原发性视网膜色素变性家系的RDS基因Pro216Leu突变及其 …

目的 研究原发性视网膜色素变性家系中缓慢型视网膜变性患者的ＲＤＳ基因突变与临床表型的关联,以探讨ＲＰ的发病机制。方法 对来自同一家系的２例ＲＰ患者及２例下沉人外周血ＤＮＡ进行分子遗传学分析,采用聚合酶链反应及限制性片段长度多态性技术,筛查ＲＤＳ基因突变,对有突变的ＲＤＳ基因片段进行克隆测主分析,同时进行家系分析及眼部临床检查。结果 来自同一家系的２例ＲＰ口才均查出有ＲＤＳ基因２１６密码突变,而２便     

国人视网膜色素变性患者的RDS基因突变及表型研究

视网膜色素变性(refinetis pigraentosa，RP)是一组具有遗传异质性的慢性进行性视网膜色素上皮和光感受器变性的致盲性眼病，是致盲的主要原因之一。     

视网膜色素变性中视紫红质与Peripherin／RDS基因的突变筛查

目的:迄今尚未见在国人中经序列分析确定该基因突变的报道。了解国人遗传性视网膜色素变性人群中视紫红质和peripherin/RDS基因的突变情况。方法:对83例遗传性视网膜色素变性先证者视紫红质基因全部编码区和peripherin/RDS部分编码区进行PCR扩增,用异源双链-SSCP法对扩增产物进行分析,寻找有差异电泳带纹的突变样本,序列分析确定突变。结果:83例中3例有视紫红质基因突变(Va1104Phe、Lys311Glu、Pro347Leu),其中两个新突变分别见于散发病例(Va1104Phe,杂合性)和常染色体隐性遗传视网膜色素变性家系(Lys311Glu,纯合性)。在peripherin/RDS基因中未发现突变。结论:在国人视网膜色素变性患者中视紫红质基因突变为常见致病原因。眼科学报1998;14:210～214     

视网膜色素变性患者的相关致病基因PDE6B突变及其临床表型分析

目的：了解磷酸二酯酶β亚单位（phosphodiesterase β subunit,PDE6B）基因突变在我国视网膜色素变性（retinitis pigmentosa,RP）患者中的突变形式及其临床表型特征。方法：应用聚合酶链反应-异源双链-单链构像多态性及DNA序列分析技术,对收集的35个常染色体隐性家系和55例散发RP患者进行PDE6B基因的22个外显子和5′-端非编码区（5′-UTR）全基因扫描,并行眼部检查及家系分析。结果：检测出1例散发性RP患者第6外显子第2492位点T→C碱基突变异致其编码氨基酸由甘氨酸变为丝氨酸,第10外显子5′-端上游（第9内含子内）第27与28碱基之间有2个碱基（TG）插入突变。以上两种突变在100例正常人中均未检测出。RP患者表现为视乳头萎缩、血管变细及色素散布。多焦视网膜电图检测提示视杆细胞受损较重。1例常染色体隐性家系患者PDE6B基因第11外显子5′-端上游第19位碱基（第10内含子内）发生G→A颠换。另2例散发RP患者分别发现第4外显子5′-端上游30与31碱基间2个碱基（GT）插入和第18外显子3′-端下游第15个碱基发生G→C转换。结论：PDE6B基因的复合杂合突变可能是我国散发性RP患者的致病基因,通常以视杆细胞受累较重,其眼部临床表现符合典型的RP患者特征,我国RP患者的PDE6B基因内含子变异呈多种形式。     

常染色体显性遗传视网膜色素变性致病基因的研究进展

视网膜色素变性（retinitis pigmentosa,RP)是常见的遗传性视网膜变性疾病，它具有高度的遗传异质性，有不同的遗传方式和临床表型，目前已发现常染色体显性遗传型视网膜色素变性（autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa,ADRP)的12种基因，其中已被克隆的有RHO，RDS，ROM1，RP1，NRL及CRX，未被克隆的有RP9，RP10，RP11，RP13，RP17及RP18，本文主要介绍与ADRP相关的几个基因的最新研究进展。     

视网膜色素变性1基因在常染色体显性遗传视网膜色素变性家系中的突变分析

目的:研究常染色体显性遗传视网膜色素变性(autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa,ADRP)家系中视网膜色素变性1(retinitis pigmentosa-1,RP1)基因的突变特征及其在RP发病机制中的作用。方法:运用聚合酶链反应和直接测序方法,对6个ADRP家系的47例成员和50例对照者进行了RP1基因全编码区和邻近剪切位点的内含子区域序列突变的筛选与检测。运用单因素分析、多因素Logistic回归分析研究RP1基因点突变在RP发病中的作用。结果:ADRP家系成员和对照组RP1基因第4外显子上检测出2个变异位点。在1691和1725密码子存在杂合的两种类型的密码子(S1691P,Ser-Pro,TCT→CCT;Q1725Q,Gln-Gln,CAA→CAG)。ADRP家系成员中Ser-1691-Pro及Gln-1725-Gln位点突变率显著高于正常对照组(χ2=11.202,P<0.05)。结论:RP1基因Ser-1691-Pro及Gln-1725-Gln位点多态性可增高RP的危险性,具有潜在的致病性,考虑为ADRP家系的易感基因。     

常染色体隐性遗传视网膜色素变性CNGA1基因突变检测

目的检测常染色体隐性遗传视网膜色素变性患者杆体α—cGMP门离子通道基因（α—cGMP—gated cation channel，CNGA1）基因突变。设计对照性实验研究。研究对象35名常染色体隐性遗传视网膜色素变性（autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa，ARRP）家系的先证者和55名散发病例。随机收集100名正常人作为对照。方法采集患者外周血，应用DNA分离试剂盒提取DNA，应用11对CNGA1基因引物进行聚合酶链反应（polymerase chain reaction，PCR），扩增CNGA1基因的全部编码区及内含子外显子的拼接区。利用单链构象多态性（single strand conformation polymorphism，SSCP）技术，将PCR产物进行10％非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳，用硝酸银染色，观察有无变异带。如果发现变异带，再将该PCR产物进行DNA测序。主要指标通过PCR，SSCP和DNA测序技术，发现CNGA1基因突变。结果未发现CNGA1基因突变。结论CNGA1基因突变在国人RP患者中的致病情况有待进一步研究。     

基因内含子突变与视网膜色素变性的研究进展

以往,人们认为内含子中的随机突变对生物不会产生严重的影响.但近些年来,随着人们对内含子和基因序列功能研究的不断深入,发现在mRNA剪切过程中,如内含子中分支点或内含子与外显子拼接处发生碱基的改变,往往会造成剪切点改变,从而导致编码的蛋白质功能异常.本文对内含子的功能,以及发生在内含子的基因突变与视网膜色素变性的相关分子遗传学研究概况做一综述.     

原发性视网膜色素变性家系的RDS基因Pro216Leu突变及其表型研究

目的　研究原发性视网膜色素变性 (retinitispigmentosa ,RP)家系中缓慢型视网膜变性(retinaldegenerationslow ,RDS)患者的RDS基因突变与临床表型的关联 ,以探讨RP的发病机制。方法对来自同一家系的 2例RP患者及 2例正常人外周血DNA进行分子遗传学分析 ,采用聚合酶链反应(polymerasechainreaction ,PCR)及限制性片段长度多态性 (restrictionfragmentlengthpolymorphism ,RFLP)技术 ,筛查RDS基因突变 ,对有突变的RDS基因片段进行克隆测序及分析 ,同时进行家系分析及眼部临床检查。结果　来自同一家系的 2例RP患者均查出有RDS基因 2 16密码突变 ,而 2例正常人未查出上述突变。经测序证实RDS基因 2 16密码子的第 2个核苷酸出现了C→T的突变 (Pro2 16Leu)。RDS基因Pro2 16Leu突变的眼部临床表型为视力损害严重的弥漫型RP ,伴有黄斑部病变。结论　中国人RP患者存在RDS基因Pro2 16Leu突变 ;其眼部表型为弥漫型RP伴有黄斑部病变。     

常染色体显性遗传视网膜色素变性家系视紫红质基因突变分析

目的:观察常染色体显性遗传视网膜色素变性(autosomaldominantRP,ADRP)家系视紫红质基因(rhodopsin,RHO)的突变特征。方法:抽取11个ADRP家系成员的外周血3～5mL,提取DNA;应用聚合酶链反应(polymerasechainreaction,PCR)扩增RHO基因的第1至5外显子基因片断,对PCR产物进行直接测序。结果:在1个家系中有3例ADRP患者297密码子存在杂合的2种类型的密码子(AGC和AGT)。另外,该家系在第3外显子3'端下游第4个碱基处发生C-T转换,呈T纯合子的1例,8例呈杂合子状态。结论:Ser-297-Ser系基因多态现象。另外,RHO基因第3外显子3'端下游内含子处发生的C/T多态性是否与RP的发生存在相关性,需进一步研究。     

Novel mutations in the BEST1 gene cause distinct retinopathies in two Chinese families

AIM:To describe the clinical heterogeneity of patients with novel mutations in BEST1.METHODS:All the members in the two Chinese families underwent detailed clinical evaluations including best-corrected visual acuity,slit-lamp examination,applanation tonometry,and dilated fundus examination.Fundus autofluorescence,fundus fluorescein angiography,spectral-domain optical coherence tomography,electrooculography,and electroretinogram were also performed.Genomic DNA was extracted from venous blood for all the participants.The targeted next-generation sequencing of inherited retinal disease-associated genes was conducted to identify the causative mutation.RESULTS:A novel BEST1 missense mutation c.41T>C(p.Leu14Ser) was identified in Family 1.It was co-segregated with the phenotype of best vitelliform macular dystrophy(BVMD) and bioinformatics analysis confirmed it was harmful.Another novel BEST1 frameshift mutation c.345₃46insGGCAAGGACG(p.Glu119Glyfs*116) and a novel USH2A missense mutation c.12560G>A,p.Arg4187 His were identified in family 2 with retinitis pigmentosa(RP),which might interact and lead to the phenotype of RP.CONCLUSION:Two novel mutations in the BEST1 gene in two unrelated families with distinct phenotypes and BEST1 mutation accompanied with USH2A mutation would result in RP,which could be enormously helpful in understanding the pathogenesis of the inherited retinal disease caused by a BEST1 mutation.     

Variants of RP1 gene in Chinese patients with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to determine the frequency and characteristics of mutations in the RP1 gene and to characterize mutations with the clinical features in the Chinese family with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (ADRP). METHODS: Forty-three affected, unrelated Chinese individuals with ADRP were recruited between 2002 and 2006. Polymerase chain reaction and direct DNA sequencing were used to screen in the entire coding region and splice sites of the RP1 gene. Cosegregation analysis and population frequency studies were performed for patients with identified mutations. The clinical features were determined by complete ophthalmologic examinations. RESULTS: The mutation detectable rate of the RP1 gene in Chinese patients with ADRP was 1/43. A missense mutation, N985Y, was identified in exon 4 of the RP1 gene in 8 affected individuals from a Chinese family with ADRP. The ophthalmic findings with an N985Y mutation were similar to those of typical retinitis pigmentosa with delayed onset after age 40 years and slow progression. In addition, a total of 9 distinct variants were detected in our study population, most of which were RP1 gene polymorphisms; the pathological significance of P903L, a novel missense mutation, was unconfirmed. INTERPRETATION: Mutations in the RP1 gene are relatively rare in Chinese patients with ADRP. In our cases, N985Y mutation segregated with the phenotype from 1 Chinese family with mild and late-onset ADRP, a finding that has not been documented in other races.     

Deletional analysis of the rod photoreceptor cell peripherin/RDS carboxy-terminal region

The C-terminal region of peripherin/rds contains three predicted alpha-helical domains. One of these domains, corresponding to amino acids 311-322, form an amphiphilic alpha-helix previously shown to promote membrane fusion. The present studies were conducted to determine how the additional alpha-helical regions of the peripherin/rds C-terminus affect complex formation with rom-1, glycosylation, intracellular localization and membrane fusion properties. Bovine peripherin/rds and rom-1 were epitope tagged with an amino-terminal FLAG-tag or amino-terminal hemagglutinin (HA)-tag, respectively, and cloned into the pCI-neo expression vector for transient transfection into COS cells. Similarly, four C-terminal peripherin/rds truncation mutants (Delta1, Delta2, Delta3 and Delta4), corresponding to deletions of -19, -29, -39 and -59 amino acids were designed to disrupt the alpha-helical domains. Immunofluorescence microscopy and enzymatic digestions demonstrated that full-length peripherin/rds and the four C-terminal deletion mutants were localized to intracellular membranes and were all Endo-H sensitive. Western blotting and immunoprecipitation studies showed that the FLAG-tagged bovine peripherin/rds (full-length) was expressed as a 76kDa dimer, which associates with HA-tagged rom-1 to form a higher order complex. The deletion mutants were also able to associate with rom-1. However, when analyzed using non-denaturing tricine electrophoresis, full-length peripherin/rds and the Delta1, Delta2 and Delta3 mutants formed homo-oligomeric complexes, while the Delta4 mutant appeared to form only homodimers suggesting a region upstream of amino acid 300 may be involved in C-terminal interactions. Membrane fusion was then evaluated using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (RET) techniques. Intracellular COS cell membranes containing full-length peripherin/rds fused with rod outer segment plasma membrane vesicles. This fusion was inhibited with the addition of a synthetic peptide (PP-5) corresponding to the fusion domain of peripherin/rds. In contrast, fusion was negligible with any of the C-terminal truncation mutants. Collectively, these results suggest that in addition to the fusion domain, other regions of the peripherin/rds C-terminus are required for fusion. Most interesting is the observation that the last 19amino acids, a region downstream of the fusion peptide that is deleted in the Delta1 mutant, appear to be necessary for fusion. This region corresponds to the epitope for anti-peripherin/rds monoclonal antibody 2B6, which is shown to partially inhibit peripherin/rds mediated membrane fusion.     

视网膜色素变性光感受器发育相关基因分型的研究

目的 探讨一新近发现的与氧调节光感受器发育相关基因(0RPl)在常染色体显性遗传(RP)发病机制中的作用。方法 运用聚合酶链反应(PCR)、构象敏感凝胶电泳(CSGE)和DNA直接测序方法对92例RP患者0RPl基因全编码区进行突变的筛选与检测。结果 检出一0RPl致病突变因子R677X，并首次发现一非致病的无义突变出子R1933X。结论 预测香港地区大约有1．1％(95％的可信区间为5．4％以下)的RP是由0RPl基因突变所致。R1933X无致病意义，结合最近发现的Y1053(1—bPdel)的病理意义，推测密码子1052至1933区域的稳定对0RPl结构及功能的维持起着重要的作用。     

常染色体显性遗传RP患者视紫红质基因突变的检测分析

目的研究常染色体显性遗传视网膜色素变性（ADRP）患者视紫红质（RHO）基因的突变特征及其在视网膜色素变性（RP）发病机制中的作用。方法应用变性高效液相色谱分析（DHPLC）技术和直接及克隆测序方法对RHO基因进行突变检测。结果一家系4例ADRP患者RHO基因的第297密码子存在杂合的两种类型密码子（AGC和AGT）。该家系的另3名患者未检测到该突变，对照组发现1例此类型沉默型突变。该家系在第3外显子3’端下游第4个碱基处发生C—T转换，其11个成员中该位点呈T纯合子1例，呈杂合子状态8例。对照组发现2例该位点的杂合子状态。结论视紫红质基因Ser-297-Ser突变与RP疾病未出现“共分离”现象，因此该沉默型突变不是该ADRP家系的致病原因，系RHO基因的多态现象。     

IMPDH1基因突变与视网膜色素变性的研究进展

视网膜色素变性(RP)是视网膜感光细胞和色素上皮细胞变性导致的最常见的遗传性致盲眼底病,具有高度的遗传异质性及临床异质性。IMPDH1存在于全身各处器官中。近年来对RP发病机制的探讨已成为研究热点。随着对IMPDH1基因研究的深入,人们发现IMPDH1基因对RP的发病机制研究有着重要意义。对于这种致病基因的结构、突变及其功能目前已有了新的研究进展。本文综述了IMPDH1基因在视网膜色素变性中的最新研究进展。     

视网膜色素变性患者视锥杆细胞同源盒基因突变的研究

目的:研究视锥杆细胞同源盒基因(CRX)在宁夏地区视网膜色素变性(rentinitis pigmentosa,RP)患者中的突变频率及特征,并进一步探讨其在RP发病机制中潜在的机制。方法:运用聚合酶链反应(PCR)和直接测序方法,对100例RP患者(包括18例ADRP患者,15例ARRP患者,67例SRP患者)进行了CRX基因全编码区序列突变的检测,运用多因素分析研究CRX基因突变位点对RP的作用。结果:在100例RP患者CRX基因上共检测出5个变异位点,其中p.Leu78Leu,p.Ala92Ala和p.Thr187Ile为新发现的突变。其余位点突变均证实为CRX基因的多态性。p.Thr187Ile突变位点仅在2例ARRP患者身上检出,在正常对照组未发现该位点突变。结论:宁夏地区RP患者中,CRX基因的突变率低于其他人群中(小于1%)。p.Thr187Ile不是RP的致病性突变,但它是否可能通过影响其它基因的表达,增加常染色体显性遗传视网膜色素变性(ARRP)的发生,有待于进一步研究。