-1)) in a liposome formulation was administered iv to male mice. Imatinib concentration was measured in plasma, spleen, liver, kidney and brain using a HPLC assay. Non-compartmental pharmacokinetic approach was used to assess the disposition parameters. The plasma disposition profile was biphasic with a plateau-like second phase. The AUC(0-->infinity) was 11.24 microg x h x mL(-1), the elimination rate constant (k(el)) was 0.348 h(-1) and the elimination half life (t(1/2)) was 2.0 h. The mean residence time (MRT) was 2.59 h, V(SS) was 1.44 L x kg(-1) and clearance was 0.56 L x h x kg(-1). Liver achieved the highest tissue exposure: CMAX = 18.72 microg x mL(-1); AUC(0-->infinity)= 58.18 microg x h x mL(-1) and longest t(1/2) (4.29 h) and MRT (5.31 h). Kidney and spleen AUC(0-->infinity) were 47.98 microg x h x mL(-1) and 23.46 microg x h x mL(-1), respectively. Half-life was 1.83 h for the kidney and 3.37 h for the spleen. Imatinib penetrated into the brain reaching approximately 1 microg x g(-1). Upon correction by organ blood flow the spleen showed the largest uptake efficiency. Liposomal imatinib presented extensive biodistribution. The drug uptake kinetics showed mechanism differences amongst the tissues. These findings encourage the development of novel imatinib formulations to treat other cancers.     

全反式维甲酸自乳化给药系统的体内外评价

目的研究全反式维甲酸(RA)自乳化释药系统的自乳化能力及在比格犬体内的药代动力学。方法通过测定不同时间粒子的散射光强度来评价自乳化速度，光学显微镜下观察乳化后形成乳剂粒径的大小及分布情况；采用HPLC法测定比格犬血浆药物浓度，与市售胶囊比较，考察RA自乳化制剂体外溶出行为及体内药代动力学。结果体系在10 min内已基本乳化完全，通过光学显微镜观察，乳化后乳剂粒子大多数在3 μm以下。与市售胶囊剂相比：以水为溶出介质，维甲酸自乳化制剂15 min可以溶出80%以上，而市售胶囊溶出不到5%。比格犬体内药代动力学研究结果表明：与市售胶囊剂相比，自乳化制剂达峰时间提前，Tmax=1.25 h,而市售胶囊 Tmax=2 h；AUC0-∞提高了67%。结论自乳化制剂可以显著提高RA的体外溶出及体内吸收。     

细胞色素P450 CYP2C9*3对格列本脲和氯诺昔康中国人体药代动力学的影响

目的研究人体内细胞色素P450 2C9酶突变等位基因CYP2C9*3对格列本脲和氯诺昔康药代动力学的影响。方法采用PCR-RFLP方法对83名无血源关系的受试者进行CYP2C9*3等位基因的筛查，基因型为CYP2C9*1/*3(n=7)和*1/*1(n=11)的受试者分别参加了格列本脲和氯诺昔康的人体药代动力学试验。采用LC/MS/MS法分别测定受试者口服格列本脲(2.5 mg)和氯诺昔康(8 mg)后不同时刻血浆中格列本脲和氯诺昔康的浓度。结果两组受试者口服格列本脲后，CYP2C9*1/*3组AUC_0-∞显著增加，为CYP2C9*1/*1组的1.5倍，CL/F降低了40%；两组受试者口服氯诺昔康后，CYP2C9*1/*3组AUC_0-∞亦显著增加，为CYP2C9*1/*1组的2.2倍，CL/F降低了55%。结论CYP2C9酶的突变等位基因CYP2C9*3对格列本脲和氯诺昔康的药代动力学有显著性影响。     

5-氟尿嘧啶口服微乳的制备及其大鼠肠吸收作用研究

目的:制备5-氟尿嘧啶(5-Fu)口服微乳,并考察其在大鼠肠吸收的作用。方法:以肉豆蔻酸异丙酯为油相、单辛/癸酸甘油酯为乳化剂,借助伪三元相图法对不同5-Fu微乳处方进行评价;用外翻肠囊法制备肠吸收离体模型,考察5-Fu微乳的吸收部位和促吸收效果。结果:选择肉豆蔻酸异丙酯-单辛/癸酸甘油酯-无水乙醇-水(Km=1∶2)体系作为5-Fu微乳的载药体系;与其溶液比较,5-Fu微乳可明显改善药物的肠吸收,小肠中后段是其最佳吸收部位,90min时累积吸收率微乳是溶液的3倍。结论:所制备的5-Fu微乳性质稳定、肠吸收效果良好。