肝后下腔静脉间隙的解剖与临床应用

目的探讨肝后下腔静脉前间隙的解剖基础及其在肝脏外科的临床应用价值。方法对10例尸肝(包括完整的下腔静脉)进行解剖,测量肝后下腔静脉前间隙的相关解剖数据。经肝后下腔静脉前间隙入路行6例巨大肝癌、血管瘤切除及1例背驮式肝移植病肝切除。结果肝上静脉窝内肝静脉间的距离平均为(16．75±3．93)mm。肝后下腔静脉前间隙的长度平均为(57．76±9．65)mm。肝后下腔静脉前间隙的宽度平均为(9．17±2．30)mm。7例手术均取得成功无相关并发症发生,与其它手术入路相比有显著意义。结论肝后下腔静脉前间隙有其解剖基础,在肝脏外科中可作为一良好的手术入路。     

经肝后下腔静脉前间隙入路行八例特大肝血管瘤切除临床分析

目的 探讨肝后下腔静脉前间隙入路在特大肝血管瘤切除中的意义.方法 回顾性分析潍坊市人民医院肝胆、血管外科2004年2月至2006年9月利用肝后下腔静脉前间隙入路行8例特大肝血管瘤切除的临床资料和随访情况.结果 利用此入路手术均取得成功,术中出血少,术后恢复快,并发症少.结论 肝后下腔静脉前间隙可作为一良好的肝特大血管瘤的手术入路.     

经肝后下腔静脉前右间隙入路右半肝切除术

目的 研究右肝巨大肿瘤患者经右侧肝后下腔静脉前间隙入路逆行解剖结扎肝短静脉和右肝静脉在右半肝切除术中的临床意义.方法 对23例右肝巨大肿瘤(＞8 cm×8 cm)患者,依次采用切开第二肝门分离右肝静脉与中肝静脉间隙,于Glisson氏系统鞘内分离、结扎右半肝门静脉和肝动脉,随后逆行沿右侧肝后下腔静脉前间隙解剖结扎肝短静脉和右肝静脉,最后于肝中线左侧置一阻断带再离断肝中线的右半肝切除术.结果 全组患者在分离右半肝动脉、门静脉、肝后下腔静脉和右肝静脉解剖的右半肝切除术中过程顺利.术中出血量:＜ 400 mL 7例,500～700 mL 11例,800～1 000 mL2例,l 100～1 400 mL13例;平均为640 mL.术后第3天肝功能变化情况:总胆红素20～40 μmol/L 16例,45 ～ 50 μmol/L 6例,60 μmol/L 1例.血清谷丙转氨酶150 ～200 U/L 14例,250 ～ 400 U/L 9例.血清谷草转氨酶160 ～ 200 U/L13例,230 ～400 U/L 9例,430 U/L 1例.r-谷氨酰转肽酶160 ～200 U/L 14例,220 ～310 U/L 8例,420 U/L1例.术后因并发深静脉细菌感染导致肝功能衰竭1例.结论 肿瘤没有直接侵犯膈肌、肝后下腔静脉或肿瘤非特别巨大可选择沿肝后下腔静脉右前间隙逆行解剖结扎肝短静脉和右肝静脉的右半肝切除术方式,可以减少术中出血,有利于术后肝功能的恢复.     

经肝后下腔静脉前间隙入路行巨大肝癌切除:附38例

目的 探讨巨大肝癌的可切除性及切除方法的改进.方法 回顾性分析2003年5月至2006年12月潍坊市人民医院肝胆外科手术切除的38例巨大肝癌资料.38例巨大肝癌平均直径14.4 cm(10.5～27 cm).术中先行结扎患侧肝动脉及门静脉.解剖打通肝后下腔静脉前间隙,在绕肝带捆扎指示下前入路法逆行切除瘤体.结果 38例手术均取得成功,平均出血量850 ml(300～2700 ml).围手术期无死亡.1、2、3年生存率分别为78.9%、57.9%、39.5%.结论 巨大肝癌非手术禁忌,经肝后下腔静脉前间隙入路行巨大肝癌切除安全可靠.     

肝脏肿瘤切除术中肝后下腔静脉损伤的处理

目的 探讨肝脏肿瘤切除术中肝后下腔静脉损伤的处理方法及适应证。方法 采用了分步全肝血流阻断、指压、指捏及肝创面对拢缝合４种方法,处理１６例下腔静脉损伤者。结果 全部患者即刻止血,无再出血,无手术死亡,随访６￣１８个月,均存活。结论 方法简单、实用、省时、安全,为控制肝切除术中大出血的有效方法。     

下腔静脉与肝静脉的外科应用解剖

在３２例成人尸体上进行腔静脉与肝静脉的应用解剖学的研究，观测了右肾上腺静脉、左膈下静脉、主肝静脉的长度、横径、注入角度和部位及主肝静脉的汇合类型和下腔静脉各段长度。结果表明，术中阻断肝上膈下下腔静脉，有８４．４％的人可经腹部切口完成，另１５．６％者可能需开胸在心包内阻断下腔静脉，下腔静脉下阻断，有８７．５％可在网膜孔后分离阻断，１２．５％需行下腔静脉肝后段分离阻断。在游离肝右叶时，需注意可能出现的     

经肝后下腔静脉前间隙入路切除第二肝门附近的肝癌

第二肝门附近的肝癌位于三条肝静脉和下腔静脉构架内，普一度被视为肝胆外科手术禁区。2002年10月至2004年5月，我科对4例第二肝门附近肝癌采用肝后下腔静脉前间隙解剖入路法，成功实施手术。报告如下。     

肝后下腔静脉显露在右半肝切除中意义

右半肝切除术是肝切除手术中具有一定难度的术式,主要的技术难点在于断肝平面的确定和术中控制出血。肝后下腔静脉、下腔静脉与胆囊窝中点的连线和肝表面划定的半肝缺血线共同形成了一个三角形,此三角形所在的平面即是右半肝切除时断肝平面的所在。随着腹腔镜和机器人肝切除技术的发展,结合腔镜手术特有的足侧视野,肝脏外科医生应重视肝后下腔静脉显露在右半肝切除术中的解剖参考意义。     

肝后下腔静脉隧道绕肝带提拉法半肝切除19例报告

目的 探讨肝后下腔静脉隧道绕肝带提拉法行半肝切除安全性的作用。方法 回顾性分析2003年11月至2006年6月昆明医学院第一附属医院肝胆外科，在传统经典半肝切除术的基础上加用肝后下腔静脉隧道绕肝提拉法行半肝切除的19例资料。结果 19例均成功放置绕肝带，未发生与该操作有关的并发症，半肝切除时肝正中裂界面内管道显露清楚，处理起来方便、安全可靠，绕肝带具有指示保护肝后下腔静脉的作用。结论 半肝切除时采用肝后下腔静脉隧道绕肝带提拉法，可进一步提高半肝切除的安全性，减少出血，缩短手术时间。保证断肝能在最薄、最小的界面进行。     

肝后间隙的解剖和临床意义

肝短静脉通过肝后间隙汇入下腔静脉,平均17支,直径1 mm以上的静脉平均5支.包括：①引流Spiegel叶的粗大尾状叶静脉;②来源左尾状叶的细小肝短静脉;③来源右尾状叶的细小肝短静脉;④肝右下静脉;⑤肝右中静脉;⑤引流第8肝段的肝短静脉.主要是尾状叶静脉和肝右下静脉,分别汇入肝后下腔静脉左、右侧壁.肝脏和下腔静脉之间存在一个相对无血管区,宽5～15 mm,长4.1～7.8 cm.本文综述了肝后隧道建立过程中可能的肝短静脉损伤和预防措施.     

Repair of retrohepatic inferior vena cava injury

A 10 years old child was brought to the Emergency Department of Combined Military Hospital (CMH), Lahore with a history of trivial injury due to fall from a bicycle. He was found to be having severe intraperitoneal hemorrhage. Immediate resuscitation in the emergency department could not revive his vital parameters. He was operated upon in emergency and found to be having grade V hepatic injury extending into retrohepatic inferior vena cava. Child was operated under general anesthesia and recovered well postoperatively without any residual complication.     

肝后下腔静脉非医源性损伤修复方法探讨

目的　探讨伴发于肝外伤的肝后下腔静脉损伤的修复方法。　方法　对 6例肝后下腔静脉损伤患者采用压迫阻断受损肝后下腔静脉本身并阻断第一肝门 ,在无血状态下缝合下腔静脉裂口。　结果　修复 6例肝后下腔静脉损伤 ,下腔静脉裂口长度平均为 2 9cm(1 5～ 4cm) ,下腔静脉阻断时间平均为 9 2min(6～ 15min) ,第一肝门阻断时间平均为 2 0 5min(15～ 2 9min) ,全组患者均顺利恢复 ,B超、CT检查证实肝后下腔静脉通畅 ,无狭窄。　结论　肝外伤伴发的肝后下腔静脉撕裂伤可通过直接压迫阻断受损下腔静脉进行修复。     

Isolated azygos continuation of the inferior vena cava. (Absence of the retrohepatic segment of the inferior vena cava)

The isolated azygos continuation of the inferior vena cave is a very rare variation of this organ. It is accompanied by the absence of the retrohepatic segment of the vena cava with two new observations, the literature is revised and the origin discussed.     

Absence of the retrohepatic inferior vena cava: what the surgeon should know

Anomalies of the inferior vena cava are rare and can easily be misdiagnosed if one is not aware of such variants. We report a case of a 57-year-old patient that had a percutaneous CT-guided biopsy of what was considered to be enlarged pericaval lymph nodes. This occurred because of the poor technique of the CT scan and the unawareness of such a condition. These changes were related to a proximal varicele of an absent, retrohepatic inferior vena cava. There was an extensive collateral network with filling of large azygos and hemiazygos veins draining through the posterior mediastinum into the superior vena cava. This case emphasizes the importance of correctly identifying vascular anomalies before the initiation of biopsy attempts in order to prevent the risk of major complications that could arise during such biopsy.     

Injuries of hepatic veins and retrohepatic vena cava

Three cases of hepatic vein and retrohepatic inferior vena caval injuries are reported, and the literature is reviewed. Our experience, coupled with a critical review of the literature reveals that successful vascular isolation of the relatively inaccessible retrohepatic vena cava and/or hepatic veins is the key to optimal surgical management of major injuries to these structures. The various shunt techniques have been outlined with special emphasis made to the midline sternotomy incision as the incision of choice. This incision not only gives optimal exposure to the injured site, but also allows easy atrial-caval cannulation. If cross-clamping of the abdominal aorta is necessary, it can be easily done via a median sternotomy.     

Leiomyosarcoma of the retrohepatic portion of the inferior vena cava: clinical presentation and surgical management in five patients

BACKGROUND: Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is a rare primary soft tissue sarcoma arising from the inferior vena cava (IVC). For LMS involving the retrohepatic portion of IVC there are limited published data about tumor features, surgical strategies, and IVC replacement. STUDY DESIGN: Clinical data, surgical procedures, and pathologic features of five consecutive patients referred for IVC-LMS, in 5 years, were reviewed. A complete surgical resection of the tumor was performed in each patient and IVC replacement used expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts. RESULTS: Abdominal pain (n = 4) and palpable flank mass (n = 3) were the most frequent signs. To assure a complete tumoral exeresis, adjacent organ resection included hepatectomy (n = 4), extended right nephrectomy (n = 3), and right adrenalectomy (n = 1). Prosthetic IVC reconstruction was performed in four patients, three times associated with arteriovenous fistula. Median postoperative stay was 18 days. No prosthetic-related complication was observed, venous insufficiency sequela did not occur. Tumoral clearance was achieved in all patients, and direct tumoral involvement of the liver was less frequent than for kidney. Three patients died at a median followup of 34 months, two are alive and disease-free at 34 and 44 months. CONCLUSIONS: LMS of the IVC is characterized by locally advanced status at the time of diagnosis. A radical tumoral resection associated with liberal use of venous prosthetic replacement may offer a chance for cure and good quality of life in palliative situations.     

Dual inferior vena cava: two inferior vena cava filters

The formation of the venous drainage system of the human body is a complex process involving structures forming and regressing in a predefined order. Interruption of any one of these steps results in the formation of a congenital anomaly. Knowledge of these anomalies can prevent us from potential serious and sometimes fatal complications. Variations from the normal anatomy of the inferior vena cava (IVC) occur in 3% of the population. The complex embryology of the IVC stems from three pairs of fetal veins: (1) posterior cardinal veins, (2) subcardinal veins, and (3) supracardinal veins. The cardinal veins constitute the main venous drainage system of the embryo. Although venous anomalies are rare, their knowledge is crucial in diagnosis and treatment. These variations should not be mistaken for pathologic finding, but should be viewed as normal findings of abnormal embryogenesis. We present a case here identifying a dual IVC, subsequently leading us to place two IVC filters.     

Perinatal inferior vena cava thrombosis and absence of the infrarenal inferior vena cava

We report a case of infrarenal absence of the inferior vena cava (IVC) presenting as a major iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis in an adolescent. This is the first report of infrarenal IVC absence in which IVC thrombosis has been demonstrated in the perinatal period. We propose an association between perinatal IVC thrombosis and subsequent infrarenal IVC absence. In addition, the case demonstrates the importance of assessment for anatomical anomalies in patients presenting with apparently idiopathic deep venous thrombosis.