口外前牵引联合颏兜矫治AngleⅢ骨性反牙8例报告

目的总结应用口外前牵引联合颏兜矫治混合牙列期和恒牙早期安氏III类骨性反牙合的效果.方法7-12岁安氏Ⅲ类骨性的反牙合8例,用口外前牵引联合颏兜矫治.结果 上颌骨与上牙弓均有前移,上颌长度增加,A点前移,上切牙唇倾度减小;下切牙舌侧倾斜;上下颌骨矢状关系逐渐趋向正常,凹面型得到改善.结论口外前牵引联合颏兜是矫治混合牙列期和恒牙早期安氏III类骨性反牙的有效方法.     

Treatment effect of combined maxillary protraction and chincap appliance in severe skeletal Class III cases

The present study was designed to evaluate the true treatment effects of the maxillary protracting appliance with chincap for skeletal Class III cases and to evaluate the difference of true treatment effects between the cases in which the maxilla was protracted from the first molars and the cases protracted from the first premolars. Cephalograms of 63 cases (the first molar protraction group--27 cases protracted from the first molars, the first premolar protraction group--36 cases protracted from the first premolars) treated with the combined maxillary protraction and chincap appliance were used. Template analysis was performed to evaluate the estimated treatment effects without growth change. Forward movement of the maxilla and backward rotation of the mandible were characteristic features of the estimated treatment effects in 63 cases. In comparing the two groups, the maxilla was displaced more anteriorly and rotated more upward and forward in the first molar protraction group. Therefore, the intraoral site of protraction should be selected by considering vertical dimensions of skeletal and dental structures, and the amount of forward displacement of the maxilla required in the treatment of the individual patient.     

Effects of treatment with a combined maxillary protraction and chincap appliance in skeletal Class III patients with different vertical skeletal morphologies

Several cephalometric studies and case reports have described the effects of treatment with a maxillary protraction appliance (MPA) and chincap appliance. The purpose of this investigation was to identify differences in the response to treatment with a combined MPA and chincap in skeletal Class III patients with different vertical skeletal morphologies: short- (low mandibular plane angle) and long- (high mandibular plane angle) face types. The cephalograms used in this study were of 42 Japanese girls at the beginning of treatment (T0, mean age 10.1 years) and at removal of the appliance (T1, mean age 11.5 years). The subjects were divided into two groups (short and long face) according to the inclination of the mandibular plane at T0. Total anterior face height, upper and lower face height, occlusal plane, and gonial angle were significantly larger in the long-face group at T0. In both groups, significant increases in SNA, maxillary size (A'-Ptm'), and ANB were noted during treatment. Compared with the long-face group, the short-face group showed greater forward displacement and size increment of the maxillary body, while there were no significant differences in changes in mandibular size or position between the two groups. These results indicate that the vertical dimensions of the craniofacial skeleton are important factors in the orthopaedic effects of a MPA and chincap and the prognosis for skeletal Class III patients.     

Prediction of post-treatment outcome after combined treatment with maxillary protraction and chincap appliances

The aims of this study were to identify differences in the initial skeletal morphology between successful and unsuccessful groups and to establish a novel method for predicting the final outcome of treatment with a maxillary protraction appliance (MPA) and chincap. The cephalograms used in this study were taken from 32 Japanese girls (mean age 10.2 years) with a Class III malocclusion at the beginning of treatment with an MPA and chincap (T1), at removal of the appliance (T2), and during the final post-treatment period (T3). The subjects were divided into two groups according to the treatment outcome at T3. Lower face height (ANS-Me), total face height (N-Me), ratio of face height (ANS-Me/N-ANS), maxillary position, mandibular plane and gonial angle at T1 were all significantly larger in the unsuccessful group, compared with the successful group. Discriminant analysis indicated that lower face height and gonial angle were significant determinants for distinguishing between the two groups at T1. From T1 to T2, while the anterior displacement of the maxilla was almost the same in the two groups, SNB decreased by 1.6 degrees in the successful group and 0.4 degrees in the unsuccessful group. After orthopaedic treatment, a second phase of treatment with a multibracket system was performed (T2 to T3). From T2 to T3, SNA increased by 0.4 degrees in the successful group and decreased by 0.7 degrees in the unsuccessful group. These results indicate that the vertical dimensions of the craniofacial skeleton are important for predicting the prognosis of skeletal Class III patients treated with a MPA and chincap and that the discriminant formula established in this study is effective in predicting the final treatment outcome.     

Corticotomy-assisted maxillary protraction with skeletal anchorage and Class III elastics

Objective:To analyze the treatment effects of corticotomy-assisted maxillary protraction with skeletal anchorage and Class III elastics in patients with Class III malocclusions.Materials and Methods:The study group consisted of 19 patients with a mean age of 13.12 ± 1.28 years. Initially, patients were monitored for 5 months before treatment to evaluate growth changes. Changes during control, protraction and fixed orthodontic treatment periods were compared with the cephalometric radiographs taken initially, before protraction, after protraction, and after fixed orthodontic treatment. Treatment outcomes also were compared with the growth effects.Results:Sagittal measurements of maxilla showed significant improvements (3.59 ± 1.32 mm) during the protraction period (3.85 ± 1.12 months) whereas no significant changes were seen during the control period. Upper and lower incisor inclinations were increased, and the upper occlusal plane angle showed significant counterclockwise rotation during protraction. Significant soft-tissue changes also reflected the underlying skeletal changes. Maxillary advancement was stable during fixed orthodontic treatment.Conclusion:Compared with control period of the patients, this protocol produced significant improvements in skeletal and soft-tissue structures.     

上颌前牵引对骨性Ⅲ类错(牙合)患者上气道形态的影响

目的:评价上颌前牵引矫治对骨性Ⅲ类错(牙合)患者上气道形态的影响,探讨颅颌面结构改变与上气道形态改变的关系.方法:上颌矢状向发育不足的骨性Ⅲ类错(牙合)患者22例.根据矫治前X线头颅定位侧位片上颈椎发育程度判断,均为生长发育期患者.进行上颌前牵引治疗.采用SAS8.2软件包.对治疗前、后X线头颅侧位片上的数据进行配对t检验,以评价前牵引疗效,以单因素相关分析评价上气道间隙变化与颅颌面形态改变之间的关系.结果:矫治后患者的鼻咽(PNS-ad1,PNS-ad2)及腭咽(PSP-SPPW,P-MPW)气道间隙显著增大(P<0.01),舌咽气道间隙(Tb-TPPW)显著减小(P<0.05),喉咽气道间隙(V-LPW)无显著变化(P>0.05).PNS-Ba的改变分别与PNS-ad1、PNS-ad2以及V-LPW的改变存在相关性(P<0.05);Hy-H1的改变分别与P-MPW、V-LPW的改变存在相关性(P<0.05);Hy-H0的改变与V-LPW的改变存在相关性(P<0.05),其余颅颌面形态结构的改变与上气道间隙的改变无显著相关性(P>0.05).结论:上颌前牵引对上气道间隙有一定影响,且颅颌面结构改变与上气道形态改变之间存在一定联系.     

Maxillary protraction and chincap appliance treatment effects and long-term changes in skeletal class III patients

The purpose of this study was to investigate the orthopedic effects of combined maxillary protraction appliance (MPA) and chincap therapy on growing Japanese girls and the posttreatment changes after growth is complete. To estimate the actual effects of treatment and posttreatment changes, we used a series of templates that had been constructed from semilongitudinal data of Japanese girls with normal occlusion. During treatment, forward movement of the maxilla with counterclockwise rotation, and backward and downward movement of the mandible with clockwise rotation and growth retardation were observed. The forward movement of the maxilla persisted until growth was complete. During the posttreatment period, the mandible maintained its improved position but showed excessive growth, which could be a rebound change. These results indicate that combined MPA and chincap treatment is effective for correcting skeletal Class III malocclusion.     

前方牵引对早期前牙反(牙合)患者软组织侧貌的影响

目的:探讨前方牵引矫治对早期前牙反软组织侧貌的影响。方法:选择前牙反伴有颜面形态异常(审美线明显异常)的儿童60人,男27人,女33人,年龄范围8～11岁,平均年龄9.3岁,将样本随机分为对照组和前方牵引治疗组,观察及治疗周期为11～13个月,平均12.1个月。治疗前后分别拍摄头颅侧位X线片,进行头影测量分析,统计学分析采用配对t检验。结果:治疗组矫治后的面突角、全面突角、下唇基角及鼻唇角明显减小,上下唇基角明显增大,上唇突点到审美线距离明显改善,与对照组间的差异均呈高度显著性,而上唇基角及下唇突点到审美线的距离治疗前后无明显变化。结论:前方牵引矫治后面部软组织侧貌明显改善,凹面型变为直面型或者接近正常面型,鼻、上唇、下唇以及颏部四者间的关系趋于协调,唇部曲线变得平缓、协调。     

The early management of Class III malocclusions using protraction headgear

Class III malocclusions affect approximately 3% of Caucasians. Treatment options include; growth modification, dental camouflage and, once growth has ceased, orthognathic surgery. Originally, Class III malocclusions were thought to arise primarily from an overdevelopment of the mandible, but it is now known that maxillary retrusion contributes in up to 60% of cases. Maxillary retrusion is best treated with a combination of protraction headgear and rapid maxillary expansion, preferably before the age of 9 years. This article provides an overview of the management of skeletal Class III cases using protraction headgear with particular guidance for the general dental practitioner on when and how to treat.     

上下颌活动／固定矫治器适配矫治严重Ⅲ类骨性反牙台

目的临床研究上下颌活动／固定矫治器的适配矫治生长发育期严重的Ⅲ类骨性反殆。方法共16名10～14岁以上颌后缩为主要表现的Ⅲ类骨性反殆患者，分为两组，一组佩戴上颌活动殆垫式的前牵矫治器的患者，下颌用固定矫治器；另一组上颌应用支架式快速扩弓加前牵的患者，下颌采用附有拉钩和殆垫的活动矫治器，每位患者均在治疗前和治疗后拍摄头颅侧位定位片和全口曲面断层片。结果16名患者经过治疗，不论从外形侧貌还是口内咬殆关系均基本达到正常。Ⅲ类咬合关系达到Ⅰ类咬合关系。SNA，ANB，1—1，IMPA和覆盖关系治疗前后差异显著，而SND，FMA，FMIA和覆胎治疗前后无显著差异性。结论上下颌活动／固定矫治器的适配，既能？肖除咬合干扰又能连续实施上颌骨矫形治疗，是一种临床有效的矫治骨性Ⅲ类反殆的好方法。     

前方牵引治疗替牙期骨性Ⅲ类错的牙颌结构变化研究

目的:观察前方牵引在替牙期骨性Ⅲ类错牙合的应用及治疗前后的牙颌结构变化。方法:选择替牙期骨性Ⅲ类错牙合患者9名,应用前方牵引矫治前牙反牙合,正畸前后进行头影测量分析。统计学分析采用配对t检验。结果:SNA角增大4.2°,ANB角增加5.4°,NA-PA增加5.0°,A-VL增加6.1mm,SNB角减少1.2°,B-VL减少0.2mm,1-SN增加6.2°。结论:前方牵引可有效促进上颌骨向前生长,抑制下颌骨生长,同时可导致下颌骨向下向后旋转,上前牙唇倾,下切牙轻度舌倾。     

骨种植钉前牵引对骨性Ⅲ类错患者软硬组织侧貌的影响

目的研究采用骨种植钉前牵引对骨性Ⅲ类错患者软、硬组织侧貌的改变。方法选取18例需行前牵引矫治的生长发育期骨性Ⅲ类错患者,采用双侧上颌颧牙槽嵴植入骨种植钉配合面框式前牵引,平均治疗时间为9个月,力值为（3.5±0.1）N。治疗前后头影测量采用Legan&Burstone软组织分析法以及相关硬组织测量,分析比较患者治疗前后软、硬组织变化情况。结果所有患者Ⅲ类错均得到改善,鼻底趋于丰满,颏部顺时针旋转,侧貌由凹面型变为直面型,下唇突度减小,软组织上下面高比、鼻唇角、上唇突度及颏唇沟深度无明显变化。上前牙无明显变化,下前牙舌倾,上颌骨向前生长,A点前移,SNA、ANB增大;SNB减小,下颌骨顺时针旋转。结论骨种植钉前牵引可促进上颌生长,使面中份丰满,且对上颌前牙轴倾度无影响,从而纠正骨性Ⅲ类错。     

Combined rapid maxillary expansion and protraction facemask in the treatment of class III malocclusions in growing children: A prospective long-term study

A prospective study of 28 growing children (mean age of 8 years 3 months) with Class III malocclusions was consecutively treated using rapid maxillary expansion and maxillary protraction. All patients were treated from a negative overjet to a positive overjet and from a Class III dental malocclusion to a Class I dental relationship. For each patient, a lateral cephalogram was taken before treatment (T1), immediately posttreatment (T2), and after an observation period (T3) averaging 2 years 5 months. Using analysis of variance, the cephalograms were analyzed to determine skeletal and dental changes resulting from treatment. Long-term changes (2 years 5 month observation period) were also evaluated. Results showed that immediately posttreatment, the maxilla moved anteriorly a mean of 1.54 mm and Sella-Nasion-A point increased 0.87°. The maxillary teeth moved anteriorly 2.73 mm and proclined 5.23°, while the mandible rotated in a downward and backward direction. Long-term, the anterior position of the maxilla was maintained, but some of the Class III correction was lost because of mandibular growth. Comparison of this study's results to Riolo's longitudinal Class I data showed that, overall, rapid palatal expansion and maxillary protraction produced a small orthopedic effect with a moderate dentoalveolar effect which together contributed to the correction of the Class III malocclusion.     

The orthopedic treatment of skeletal class III malocclusion with maxillary protraction therapy]

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the changes of skeletal anterior crossbite in early-stage after maxillary expansion and protraction therapy. METHODS: 40 chinese children with skeletal anterior crossbite were divided into two groups: the control group received no orthodontic treatment and the experimental group received maxillary expansion and protraction. The cephalometric analysis was used to evaluate the changes in both groups. RESULTS: In the experimental group, A point moved forward 3.5 mm (-1.75 mm in the control group). SNB, SNPg decreased and ANB, NP-PA increased. Protraction therapy to treat skeletal anterior crossbite in the middle and late stage of mixed dentition could influence craniofacial growth and development, such as accelerating forward growth of the maxilla, making mandible downward growth. CONCLUSIONS: Protraction therapy can achieve successful result in treatment of skeletal anterior crossbite in middle and late mixed dentition.     

Morphometric analysis of treatment effects of bone-anchored maxillary protraction in growing Class III patients

The aim of the present morphometric investigation was to evaluate the effects of bone-anchored maxillary protraction (BAMP) in the treatment of growing patients with Class III malocclusion. The shape and size changes in the craniofacial configuration of a sample of 26 children with Class III malocclusions consecutively treated with the BAMP protocol were compared with a matched sample of 15 children with untreated Class III malocclusions. All subjects in the two groups were at a prepubertal stage of skeletal development at time of first observation. Average duration of treatment was 14 months. Significant treatment-induced modifications involved both the maxilla and the mandible. The most evident deformation consisted of marked forward displacement of the maxillary complex with more moderate favourable effects in the mandible. Deformations in the vertical dimension were not detected. The significant deformations were associated with significant differences in size in the group treated with the BAMP protocol.     

Skull thickness in patients with skeletal Class II and Class III malocclusions

Authors – Arntsen T, Kjær I, Sonnesen L Objectives – To measure skull thickness in a group of subjects with skeletal Class II and a group with skeletal Class III malocclusion and compare these results with a group with Class I occlusion. Setting and Sample Population – Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Copenhagen. The Class II group comprised 25 females aged 17–42 (mean 26.0). The Class III group comprised 53 patients, 29 females aged 17–39 (mean 24.2) and 24 males aged 17–38 (mean 22.6). The control group comprised 39 subjects, 19 females and 20 males, aged 22–30, with a neutral occlusion and normal vertical and sagittal jaw relationship. Material and Methods – The thickness of the frontal, parietal and occipital bones was measured on lateral radiographs of patients with skeletal Class II and Class III and compared with the control group. Method error ranged from 0.30 to 0.60 mm and reliability coefficients from 0.79 to 0.97. Unpaired t‐tests were used for evaluating differences in thickness. Results – Females with skeletal Class II malocclusion had a significantly thinner occipital bone and thicker frontal bones than the control females. Skull thickness in Class III malocclusion was comparable to the control group. Conclusion – The most important outcome of this study was reduced skull thickness in the occipital area and thickening of the frontal bone in females with skeletal Class II malocclusion compared with females with Class I. Deviations in the theca cranii are thus associated with skeletal Class II malocclusions.     

骨性Ⅲ类畸形上颌前方牵引治疗的三维测量分析

目的： 通过锥形束CT（cone-beam computed tomography, CBCT）研究骨性Ⅲ类错颌畸形患者上颌前方牵引治疗前后的变化,从三维方向上探讨上颌前方牵引治疗的机制。方法：选取14例恒牙列早期骨性Ⅲ类错颌畸形患者,男6例,女8例,年龄10~12岁,平均10.9岁,采用上颌前方牵引治疗。牵引治疗前、后,进行CBCT三维扫描,采用Dolphin 11.0对骨组织及牙进行三维重建、建立三维坐标体系,选择23个标志点进行测量、分析。测量结果使用SPSS 17.0软件包进行统计学分析。结果：上颌前方牵引后,A-冠状面的距离、SNA、ANB均显著增大 (P<0.01);A-水平面的距离显著增大 (P<0.05),ANS-PNS增大,有显著差异 (P<0.05),上颌骨向前、向下生长。Po-S-N显著增大(P<0.01),SNB显著减小 (P<0.05),提示颏部向下、向后旋转,下颌生长得到抑制。U1j-冠状面的距离显著增大(P<0.01),提示上切牙前移;U1牙长轴-SN交角显著增大 (P<0.05),提示上切牙唇倾。U6j-水平面的距离、U6j-冠状面的距离均显著增大（P<0.05）,提示上颌磨牙近中移动、伸长。额颌缝等4条骨缝三维方向上均有变化,但无显著差异（P>0.05）。结论：上颌前方牵引后,经CBCT三维测量,证实翼腭缝等骨缝的生长改建在上颌骨生长过程中发挥了重要作用,上颌骨及上颌牙明显向前、向下生长;下颌骨生长得到抑制。