Hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm caused by acute idiopathic pancreatitis

Hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm (HAP) is a very rare disease but in cases of complication, there is a very high mortality. The most common cause of HAP is iatrogenic trauma such as liver biopsy, transhepatic biliary drainage, cholecystectomy and hepatectomy. HAP may also occur with complications such as infections or inflammation associated with septic emboli. HAP has been reported rarely in patients with acute pancreatitis. As far as we are aware, there is no report of a case caused by acute idiopathic pancreatitis, particularly. We report a case of HAP caused by acute idiopathic pancreatitis which developed in a 61-year-old woman. The woman initially presented with acute pancreatitis due to unknown cause. After conservative management, her symptoms seemed to have improved. But eight days after admission, abdominal pain abruptly became worse again. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) was rechecked and it detected a new HAP that was not seen in a previous abdominal CT. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was performed because of a suspicion of hemobilia as a cause of aggravated abdominal pain. ERCP confirmed hemobilia by observing fresh blood clots at the opening of the ampulla and several filling defects in the distal common bile duct on cholangiogram. Without any particular treatment such as embolization or surgical ligation, HAP thrombosed spontaneously. Three months after discharge, abdominal CT demonstrated that HAP in the left lateral segment had disappeared.     

Post-traumatic hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm treated with endovascular embolization and thrombin injection

Post-traumatic hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm is uncommon, appearing in approximately 1% of hepatic trauma cases. Most are extrahepatic (80%) and have a late onset. Although they are usually asymptomatic, they should always be treated becasue of the high risk of complications, especially breakage. Currently the treatment of choice is endovascular embolization with coils or the exclusion of the pseudoaneurysm using other intravascular devices. Recently there have been accounts of a treatment that combines embolization with coils and image-guided percutaneous human thrombin injection. We present a case of post-traumatic hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm that was successfully treated using this combined technique.     

经桡动脉途径行颈动脉支架置入术

目的 探讨经桡动脉途径行颈动脉支架治疗的可行性及安全性.方法 2011年2月至2011年12月邵逸夫医院心内科行颈动脉造影明确颈动脉狭窄≥70％患者12例通过桡动脉途径行颈动脉支架置入术.探讨手术成功率和并发症情况.结果 经桡动脉途径行颈动脉支架12例,左侧颈内动脉6例,右侧颈内动脉6例,均成功置入.平均手术时间(45 ± 11) min.1例术中出现TIA,2小时后恢复,2例术中出现血压、心率下降,予对症处理后,立即恢复,无桡动脉闭塞及前臂血肿等并发症.结论 经桡动脉途径行颈动脉支架治疗初步证明是安全可行的.     

Treatment of colorectal cancer hepatic metastases by hepatic artery chemotherapy

Our clinical experience with 69 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer to the liver treated with hepatic artery chemotherapy is reviewed. All patients have had a minimum of six months follow-up. The Infusaid^® implantable drug delivery system was used by direct laparotomy in one third, and via the transaxillary approach in the remaining two thirds. Two thirds of the patients had at least 25 percent of the liver replaced with tumor. Chemotherapeutic agents included FUdR, mitomycin C, and BCNU. The overall response rate was 51 percent and 69 percent for the three-drug combination. Efficacy was not different in patients who had received prior systemic fluorouracil. Median survival from start of hepatic artery chemotherapy was one year.     

Thrombosis of splenic artery pseudoaneurysm complicating pancreatitis.

The natural history of pseudoaneurysms complicating pancreatitis is unknown. A patient with chronic pancreatitis is described in whom thrombosis of a splenic artery pseudoaneurysm occurred. Early diagnosis and radical treatment of a bleeding pseudoaneurysm are mandatory. When elective treatment is considered, however, contrast enhanced computed tomography may be useful just before surgery as thrombosis may occur.     

Late hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm： A rare complication after resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma

We report an unusual pathological entity of a pseudoaneurysm of the right hepatic artery, which developed two years after the resection of a type 11 hilar cholangiocarcinoma and secondary to an excessive skeletonization for regional lymphadenectomy and neoadjuvant external-beam radiotherapy. After a sudden and massive hematemesis, a multidetector computed tomographic angiography （MDCTA） showed a hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm. Angiography with embolization of the pseudoaneurysm was attempted using microcoils with adequate patency of the hepatic artery and the occlusion of the pseudoaneurysm. A new episode of hematemesis 3 wk later revealed a partial revascularization of the pseudoaneurysm. A definitive interventional radiological treatment consisting of transarterial embolization （TAE） of the right hepatic artery with stainless steel coils and polyvinyl alcohol particles was effective and welltolerated with normal liver function tests and without signs of liver infarction.     

Gender and restenosis after coronary artery stenting.

AIMS: To examine the impact of sex on restenosis in a large cohort of consecutive patients undergoing coronary stenting and systematic angiographic and clinical follow-up. METHODS AND RESULTS: The study includes a cohort of 4374 consecutive patients (1025 women and 3349 men), undergoing coronary stenting for stable or unstable angina. Follow-up angiography at 6 months was performed in 80% of patients. Clinical events were assessed for a period of 1 year after the procedure. Main end-points of the study were angiographic and clinical restenosis at follow-up. Compared to men, women were older, presented more often with diabetes, smaller vessel size and shorter lesions. Clinical restenosis (need for reintervention) was found in 14.8% of women and 17.5% of men (P=0.048). The incidence of angiographic restenosis was significantly lower in women then in men (28.9% vs 33.9%, respectively, P=0.01). After adjustment for other covariates, women presented a 23% reduction of the risk of restenosis: odds ratio 0.77 (95% confidence interval 0.63 to 0.93). While a small vessel size was a risk factor for restenosis in both sexes, the influence of diabetes on restenosis was mostly confined to women. CONCLUSION: Compared with men, women present a lower risk of restenosis after coronary stenting despite a more preponderant presence of two major risk factors for restenosis, diabetes and small vessel size. There are sex-based differences in predictive factors of restenosis with diabetes having a particularly strong impact in women.     

Subclavian artery pseudoaneurysm complicating central venous catheterization

Central venous catheterization is a routine vascular access procedure; however, it may be associated with life‐threatening complications such as arterial puncture, leading to pseudoaneurysm formation. We report a case of a 41‐year‐old female that developed an iatrogenic left subclavian pseudoaneurysm complicating the attempt of left internal jugular vein cannulation for temporary hemodialysis therapy. The patient underwent urgent endovascular treatment with deployment of covered stent into the left subclavian artery (SCA) after embolization of the origin of the left internal mammary artery with Amplatzer Vascular Plug 4. The patient's recovery was unremarkable. Follow‐up till 24 months reveals total exclusion of the pseudoaneurysm of the left SCA with patency of the distal branches. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Polyvinyl alcohol and gelatin sponge particle embolization of splenic artery pseudoaneurysm complicating chronic alcoholic pancreatitis

AIM: To assess the effectiveness of and complications associated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and gelatin sponge particles embolization of splenic artery pseudoaneurysm complicating chronic alcoholic pancreatitis. METHODS: A 42-year-old man with splenic artery pseudoaneurysm formation secondary to chronic alcoholic pancreatitis was admitted. We used PVA and gelatin sponge particles embolization of splenic artery pseudoaneurysm by super-selective embolization techniques. RESULTS: The splenic artery pseudoaneurysm was successfully controlled with splenic embolization. The patient was discharged in 9 d with complete recovery. CONCLUSION: This case confirms that superselective transcatheter embolization by PVA and gelatin sponge particles may represent an effective treatment for pseudoaneurysm caused by chronic alcoholic pancreatitis in the absence of other therapeutic alternatives.     

他汀类药物对颈动脉支架置入预后的影响

目的探讨应用他汀类药物对颈动脉支架置入术(CAS)预后的影响。方法回顾性分析2001年1月—2012年8月,在首都医科大学宣武医院神经外科实施CAS治疗的患者1700例,按是否服用他汀类药物分为他汀组1224例和非他汀组476例。降脂目标为将低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平降至2.1 mmol/L或降低基础水平的40%。比较两组患者术后30 d内卒中、心肌梗死和死亡的总发生率,分析他汀类药物与不良事件发生的相关性及并发症的危险因素。结果支架置入技术成功率100%。(1)术后30 d内43例(2.53%)患者出现主要不良事件,其中卒中34例、心肌梗死1例、死亡8例,应用他汀组术后主要不良事件发生率为1.96%(24/1224),而非他汀组术后主要不良事件发生率为3.99%(19/476),两组差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.731,P=0.017)。两组卒中发生率分别为1.56%(19/1224)和3.16%(15/476),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。(2)围手术期服用他汀类药物是CAS良好预后的保护性因素(OR=0.524,95%CI:0.279~0.983;P=0.044)。结论 CAS的预后他汀治疗组术后主要不良事件发生率低于非他汀治疗组,他汀治疗可降低不良终点事件的发生率。     

Atypical presentation of a hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm:A case report and review of the literature

Classically, hepatic artery pseudoaneurysms(HAPs) arise secondary to trauma or iatrogenic causes. With an increasing prevalence of laparoscopic procedures of the hepatobiliary system the risk of inadvertent injury to arterial vessels is increased. Pseudoaneurysm formation post injury can lead to serious consequences of rupture and subsequent hemorrhage, therefore intervention in all identified visceral pseudoaneurysms has been advocated. A variety of interventional methods have been proposed, with surgical management becoming the last step intervention when minimally invasive therapies have failed. The authors present a case of a HAP in a 56-year-old female presenting with jaundice and pruritis suggestive of a Klatskin's tumor. This presentation of HAP in a patient without any significant past medical or surgical intervention is atypical when considering that the majority of HAP cases present secondary to iatrogenic causes or trauma. Multiple minimally invasive approaches were employed in an attempt to alleviate the symptomology which included jaundice and associated inflammatory changes. Ultimately, a right hepatic trisegmentectomy was required to adequately relieve the mass effect on biliary outflow obstruction and definitively address the HAP. The presentation of a HAP masquerading as a malignancy with jaundice and pruritis, rather than the classic symptoms of abdominalpain, anemia, and melena, is unique. This presentation is only further complicated by the absent history of either trauma or instrumentation. It is important to be aware of HAPs as a potential cause of jaundice in addition to the more commonly thought of etiologies. Furthermore, given the morbidity and mortality associated with pseudoaneurysm rupture, intervention in identifiable cases, either by minimally invasive or surgical interventions, is recommended.     

Hemobilia secondary to hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm： An unusual complication of bile leakage in a patient with a history of a resected IIIb Klatskin tumor

We report a case of a 74-year-old woman with a 16-year history of a double bilo-enteric anastomosis due to resected hilar cholangiocarcinoma (Type IIIb Klatskin tumor). The patient presented with cholangitis secondary to benign anastomotic stenosis which resulted in a large intrahepatic biloma. In order to restore the patency of the anastomosis and overcome cholangitis, several attempts took place, including endobiliary stenting, balloon-assisted biloplasty and transhepatic billiary drainage. Anastomotic patency was achieved, complicated, however, by persistent upper gastro-intestinal bleeding, presented as hemobilia. A biloma-induced pseudoaneurysm of the left hepatic artery was diagnosed. This had ruptured into the biliary tract, and presented the actual cause of the hemobilia. Selective embolism of the pseudoaneurysm resulted in control of the hemorrhage, and was successfully combined with transhepatic dilatation of the anastomosis and percutaneous drainage of the biloma. The patient was ultimately cured and seems to be in excellent condition, 5 mo after treatment.     

经颅多普勒超声检测颈内动脉颅外段支架置入术后脑血流动力学的改变

目的 评价经颅多普勒超声（TCD）在检测双侧颈内动脉病变患者支架置入术后脑血流动力学变化中的价值.方法 选择经DSA证实的双侧颈内动脉颅外段（ICAe）重度狭窄（8例）或一侧重度狭窄、另一侧闭塞（10例）患者,共18例.应用TCD榆测支架置入前、后颅内、外动脉血流动力学参数的变化.结果 ①TCD对ICAe闭塞诊断的敏感性为100%（10/10）,对狭窄或闭塞诊断的特异性为96%（25/26）,总体符合率为97%（35/36）.②术前ICAe狭窄段收缩期峰值流速（PSV）为（241 ±55）cm/s,术后1、3、6、12、24个月分别为（59 ±15）、（58±12）、（59 ±15）、（61 ±14）、（64 ±16）cm/s,与术前比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,而术后各阶段比较,差异尤统计学意义.③术后支架侧大脑中动脉（MCA）的PSV较术前升高[（59 ±14）、（120±24）cm/s,P=0.000],血管搏动指数（PI）明显改善（0.64 ±0.15,1.05 ±0.19;P=0.000）.术后闭塞侧MCA的PSV亦有所升高[（48 ±17）、（70 ±16）cm/s,P=0.005],而PI值的变化不明显（P=0.379）.④术前有2例前交通动脉（AcoA）开放,双侧颈动脉置入支架后,AcoA关闭;术后有11例AcoA开放,其中10例为一侧闭塞,另一侧狭窄的患者,1例为双侧重度狭窄而仪一侧置人支架的患者.术前后交通动脉（PcoA）开放24支（10例为双侧同时开放,4例为单侧开放）,术后18支PcoA关闭（6例为双侧同时期,6例为单侧关闭）.结论 TCD可用于双侧ICAe病变患者术前、术中、术后颅内外血流动力学变化的评估.     

肾动脉粥样硬化性狭窄介入治疗的长期效果

目的观察动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄（ARAS）行肾动脉介入治疗的安全性、近期及远期效果。方法冠状动脉造影发现动脉粥样硬化的患者同时行肾动脉造影,肾动脉狭窄〉70％的150例患者行肾动脉介入治疗。长期随诊观察血压及肾功能变化。结果150例患者中96％合并冠心病,54％为3支病变患者,共植入170枚支架,成功率99．3％。住院期间死亡3例,随访期间死亡2例。临床随访7个月至5年,随访率为98．6％（145例）。166支血管再狭窄10支,占6．0％。肾动脉造影复查30例,肾血管再狭窄5例,其中3例行再次介入治疗。结论冠心病合并肾动脉狭窄行介入治疗是安全有效的,术后大部分患者血压可以得到改善,肾功能基本保持稳定。     

Fibrosing mediastinitis: Successful stenting of the pulmonary artery

Fibrosing mediastinitis is a rare benign condition, which can cause compression of the pulmonary or systemic vessels, tracheobronchial tree, coronary arteries or esophagus, leading to disabling clinical symptoms and even death. The case of a 26-year-old woman who presented with dyspnea is described. She was found to have 80% stenosis of the right pulmonary artery secondary to fibrosing mediastinitis. The stenosis was managed successfully with an endovascular Palmaz-Schatz stent, and the patient remains symptom-free 10 years later.     

Hemobilia secondary to hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm:An unusual complication of bile leakage in a patient with a history of a resected Ⅲb Klatskin tumor

we report a case of a 74-year-old woman with a 16-year history of a double bilo-enteric anastomosis due to resected hilar cholangiocarcinoma [Type Ⅲb Klatskin tumor]. The patient presented with cholangitis secondary to benign anastomotic stenosis which resulted in a large intrahepatic biloma. In order to restore the patency of the anastomosis and overcome cholangitis, several attempts took place,including endobiliary stenting, balloon-assisted biloplasty and transhepatic billiary drainage. Anastomotic patencywas achieved, complicated, however, by persistent upper gastro-intestinal bleeding, presented as hemobilia. A biloma-induced pseudoaneurysm of the left hepatic artery was diagnosed. This had ruptured into the biliary tract,and presented the actual cause of the hemobilia. Selective embolism of the pseudoaneurysm resulted in control of the hemorrhage, and was successfully combined with transhepatic dilatation of the anastomosis and percutaneous drainage of the biloma. The patient was ultimately cured and seems to be in excellent condition, 5 mo after treatment.