上腔静脉综合征的诊断与外科治疗(附27例报告)

目的　总结上腔静脉综合征(superiorvenacanasyndrome ,SVCS)的外科诊治经验,提高手术成功率。方法　2 7例SVCS患者,13例在腔内转流下,采用自体心包补片加宽上腔静脉;5例在腔外转流下,采用自体心包成形血管,间置上腔静脉;3例采用人造血管置换上腔静脉;2例行人造血管转流;4例在阻断带完全阻断上腔静脉下行上腔静脉成形。结果　术后患者均恢复顺利,解除上腔静脉回流受阻满意,平均上腔静脉压由术前的2 3 .4cmH2 O降至术后的9.6cmH2 O。凡良性疾病引起的上腔静脉阻塞均得到根治,恶性肿瘤所致上腔静脉阻塞手术后改善了患者生存质量。结论　任何疾病所致上腔静脉阻塞,选择性采取手术治疗是必要的。自体心包替代上腔静脉组织相容性强,不易形成血栓及退变,在腔内或腔外转流下进行手术,可有效预防脑组织损害。     

肺癌合并上腔静脉综合征的外科治疗

目的报告肺切除合并全上腔静脉切除人造血管置换术治疗肺癌伴上腔静脉综合征患者的结果。方法１９９４年９月～１９９６年１１月，行肺切除合并全上腔静脉切除，人造血管置换重建术，治疗侵及上腔静脉的Ⅲｂ期肺癌３例。其中支气管、肺动脉袖状成型右上叶切除２例，右全肺切除１例。结果本组无手术死亡和严重手术并发症；术后无癌存活超过２８月１例，９月１例，２月１例。结论肺切除合并全上腔静脉切除、人造血管置换重建术，治疗肺癌合并上腔静脉综合征，能明显延长这类患者的近期和长期生存时间。     

肺癌累及上腔静脉的外科治疗

目的分析探讨肺癌累及上腔静脉行手术切除的可行性及价值。方法回顾性分析1988年3月—2005年4月的31例肺癌累及上腔静脉手术治疗患者的临床资料,其中鳞癌17例、腺癌8例、小细胞未分化癌6例;N0．1期12例,N2期19例;T4期22例,T2．3期9例。采用上腔静脉切除人工血管置换（18例）,侧壁切除自体心包片修补（8例）、直接缝合（5例）的方法处理切除后的上腔静脉,统计围手术期并发症及长期生存率,分析生存及预后情况。结果18例上腔静脉置换者中,上腔静脉阻断者17例,阻断时间8～35min;13例上腔静脉部分切除修补者,9例阻断上腔静脉,阻断时间3～15min。无手术死亡,术后并发症发生率为48％（15／31）。术后随访28例,时间3～130个月,总的中位生存期为31个月,1,3和5年生存率分别为61％,33％和21％,其中N1．1期、N2期患者的中位生存期分别为42和13个月（x^2=14．3,P=0．000）;病理类型及手术方式对预后无影响;术前及术中化学治疗（化疗）的患者预后好于术前及术中未化疗者,中位生存期分别为39和14个月（x^2=5．0,P=0．025）。结论肺癌累及上腔静脉进行手术治疗可行,无纵隔淋巴结转移者预后较好,应尽可能手术治疗;术前或术中化疗值得推荐。     

恶性肿瘤所致上腔静脉压迫综合征的介入治疗

目的 探讨采用介入方法治疗恶性肿瘤所致上腔静脉阻塞综合征的疗效及临床意义.方法 13例恶性肿瘤所致上腔静脉阻塞综合征患者中,肺癌伴纵隔淋巴结转移8例,食管癌纵隔淋巴结转移2例,纵隔恶性肿瘤2例,乳腺癌纵隔淋巴结转移1例,均经原发灶病理证实为恶性.经右侧股静脉入路,以猪尾巴导管于狭窄段近端或远端造影,明确狭窄部位、长度、程度,无局部血栓形成者直接置入Wallstent支架(Boston Scientific,USA),1例同时置入Z形支架(COOK,USA),合并血栓病例留置溶栓导管局部溶栓后再置入支架.结果 13例全部开通成功,手术成功率100%,狭窄段平均长度4.3 cm(3～6 cm).1例置入2枚支架,其余患者均置入1枚支架.6例在支架置入前行溶栓治疗.开通前后梗阻远侧卧位测静脉压,术前(26.2±1.6) cm H2O,术后降至(4.3±0.8) cm H2O,置入支架后造影示侧支静脉完全消失,上腔静脉阻塞症状于术后即刻至术后3 d完全消退.8例术后4～10个月内死于肿瘤多处转移造成脏器功能衰竭,其余5例(包括后续治疗的3例)存活,随访8～26个月,中位数13个月,所有病例上腔静脉阻塞症状未再复发.结论 上腔静脉支架置入部分联合导管局部溶栓治疗是恶性肿瘤所致上腔静脉阻塞综合征有效的微创治疗方法.     

35例肺癌累及上腔静脉患者的外科治疗

目的探讨肺癌累及上腔静脉行手术治疗的策略及技巧,以提高手术疗效,延长患者的生存期。方法回顾性分析35例肺癌累及上腔静脉手术治疗患者的临床资料,于术前、术中测量上腔静脉压力,记录上腔静脉阻断时间,有无眼结膜水肿;上腔静脉置换患者应用国产涤纶及膨体聚四氟乙烯人工血管,直径为14mm或16mm;应用4—0Prolene无创伤滑线连续外翻缝合;术后观察人工血管栓塞、吻合口出血等情况。结果20例上腔静脉置换患者中行人工血管与无名静脉和右心房吻合,未阻断上腔静脉5例,上腔静脉阻断15例,阻断时间8～35min。术中和术后发现眼结膜水肿和无水肿患者上腔静脉阻断时间分别为17～35min和8～20min（P=0．005）。上腔静脉阻断患者术前上腔静脉压力为20-45cmH2O,术中最高压力达37～56cmH2O。术中和术后有眼结膜水肿和无水肿患者术中最高上腔静脉压力分别为48～56cmH2O和37～47cmH2O（P=0．000）。无手术和围术期死亡,术后因胸腔引流量多再次开胸止血1例,未发现人工血管栓塞者。随访32例,随访时间4～130个月,失访3例,总的中位生存期为35个月。结论肺癌累及上腔静脉患者行手术治疗时,为避免脑水肿,术中可采取有关措施不阻断或减少上腔静脉阻断时间;选择合适长度及相应粗度的膨体聚四氟乙烯人工血管,采用无创伤滑线连续外翻缝合,以保持吻合口平整、严密是避免血管栓塞和出血的关键。     

部分型肺静脉异位引流至上腔静脉手术矫治方法的改良

目的 为防止部分型肺静脉异位引流至上腔静脉手术矫治后的相关并发症，对其手术方法进行改良。方法 4例患者接受了手术矫治。经右心房至上腔静脉的联合切口，利用上腔一右心房片修补房间隔缺损，同时将右上肺静脉的血流经房间隔缺损引流至左心房，再以一自体心包片加宽上腔静脉同时缝合右心房壁。结果 4例患者全部顺利恢复出院。术后早期超声心动图检查未见肺静脉或腔静脉的梗阻，亦无残余分流。术后随诊患者仍维持窦性心律。结论 该方法操作简单，显露良好，避免了残余分流及肺静脉或腔静脉梗阻的发生，同时避免了窦房结的直接损伤。     

侵及上腔静脉及分支肿瘤的治疗

1993年至1998年,我们共收治侵及上腔静脉及其分支的肺癌、纵隔肿瘤病人13例,均行手术治疗,效果良好,现总结报告如下。临床资料　本组中男9例,女4例;年龄23～60岁,平均43岁。右上肺癌9例(鳞癌5例、腺癌4例),纵隔肿瘤4例(恶性胸腺癌2例、畸胎瘤恶性变和恶性淋巴瘤各1例)。术前ＣＴ检查,肿瘤侵及上腔静脉和(或)其分支者11例,可疑者2例;临床上出现不同程度上腔静脉综合征5例。血管造影显示上腔静脉明显受压、管腔狭窄、近端血管扩张(图1)。手术方法见表1。　　结果　本组无围手术期死亡,血管吻合无失败者,术后Ｂ超及血管造影证实血管再通完好,无…     

非体外循环下上腔静脉置换术的麻醉处理

右上肺癌和上纵隔肿瘤往往累及上腔静脉(SVC)及左右无名静脉。行肿瘤切除和SVC置换可达到根治性肿瘤切除或解除SVC阻塞的目的。我院成功开展了2例SVC置换手术,均在非体外循环情况下阻断SVC完成肿瘤切除及SVC移植术。     

肺癌合并上腔静脉梗阻的血管内支架治疗

探讨上腔静脉内支架（ｓｔｅｎｔ）置入治疗原发性肺癌合并上腔静脉梗阻（ＳＶＣＯ）的临床疗效。方法采用经皮穿刺股静脉插管的方法对５例肺癌合并上腔静脉梗阻的患者分别向狭窄上腔静脉置入一枚直径１０ｍｍ或１４ｍｍ，长６０ｍｍ或７０ｍｍ的镍钛记忆合金支架。结果全部患者支架置入一次成功，上腔静脉血流恢复通畅。４例患者ＳＶＣＯ症状很快消除。其中２例患者成活４月和２０月，无复发；２例患者术后４月和５月因肺癌死亡时ＳＶＣＯ亦无复发。１例患者术后短期内复发，经溶栓治疗后症状明显改善。结论血管内支架治疗肺癌合并ＳＶＣＯ是一种有效的姑息治疗方法。为了延长这类患者的生存期，必须重视原发性肺癌的治疗     

支气管加肺血管、上腔静脉联合成形治疗肺癌

目的探讨支气管袖式或楔形切除加肺血管、上腔静脉成形术在肺癌治疗中的应用及效果。方法全组106例肺癌患者,行支气管袖式切除38例,楔形切除59例;支气管肺血管成形99例,支气管上腔静脉成形7例。结果术后发生并发症11例,其中出血1例,支气管胸膜漏1例,肺不张2例,心衰4例,肺部感染3例,无同术期死亡。1、3、5年生存率分别为76．0％、54．0％、32．4％。结论支气管成形加肺血管、上腔静脉成形对扩大肺癌手术指征,缩小切除范围,提高生存质量有重要意义。     

Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection in right lung cancer: Report of a case

A partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (PAPVC) is an uncommon congenital anomaly which is frequently associated with congenital heart disease such as an atrial-level shunt. This report documents the case of an 81-year-old man with PAPVC which was incidentally discovered during a right upper lobectomy for lung cancer. Surgery was performed through a minithoracotomy of an auscultatory triangle using a video-assisted procedure (video-assisted thoracic surgery: VATS). Although the ramus lobi medii was connected normally, the right superior lobe vein was found to drain into the superior vena cava. The surgery was successful, and the patient had an uneventful postoperative course. Asymptomatic PAPVC without an atrial septal defect (ASD) is extremely rare. If the PAPVC is located in a different lobe, a pulmonary resection for lung cancer would precipitate an adverse outcome without a correction of the PAPVC. Surgeons should therefore be cautious regarding the potential existence of a PAPVC when a patient undergoes surgical procedures, especially VATS, for lung cancer.     

Scimitar syndrome with an accessory diaphragm and an absent right superior vena cava

An 8-year-old boy with scimitar syndrome, an accessory diaphragm and an absent right superior vena cava, underwent surgery on March 28, 1983. The scimitar vein was separated from an accessory diaphragm and cut just above the right diaphragm where the vein penetrated. The vein was re-implanted into the right lateral portion of the right atrium and a tunnel was made between the atrial septal defect created in the septum and the site of the implanted vein. The accessory diaphragm was not removed because of the lack of compression on the right lung. At cardiopulmonary bypass, venous cannulae were inserted into the persistent left superior vena cava and inferior vena cava. Because of the absence of the right superior vena cava, the right atrium was not fixed by both cavae so that there was difficulty in intracardiac maneuvers. The patient is doing well 32 months after this treatment.     

Successful repair of atrial fibrillation by surgical ablation in a patient with persistent left superior vena cava and mitral stenosis

We recently cared for a woman who had mitral stenosis, atrial fibrillation, absent right superior vena cava, and persistent left superior vena cava. She underwent mitral valve replacement and surgical ablation of the pulmonary vein, and conjunction of the coronary sinus and left superior vena cava. Her atrial fibrillation was cured and successfully restored to sinus rhythm postoperatively.     

Anomalous right upper lobe venous drainage

Anomalous pulmonary venous return is a rare congenital anomaly mainly involving the right lung and is often associated with congenital intracardiac malformations as atrial septal defect. We report a case of anomalous right upper lobe venous drainage resulting in two right upper lobe veins draining into the azygous vein and into the confluence between superior vena cava and azygous vein, respectively. Preoperative identification of such an aberrant venous drainage is useful for avoiding unexpected intraoperative bleeding.     

Lung cancer which accompanies anomalous venous connections, pulmonary and systemic-partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection and persistent left superior vena cava: report of 2 cases

We report the cases of a left partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (PAPVC) and a persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC), combined with primary lung cancer. Our case of PAPVC, the anomalous pulmonary vein originated from the hilum of the left upper lobe flowed into the left brachiocephalic vein. A left lower lobectomy was performed uneventfully without correcting the anomalous vein. And a case of PLSVC, the left superior vena cava flowed into the right superior vena cava, running under the aortic arch. A left upper lobectomy and mediastinal lymph node dissection was performed in safety. Although PLSVC was detected by chest computed tomography (CT) before operation, PAPVC was noticed intraoperatively in our case. We should keep in mind the possibility of variations of pulmonary vessel distribution, especially PAPVC located in a different lobe for resection, when undertaking lung resection.     

Coronary artery bypass grafting with absent right superior vena cava in visceroatrial situs solitus

We report on a 63-year-old man with an absence of right superior vena cava in visceroatrial situs solitus who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting. Preoperative echocardiography showed a dilated coronary sinus, and venography confirmed an absent right and a persistent left superior vena cava. Perioperatively, placement of a pulmonary artery catheter, site of venous cannulation, and management of associated rhythm abnormalities were of great concern. The assessment of the right superior vena cava is advisable in carrying out the surgical procedure without any difficulties related to this anomaly when the persistent left superior vena cava is suspected.     

Pleomorphic Carcinoma of the Lung with Mediastinal Extension Following Malignant Lymphoma: Report of a Case

In following up a patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, we encountered a case of pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma with mediastinal direct invasion. A 65-year-old man with hemoptysis was found to have an abnormal shadow in the right upper lung field. A 6.4 × 4.8-cm tumor adjacent to the upper mediastinum occupied the right anterior segment of the upper lobe (S3) and invaded the superior vena cava (SVC). The serum level of neuron-specific enolase was elevated to 11.9 ng/ml. A specimen from a transbronchial lung biopsy of the right B3b bronchus revealed giant tumor cells. A right upper lobectomy with SVC reconstruction was performed. The resected tumor was diagnosed as a pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma with a large component of giant and spindle cells, and it is considered to be a rare histologic type.     

Surgical Approach to Tumor Thrombus of Renal Cell Carcinoma at the Level between Hepatic Vein and Diaphragm

Background The curative resection of tumor thrombus of renal cell carcinoma often provides a good prognosis, but the best surgical method for resection at the level between hepatic vein and diaphragm is still a matter of controversy.
Methods We performed transabdominal surgery without cardio-pulmonary bypass on 4 patients with tumor thrombus at the level between hepatic vein and diaphragm. The surgical procedures were as follows: The right lobe of the liver was separated and detached from the retroperitoneum, and then the vena cava was clamped just below the diaphragm simultaneous with clamping the porta hepatis. After complete circulatory isolation of the vena cava, the tumor thrombus was resected. Results: There were no severe complications postoperatively. Two patients died of cancer 18 and 38 months after surgery, and the other 2 are alive without evidence of disease after 62 and 66 months. Conclusion: This anatomically rational approach is thought to be a good alternative to the pull-through method or cardio-pulmonary bypass for removing a tumor thrombus at this level.     

Extended bronchoplasty and angioplasty with a right upper-middle bilobectomy and S6 segmentectomy for lung cancer: a novel technique for anastomosis

In the lung cancer case described here, we resected the right upper lobe, right middle lobe, and superior segment of the right lower lobe with concomitant resection of the pulmonary artery and bronchoplastic and pulmonary arterial reconstruction. The basal segmental bronchus was anastomosed to the right main stem bronchus using a novel, specific technique: The tumor was extirpated with division of the upper and middle lobe bronchus and the superior segmental bronchus. Parts of the middle bronchus and superior segmental bronchus on the distal side were used to expand their orifice. The cut end of the pulmonary artery was sutured, reversing the long and short axes, to shorten and adjust the pulmonary artery.     

应用自体肺重植技术治疗上叶中心型肺癌

目的 探讨应用自体肺重植技术治疗上叶中心型肺癌的可行性。方法 ２例作双袖状右上叶中联合肺叶切除，因主支气管或肺动脉切除过长，吻龛和力过大，遂切断我脉，肺短时间离体后作下叶重植，将下肺静脉移植在上肺静脉残端。２例左上叶肺癌部分侵及斜裂，无法进行双袖状肺叶切除术，作全肺切除后，在器械台上行肿瘤切针修剪后的下叶肺组织重植。结果 随访至２０００年２月，２例病人已分别无瘤存活３３和２０个月，生活质量良好。１